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Xu Chengyu
Xu Chengyu (, 1838–1901), courtesy name Nanshi (楠士), was a Qing dynasty official from the Han Chinese Plain Blue Banner. He was a son of Xu Tong. Xu Chengyu obtained the ''xiucai'' (秀才) degree in the imperial examination and was selected a ''gongsheng'' (貢生) of the Imperial Academy in 1861. He had served as director of the Ministry of Revenue Shaanxi Bureau (戶部陝西司郎中), staff of Huiling Mausoleum construction office (惠陵工程處隨同辦事), Minister of the Court of the Imperial Stud (太僕寺卿), Assistant Commissioner of Transmission (通政使司參議), associate director of the Court of the Imperial Clan (宗人府府丞) and other positions. He was promoted to the Senior Deputy Minister of Justice (刑部左侍郎) in 1898. Like his father, Xu Chengyu stood in the way of Hundred Days' Reform. Although he was hostile to Western culture, he was quite accepting of Western things in terms of material life enjoyment. It was said that he bough ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xu (surname 徐)
Xu () is a Chinese surname, Chinese-language surname. In the Wade-Giles system of Romanization of Chinese, romanization, it is spelled as "Hsu", which is commonly used in Taiwan or overseas Chinese communities. It is different from Xu (surname 許), represented by a different character. Variations in other Chinese varieties and languages In Wu Chinese including Shanghainese, the surname is transcribed as Zee, as seen in the historical place name Zikawei in Shanghai (Xujiahui in Pinyin). In Gan Chinese, it can be spelled Hi or Hé. In Cantonese, is often transcribed as Tsui, T'sui, Choi, Chooi, Chui or even Tsua. In modern Vietnamese language, Vietnamese, the character is written Từ and Sy when migrating to the English-speaking World, particularly the United States. Other spellings include Hee and Hu. In Japanese language, Japanese, the surname is transliterated as Omomuro (kunyomi) or Jo (onyomi or Sino-Japanese). In Korean, is romanized as Seo in the Revised Romanizati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Imperial Examination
The imperial examination was a civil service examination system in History of China#Imperial China, Imperial China administered for the purpose of selecting candidates for the Civil service#China, state bureaucracy. The concept of choosing bureaucrats by merit rather than by birth started Imperial examination in Chinese mythology, early in Chinese history, but using written examinations as a tool of selection started in earnest during the Sui dynasty (581–618), then into the Tang dynasty (618–907). The system became dominant during the Song dynasty (960–1279) and lasted for almost a millennium until its abolition during the late Qing reforms, late Qing dynasty reforms in 1905. The key sponsors for abolition were Yuan Shikai, Yin Chang and Zhang Zhidong. Aspects of the imperial examination still exist for entry into the civil service of both China and Taiwan. The exams served to ensure a common knowledge of writing, Chinese classics, and literary style among state officials. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qixiu
Qixiu (, 1839–1901), from the Kūyala clan (庫雅拉氏) with the courtesy name Yingzhi (穎芝), was a Manchu politician of the late Qing dynasty. He was a member of the Manchu Plain White Banner. Qixiu obtained the highest degree (''jinshi'') in the imperial examination and was selected a ''shujishi'' of the Hanlin Academy in 1865. (Draft History of Qing Volume 465) He had served as the literary official of the Ministry of Justice (刑部主事), Secretary of Cabinet (內閣學士), Junior Deputy Minister of Justice (刑部右侍郎), Senior Deputy Minister of Rites (禮部左侍郎), Minister of Lifan Yuan (理藩院尚書) and other positions. He was appointed the Minister of Rites and Grand Councilor in 1898. During the Boxer Rebellion, Prince Duan led attacks against the Christians in the Church of the Saviour, Beijing. It was said that Qixiu wrote a letter to an old monk in Wutai Mountain, inviting him to attack the church. The monk claimed that Guan Yu had descended ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Empress Dowager Cixi
Empress Dowager Cixi ( ; 29 November 1835 – 15 November 1908) was a Manchu noblewoman of the Yehe Nara clan who effectively but periodically controlled the Chinese government in the late Qing dynasty as empress dowager and regent for almost 50 years, from 1861 until her death in 1908. Selected as a Concubinage in China, concubine of the Xianfeng Emperor in her adolescence, she gave birth to a son, Zaichun, in 1856. After the Xianfeng Emperor's death in 1861, his five-year-old son became the Tongzhi Emperor, and Cixi assumed the role of co-empress dowager alongside Xianfeng's widow, Empress Dowager Ci'an. Cixi ousted a group of regents appointed by the late emperor and assumed the regency along with Ci'an. Cixi then consolidated control over the dynasty when she installed her nephew as the Guangxu Emperor at the death of the Tongzhi Emperor in 1875. Ci'an continued as co-regent until her death in 1881. Cixi supervised the Tongzhi Restoration, a series of moderate reforms that hel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhang Zhidong
Zhang Zhidong ( zh, t=張之洞) (2 September 18374 October 1909) was a Chinese politician who lived during the late Qing dynasty. Along with Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtang, Zhang Zhidong was one of the four most famous officials of the late Qing dynasty. Known for advocating controlled reform and modernization of Chinese troops, he served as the governor of Shanxi Province and viceroy of Huguang, Liangguang and Liangjiang, and also as a member of the Grand Council. He took a leading role in the abolition of the Imperial examination system in 1905. The Red Guards destroyed his tomb in 1966 during the Cultural Revolution. His remains were rediscovered in 2007 and reburied. Other names Zhang Zhidong was also known by other names. An older Wade–Giles form was Chang Chih-tung. His courtesy name was Xiaoda ( zh, first=t, t=孝達, s=孝达, p=Xiàodá, labels=no) or Xiangtao ( zh, first=t, t=香濤, s=香涛, p=Xiāngtāo, labels=no). His pseudonyms were Xi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eight-Nation Alliance
The Eight-Nation Alliance was a multinational military coalition that invaded northern China in 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion, with the stated aim of relieving the foreign legations in Beijing, which were being besieged by the popular Boxer militiamen, who were determined to remove foreign imperialism in China. The allied forces consisted of about 45,000 troops from the eight nations of Germany, Japan, Russia, Britain, France, the United States, Italy, and Austria-Hungary. Neither the Chinese nor the quasi-concerted foreign allies issued a formal declaration of war. No treaty or formal agreement bound the alliance together. Some Western historians define the first phase of hostilities, starting in August 1900, as "more or less a civil war", though the Battle of the Taku Forts in June pushed the Qing government to support the Boxers. With the success of the invasion, the later stages developed into a punitive colonial expedition, which pillaged Beijing and North China for mor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yuan Chang (official)
Yuan Chang (, 1846–1900), courtesy name Shuangqiu (爽秋), was a politician and poet of Qing dynasty. He was a prominent figure of the "Tong–Guang genre" (同光體), a poetry genre popular during the Tongzhi and Guangxu era. He obtained the ''jinshi'' in the imperial examination and was appointed the Main Adviser of the Ministry of Revenue (戶部主事) in 1867. Later he had served as the Military Secretary of the Ministry of Zongli Yamen (總理各國事務衙門章京), editor of Collected Statutes Institute (會典館纂修官), assistant director of Jiangxi Department of the Ministry of Revenue (戶部江西司員外郎) and other positions. He was appointed the intendant of Hui–Ning–Chi–Tai-Guang Circuit (徽寧池太廣道道台) in 1892. During his term, he carried out tax reforms, built water conservancy projects, set up post office, and established academies. As a believer of ''ti-yong'' idea, he established several practical learning new departments in Zhong ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lianyuan (Manchu Politician)
Lianyuan (; , 1838–August 11, 1900), courtesy name Xianheng (仙蘅), was a Qing dynasty official from the Manchu Cuigiya clan and the Bordered Red Banner of the Eight Banners. He was best known for his role during the Boxer Rebellion and his execution afterward for his views about how to pacify the internal and external chaos caused by the rebellion. Career Lianyuan obtained his Jinshi title by passing the imperial exams in 1868. He was then elected a Shujishi, a temporary position held by elites among the Jinshi rank. His first official appointment as an officer was in the Anqing Fu. He mainly administered the internal affairs of Anhui Province before being summoned to the capital in 1899. Lianyuan was appointed as a supernumerary official of Zongli Yamen, the "de facto" foreign ministry of China during the late Qing dynasty. Soon after, he was promoted to the Secretary of Cabinet (內閣學士). After the Boxer Rebellion's outbreak, xenophobic rebels attacked the embassie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xu Jingcheng
Xu Jingcheng (; 1845 – 28 July 1900) was a Chinese diplomat and Qing politician supportive of the Hundred Days' Reform. He was envoy to Belgium, France, Italy, Russia, Austria, the Netherlands, and Germany for the Qing imperial court and led reforms in modernizing China's railways and public works. As a modernizer and diplomat, he protested the breaches of international law in 1900 as one of the five ministers executed during the Boxer Rebellion. In Article IIa of the Boxer Protocol of 1901, the Eight-Nation Alliance that had provided military forces (Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) successfully pressed for the rehabilitation of Xu Jingcheng by an Imperial Edict of the Qing government: Early life and career Xu Jingcheng was born in 1845 in Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, and received his ''jinshi'' degree after the 1868 imperial examination. He began his civil service as a bureaucrat in the Hanlin Academy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lishan (official)
Lishan (, 1843–1900), from the Tumet clan (土默特氏) with the courtesy name Yufu (豫甫), was a Manchu politician of the late Qing dynasty. He was a member of the Mongolian Plain Yellow Banner. Lishan entered official life as a ''bithesi'' (Chinese: 筆帖式, "clerk") in 1862. In 1879, he was made the Head of Suzhou Waving Department (蘇州織造). Later, he had served as the minister of the Bureau of Imperial Gardens and Parks (奉宸苑卿), minister for the Chancery of the Imperial Household Department (總管內務府大臣), deputy lieutenant-general of the Han Chinese Plain White Banner (正白旗漢軍副都統), then the Junior Deputy Minister of Revenue (戶部右侍郎) and other positions. In 1894, he was awarded the nominal title Crown Prince's Junior Tutor (太子少保). Someone stole items from the Palace of Tranquil Longevity. Due to negligence, he was demoted and temporarily retained in his post. (Draft History of Qing Volume 466) Lishan was promoted to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xu Yongyi
Xu Yongyi (, 22 October 1826 – 11 August 1900), courtesy name Wenyun (筱雲), was a politician of Qing dynasty. Xu Yongyi took the Shuntian Provincial Examination (順天鄉試) and obtained a ''juren'' degree in 1859. He had served as the Military Secretary of Grand Council (軍機章京), Deputy Minister of the Court of State Ceremonial (鴻臚寺少卿), Deputy Minister of the Court of the Imperial Stud (太僕寺少卿), Minister of the Court of Judicature and Revision (大理寺卿) and other positions. He was appointed Junior Deputy Minister of Works (工部右侍郎) in 1882. Since 1884 he became the Minister of Zongli Yamen. In 1893 he was made the Senior Deputy Minister of Personnel (吏部左侍郎) and the Grand Councilor. (Draft History of Qing Volume 466) When the First Sino-Japanese War broke out, Xu Yongyi, Li Hongzhang, and Sun Yuwen (孫毓汶) advocated avoiding war, while Weng Tonghe, the Guangxu Emperor's tutor, supported war against Japan. After sign ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boxer Movement
The Boxers, officially known as the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists () among Boxer movement#Names, other names, were a Chinese secret society based in Northern and southern China, Northern China that carried out the Boxer Rebellion from 1899 to 1901. The movement was made up of independent local village groups, many of which kept their membership secret, making the total number of participants difficult to estimate, but it may have included as many as 100,000. They originally attacked the Qing dynasty, Qing government, but soon called upon it to resist foreign influence. In the summer of 1900, groups of Boxer fighters destroyed foreign owned property, such as railroads and telegraphs, and murdered Christians, Christian missionaries and Chinese Christians. They then supported the Empress Dowager Cixi, Empress Dowager in resisting the Eight-Nation Alliance, resulting foreign invasion, which all but destroyed the group and ended the Rebellion, though some members cont ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
