Lishan (, 1843–1900), from the Tumet clan (土默特氏) with the

courtesy name A courtesy name ( zh, s=字, p=zì, l=character), also known as a style name, is an additional name bestowed upon individuals at adulthood, complementing their given name. This tradition is prevalent in the East Asian cultural sphere, particula ...

Yufu (豫甫), was a

Manchu The Manchus (; ) are a Tungusic peoples, Tungusic East Asian people, East Asian ethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia. They are an officially recognized Ethnic minorities in China, ethnic minority in China and the people from wh ...

politician of the late

Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the ...

. He was a member of the Mongolian Plain Yellow Banner. Lishan entered official life as a ''bithesi'' (Chinese: 筆帖式, "clerk") in 1862. In 1879, he was made the Head of Suzhou Waving Department (蘇州織造). Later, he had served as the minister of the Bureau of Imperial Gardens and Parks (奉宸苑卿), minister for the Chancery of the Imperial Household Department (總管內務府大臣), deputy lieutenant-general of the Han Chinese Plain White Banner (正白旗漢軍副都統), then the Junior Deputy Minister of Revenue (戶部右侍郎) and other positions. In 1894, he was awarded the nominal title Crown Prince's Junior Tutor (太子少保). Someone stole items from the

Palace of Tranquil Longevity The Palace of Tranquil Longevity (), literally, ''"peaceful old age palace",'' also called the Qianlong Garden, Qianlong Palace, Qianlong District or the Palace of Tranquility and Longevity, is a palace in Beijing, China, located in the northeas ...

. Due to negligence, he was demoted and temporarily retained in his post. (

Draft History of Qing The ''Draft History of Qing'' () is a draft of the official history of the Qing dynasty compiled and written by a team of over 100 historians led by Zhao Erxun who were hired by the Beiyang government of the Republic of China. The draft was publ ...

Volume 466) Lishan was promoted to the Minister of Revenue in 1900. He was deeply trusted by the

Empress Dowager Cixi Empress Dowager Cixi ( ; 29 November 1835 – 15 November 1908) was a Manchu noblewoman of the Yehe Nara clan who effectively but periodically controlled the Chinese government in the late Qing dynasty as empress dowager and regent for almost 50 ...

and therefore envied by his colleagues. In the meantime

Eight-Nation Alliance The Eight-Nation Alliance was a multinational military coalition that invaded northern China in 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion, with the stated aim of relieving the foreign legations in Beijing, which were being besieged by the popular Boxer ...

was sent to China to lift the siege of

Legation Quarter The Peking Legation Quarter was the area in Beijing (Peking), China where a number of foreign legations were located between 1861 and 1959. In the Chinese language, the area is known as ''Dong Jiaomin Xiang'' (), which is the name of the ''hutong ...

. When the Alliance approached

Tianjin Tianjin is a direct-administered municipality in North China, northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea. It is one of the National Central City, nine national central cities, with a total population of 13,866,009 inhabitants at the time of the ...

, the court officials were summoned to the palace for a meeting to discuss countermeasures. Prince Duan strongly suggested using the Boxers to attack Westerners. As an official close to the Empress Dowager Cixi, Lishan was asked for his opinion. However, Lishan replied: "There's nothing else special about the Boxers but their magic arts are often ineffective." Prince Duan was angried and proposed that Lishan be responsible for persuading the Eight-Nation Allied Forces to withdraw. Lishan claimed that he favored peaceful resolution of conflicts, but he was not familiar with foreign affairs, making him difficult to take on. Prince Duan hated him even more. Since Lishan's residence was close to a French church, Prince Dan started rumors that he was hiding Westerners and secretly provided food to them through tunnels. Lishan was dismissed from office and imprisoned, and later executed together with Xu Yongyi and Lianyuan on 11 August 1900. During the negotiations for the

Boxer Protocol The Boxer Protocol was a Protocol (diplomacy), diplomatic protocol signed in China's capital Beijing on September 7, 1901, between the Qing dynasty, Qing Empire of China and the Eight-Nation Alliance that had provided military forces (including ...

Xu Yongyi Xu Yongyi (, 22 October 1826 – 11 August 1900), courtesy name Wenyun (筱雲), was a politician of Qing dynasty. Xu Yongyi took the Shuntian Provincial Examination (順天鄉試) and obtained a ''juren'' degree in 1859. He had served as the M ...

, Lishan,

Xu Jingcheng Xu Jingcheng (; 1845 – 28 July 1900) was a Chinese diplomat and Qing politician supportive of the Hundred Days' Reform. He was envoy to Belgium, France, Italy, Russia, Austria, the Netherlands, and Germany for the Qing imperial court and ...

Lianyuan Lianyuan () is a county-level city and the 7th most populous county-level division in Hunan Province, China; it is under the administration of Loudi prefecture-level City. Located on the geographical centre of Hunan, the city is bordered to the ...

and Yuan Chang were posthumously rehabilitated by Qing dynasty. He was given the

posthumous name A posthumous name is an honorary Personal name, name given mainly to revered dead people in East Asian cultural sphere, East Asian culture. It is predominantly used in Asian countries such as China, Korea, Vietnam, Japan, Malaysia and Thailand. ...

"Zhongzhen" (忠貞) in 1909.

References

{{Authority control 1843 births 1900 deaths Mongolian Plain Yellow Bannermen Qing dynasty government officials Chinese people of the Boxer Rebellion People executed by the Qing dynasty