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Yuan Chang (official)
Yuan Chang (, 1846–1900), courtesy name Shuangqiu (爽秋), was a politician and poet of Qing dynasty. He was a prominent figure of the "Tong–Guang genre" (同光體), a poetry genre popular during the Tongzhi and Guangxu era. He obtained the ''jinshi'' in the imperial examination and was appointed the Main Adviser of the Ministry of Revenue (戶部主事) in 1867. Later he had served as the Military Secretary of the Ministry of Zongli Yamen (總理各國事務衙門章京), editor of Collected Statutes Institute (會典館纂修官), assistant director of Jiangxi Department of the Ministry of Revenue (戶部江西司員外郎) and other positions. He was appointed the intendant of Hui–Ning–Chi–Tai-Guang Circuit (徽寧池太廣道道台) in 1892. During his term, he carried out tax reforms, built water conservancy projects, set up post office, and established academies. As a believer of ''ti-yong'' idea, he established several practical learning new departments in Zhong ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yuan (surname)
Yuan ( 袁, ) is a Chinese surname ranked 37th in China by population in 2019. In Standard Chinese, the surname is transliterated Yuán ( hanyu pinyin) or Yüen2" ( Wade-Giles). Other romanizations include Yeu ( Shanghainese), Ion ( Chang-Du Gan), Yuen (Cantonese), Oan (Hokkien/ Min Nan), Wang ( Teochew), Won ( Korean), and Viên ( Vietnamese). Pronunciation differs widely from region to region. According to tradition, the surname originated from a noble family of the ancient state of Chen, in what is now eastern Henan province. The written form of the character took its current standardised form around the 1st century. During the Han dynasty, it was associated with the powerful Yuan clan of Ru'nan and later during Jin and Southern dynasties, with the Yuan clan of Chen. Historically, the name has been fast growing amongst Han Chinese, and has also been taken up by various non-Chinese ethnic groups. The surname is now held by more than 6.5 million people worldwide, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chinese Learning As Substance, Western Learning For Application
The idea of "Chinese Learning as Substance, Western Learning for Application" ( zh, s=中体西用, t=中體西用, p=zhōngtǐ xīyòng) was initially proposed by Feng Guifen in his ''Xiaopinlu kangyi'' (''Protests from the cottage of Feng Guifen''), written in 1861 after the Second Opium War. At the time, leading Chinese thinkers were interrogating how to approach the threat posed by encroaching Western states. Feng argued for China's self-strengthening and industrialization by borrowing Western technology and military systems, while retaining core Neo-Confucian principles. These ideas were further elaborated on by Zhang Zhidong in 1898 in his book ''Quanxue pian'' as "Traditional (Chinese) learning as substance, New (Western) learning as application" (“舊學為體，新學為用”). “''Zhongti xiyong''” became a popular slogan used in the late Qing Reforms, including the Self-Strengthening Movement and Hundred Days' Reform. The concept was widespread among intellectuals ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1900 Deaths
As of March 1 (Old Style, O.S. February 17), when the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 13 days until February 28 (Old Style, O.S. February 15), 2100. Summary Political and military The year 1900 was the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Two days into the new year, the United States Secretary of State, U.S. Secretary of State John Hay announced the Open Door Policy regarding Qing dynasty, China, advocating for equal access for all nations to the Chinese market. The 1900 Galveston hurricane, Galveston hurricane would become the List of disasters in the United States by death toll, deadliest natural disaster in United States history, killing between 6,000 and 12,000 people, mostly in and near Galveston, Texas, as well as leaving 10,000 people homeless, destroying 7,000 buildings of all kinds in Galveston. As of 2025, it remains ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1846 Births
Events January–March * January 5 – The United States House of Representatives votes to stop sharing the Oregon Country with the United Kingdom. * January 13 – The Milan–Venice railway's bridge, over the Venetian Lagoon between Mestre and Venice in Italy, opens, the world's longest since 1151. * January 23 – Ahmad I ibn Mustafa, Bey of Tunis, declares the legal abolition of slavery in Tunisia. * February 4 – Led by Brigham Young, many Mormons in the U.S. begin their migration west from Nauvoo, Illinois, to the Great Salt Lake in what becomes Utah. * February 10 – First Anglo-Sikh war: Battle of Sobraon – British forces in India defeat the Sikhs. * February 18 – The Galician Peasant Uprising of 1846 begins in Austria. * February 19 – Texas annexation: United States president James K. Polk's annexation of the Republic of Texas is finalized by Texas president Anson Jones in a formal ceremony of transfer of sovereignty. The newly formed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Draft History Of Qing
The ''Draft History of Qing'' () is a draft of the official history of the Qing dynasty compiled and written by a team of over 100 historians led by Zhao Erxun who were hired by the Beiyang government of the Republic of China. The draft was published in 1928, but the Chinese Civil War caused a lack of funding for the project and it was put to an end in 1930. The two sides of the Chinese civil war, the People's Republic of China and Republic of China have attempted to complete it. History The Qing imperial court had previously established a Bureau of State Historiography that pre-compiled its own dynastic history. The massive book was started in 1914, and the rough copy was finished in about 1927. 1,100 copies of the book were published. The Beiyang government moved 400 of the original draft into the northern provinces, where it re-edited the content twice, thus creating three different versions of the book. It was banned by the Nationalist Government in 1930. The ban was lift ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Posthumous Name
A posthumous name is an honorary Personal name, name given mainly to revered dead people in East Asian cultural sphere, East Asian culture. It is predominantly used in Asian countries such as China, Korea, Vietnam, Japan, Malaysia and Thailand. Reflecting on the person's accomplishments or reputation, the title is assigned after death and essentially replaces the name used during life. Although most posthumous names are given to royalty, some posthumous names are given to honour significant people without hereditary titles, such as courtiers or General officer, military generals. To create a posthumous name, one or more adjectives are inserted before the deceased's title. The name of the state or domain of the owner may be added to avoid ambiguity. History Origins Early mythological rulers such as Emperor Yao were known to have posthumous names. Archaeology, Archaeological discoveries have shown that the titles of kings as far back as the Zhou dynasty (1046 to 256 BC) are po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xu Yongyi
Xu Yongyi (, 22 October 1826 – 11 August 1900), courtesy name Wenyun (筱雲), was a politician of Qing dynasty. Xu Yongyi took the Shuntian Provincial Examination (順天鄉試) and obtained a ''juren'' degree in 1859. He had served as the Military Secretary of Grand Council (軍機章京), Deputy Minister of the Court of State Ceremonial (鴻臚寺少卿), Deputy Minister of the Court of the Imperial Stud (太僕寺少卿), Minister of the Court of Judicature and Revision (大理寺卿) and other positions. He was appointed Junior Deputy Minister of Works (工部右侍郎) in 1882. Since 1884 he became the Minister of Zongli Yamen. In 1893 he was made the Senior Deputy Minister of Personnel (吏部左侍郎) and the Grand Councilor. (Draft History of Qing Volume 466) When the First Sino-Japanese War broke out, Xu Yongyi, Li Hongzhang, and Sun Yuwen (孫毓汶) advocated avoiding war, while Weng Tonghe, the Guangxu Emperor's tutor, supported war against Japan. After sign ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boxer Protocol
The Boxer Protocol was a Protocol (diplomacy), diplomatic protocol signed in China's capital Beijing on September 7, 1901, between the Qing dynasty, Qing Empire of China and the Eight-Nation Alliance that had provided military forces (including France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Japan, Russia, and the United States) as well as Belgium, Spain, and the Netherlands, after China's defeat in the intervention to put down the Boxer Rebellion. The protocol is regarded as one of China's unequal treaty, unequal treaties. Name The 1901 protocol is commonly known as the Boxer Protocol or Peace Agreement between the Great Powers and China in English. It is known as the Xinchou Treaty or Beijing protocol in Chinese language, Chinese, where "Xinchou" refers to the year (1901) of signature under the sexagenary cycle system. The full English name of the protocol is Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Russia, Spain, United ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zaiyi
Zaiyi (; Manchu: ; ''dzai-i''; 26 August 1856 – 10 January 1923),Edward J.M. Rhoads, ''Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928'', University of Washington Press, 2001 better known by his title Prince Duan (or Prince Tuan, ), was a Manchu prince and statesman of the late Qing dynasty. He is best known as one of the leaders of the Boxer Rebellion of 1899–1901. Early life and career Zaiyi was born in the Aisin Gioro clan as the second son of Yicong ( Prince Dun), the fifth son of the Daoguang Emperor. His family was under the Bordered White Banner of the Eight Banners. He was adopted by his father's cousin, Yizhi (奕誌; 1827–1850), who had no son to inherit his Prince Rui peerage. In 1861, Zaiyi was made a ''beile'', before succeeding Yizhi as a ''junwang'' (second-rank prince) under the title "Prince Duan of the Second Rank" (端郡王) in 1894. Prince Duan sided with Empress Dowager Cixi and oppose ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lishan (official)
Lishan (, 1843–1900), from the Tumet clan (土默特氏) with the courtesy name Yufu (豫甫), was a Manchu politician of the late Qing dynasty. He was a member of the Mongolian Plain Yellow Banner. Lishan entered official life as a ''bithesi'' (Chinese: 筆帖式, "clerk") in 1862. In 1879, he was made the Head of Suzhou Waving Department (蘇州織造). Later, he had served as the minister of the Bureau of Imperial Gardens and Parks (奉宸苑卿), minister for the Chancery of the Imperial Household Department (總管內務府大臣), deputy lieutenant-general of the Han Chinese Plain White Banner (正白旗漢軍副都統), then the Junior Deputy Minister of Revenue (戶部右侍郎) and other positions. In 1894, he was awarded the nominal title Crown Prince's Junior Tutor (太子少保). Someone stole items from the Palace of Tranquil Longevity. Due to negligence, he was demoted and temporarily retained in his post. (Draft History of Qing Volume 466) Lishan was promoted to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xu Jingcheng
Xu Jingcheng (; 1845 – 28 July 1900) was a Chinese diplomat and Qing politician supportive of the Hundred Days' Reform. He was envoy to Belgium, France, Italy, Russia, Austria, the Netherlands, and Germany for the Qing imperial court and led reforms in modernizing China's railways and public works. As a modernizer and diplomat, he protested the breaches of international law in 1900 as one of the five ministers executed during the Boxer Rebellion. In Article IIa of the Boxer Protocol of 1901, the Eight-Nation Alliance that had provided military forces (Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) successfully pressed for the rehabilitation of Xu Jingcheng by an Imperial Edict of the Qing government: Early life and career Xu Jingcheng was born in 1845 in Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, and received his ''jinshi'' degree after the 1868 imperial examination. He began his civil service as a bureaucrat in the Hanlin Academy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Empress Dowager Cixi
Empress Dowager Cixi ( ; 29 November 1835 – 15 November 1908) was a Manchu noblewoman of the Yehe Nara clan who effectively but periodically controlled the Chinese government in the late Qing dynasty as empress dowager and regent for almost 50 years, from 1861 until her death in 1908. Selected as a Concubinage in China, concubine of the Xianfeng Emperor in her adolescence, she gave birth to a son, Zaichun, in 1856. After the Xianfeng Emperor's death in 1861, his five-year-old son became the Tongzhi Emperor, and Cixi assumed the role of co-empress dowager alongside Xianfeng's widow, Empress Dowager Ci'an. Cixi ousted a group of regents appointed by the late emperor and assumed the regency along with Ci'an. Cixi then consolidated control over the dynasty when she installed her nephew as the Guangxu Emperor at the death of the Tongzhi Emperor in 1875. Ci'an continued as co-regent until her death in 1881. Cixi supervised the Tongzhi Restoration, a series of moderate reforms that hel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
