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Xiān
Xiān ( zh, 暹) or Siam () was a confederation of maritime-oriented port polities along the present Bay of Bangkok, including Ayutthaya Kingdom#Pre-Ayutthaya cities, Ayodhya, Suphannabhum, and Phip Phli Kingdom, Phip Phli, as well as Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom, Nakhon Si Thammarat (Ligor), which became Siam in the late 13th century. Previous studies suggested that ''Xiān'' in Chinese dynasty records only referred to Sukhothai Kingdom, Sukhothai, but this presupposition has recently been rebutted. Xiān was formed from city-states on the west Chao Phraya River, Chao Phraya plain after the decline of Dvaravati in the 11th century. In 1178, the region was mentioned in the term ''San-lo '', as recorded in the Chinese Lingwai Daida, in which Thai scholars suggest it was plausibly referred to Mueang Chaliang, Chaliang's new center, Si Satchanalai Historical Park, Sawankhalok. Xiān or Siam, which was also recorded as Suphannabhum, Suphan Buri and Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom, Nakho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suphannabhum
Suphannabhum or Suvarnabhumi; later known as Suphan Buri () was a Siamese city-state, that emerged in the early "Siam proper" which stretched from present-day west central Thailand to the north of the Kra Isthmus, with key historical sites at Mueang Uthong, Uthong, Nakhon Pathom, Suphan Buri, and . The kingdom is referred to as ''Xiān'' in the Chinese records since 1349, but according to the archaeological evidence in Suphan Buri, it was speculated to have emerged around the mid-12th century. However, a calculation made by Borihan Thepthani based on the information provided in the says that the city of Suphan Buri was founded in 877 and became a free city-state after Nakhon Pathom of Kamalanka fell to Phetchaburi in 913. Suphannabhum became the center of ''Xiān'', succeeding Phip Phli, no later than 1349, when ''Xiān'' was defeated by ''Luó hú'' (Lavo Kingdom, Lavo) and the tribute sent to China under the name of ''Xiānluó hú'' (Siam-Lavo or Ayutthaya Kingdom) was led by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lavo Kingdom
The Lavo Kingdom () was a political entity (Mandala (Southeast Asian political model), mandala) on the left bank of the Chao Phraya River in the Upper Chao Phraya valley from the end of Dvaravati civilization, in the 7th century, until 1388. The original center of Lavo was Lopburi, Lavapura and was shifted to Ayodhya (Xiān) in the 1080s. However, since both Ayodhya or Xiān and Lavo separately sent embassies to the Chinese court in the late 1200s, these two polities were potentially individual states. Before the 9th century, Lavo, together with other supra-regional settlements, such as Si Thep Historical Park, Si Thep, , Phimai Historical Park, Phimai, Nakhon Pathom, and others were the centers of the Mandala (political model), mandala-style polities of Dvaravati. Due to several circumstances, including climate changes and the invasions of the surrounding polities, several Dvaravati centers lost their prosperity, and the mandalas in the Chao Phraya River, Menam Valley was then s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ayutthaya Kingdom
The Ayutthaya Kingdom or the Empire of Ayutthaya was a Thai people, Thai kingdom that existed in Southeast Asia from 1351 to 1767, centered around the city of Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (city), Ayutthaya, in Siam, or present-day Thailand. European travellers in the early 16th century called Ayutthaya one of the three great powers of Asia (alongside Vijayanagara Empire, Vijayanagara and China). The Ayutthaya Kingdom is considered to be the precursor of modern Thailand, and its developments are an important part of the history of Thailand. The name Ayutthaya originates from Ayodhya (Ramayana), Ayodhya, a Sanskrit word. This connection stems from the Ramakien, Thailand's national epic. The Ayutthaya Kingdom emerged from the Mandala (political model), mandala or merger of three maritime city-states on the Lower Chao Phraya Valley in the late 13th and 14th centuries (Lopburi province, Lopburi, Suphan Buri province, Suphanburi, and Ayutthaya). The early kingdom was a maritime confedera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phip Phli Kingdom
Phrip Phri () or Srijayavajrapuri, later known as Phetchaburi, was a Xiān political entity located on the west coast of the Bay of Bangkok, lower central Thailand. It was established in the 12th century by a royal Pprappanom Tteleiseri from Soucouttae/Locontàï. Previously, the city was a maritime-oriented port on the ancient trade route between India and China during the Dvaravati period, but was abandoned around the 11th century following the decline of the Dvaravati civilization. In the 12th century, Phrip Phri was possibly under Lavo's Ayodhya since several royals from Ayodhya were appointed the rulers of Phrip Phri, as mentioned in local chronicles and legends. It then became the vassal of the emerging Siamese Sukhothai and later formed part of the Ayutthaya kingdom in 1351, which made it functioned as a significant fortified frontier of Ayutthaya. History Early settlements Human settlement in Phetchaburi dates back to the prehistoric era, according to archaeological evid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mueang Chaliang
Chaliang (, ) or Sawankhalok, later known as Si Satchanalai, was a political entity in the upper Chao Phraya Valley in central Thailand. It was founded in the early 600s by uniting four regional chiefdoms, with Haritvanlee or Chaliang () as the center, and became part of the Dvaravati's Lavo. In 1001, Chaliang was referred to as an independent kingdom ''Chéng Liáng'' in the Chinese text Song Shi. The term ''San-lo'' () mentioned in Lingwai Daida in 1178 plausibly referred to Chaliang's new center, Sawankhalok. After Haripuñjaya and Suphannabhum reclaimed Lavo from Angkor in 1052, Lavo's king, Phra Narai, moved the capital to Ayodhya in the 1080s and left the throne at Lavapura. The Mon- Tai dynasty of Chaliang took over and moved the seat southward to Lavo's former capital Lavapura; Chaliang then again became Lavapura's northern fortress. However, this dynasty later lost Lavapura to Angkor following the Angkorian influence-expanding campaign to the Menam Valley in 11 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dvaravati
Dvaravati () was a medieval Mon political principality from the 6th century to the 11th century, located in the region now known as central Thailand, and was speculated to be a succeeding state of Lang-chia or Lang-ya-hsiu (). It was described by Chinese pilgrims in the middle of the 7th century as a Buddhist kingdom named ''To-lo-po-ti'' situated to the west of Isanapura (Cambodia), to the east of Sri Ksetra (Burma), and adjoined Pan Pan in the South. Its northern border met ''Jiā Luó Shě Fú'' (), which was speculated to be either ''Kalasapura'', situated along the coast of the Bay of Bengal somewhere between Tavoy and Rangoon, or Canasapura in modern northeast Thailand. Dvaravati sent the first embassy to the Chinese court around 605–616, and then in 756. Text: Dvaravati also refers to a culture, an art style, and a disparate conglomeration of principalities of Mon people. The Mon migrants as maritime traders might have brought the Dvaravati Civilization to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ayodhyapura
Ayodhyapura or Ayojjhapura ( or ) was an ancient settlement in central Thailand. It existed before the 14th century and is mentioned in the or ''The Chronicle of the Emerald Buddha'' written in Pali by Brahmarājaprajña in the 15th century and in another Pali chronicle Jinakalamali. Modern scholars suggest ''Ayodhyapura'' was potentially Si Thep, the early center of the Dvaravati civilization, which flourished from the 6th to 11th century. In contrast, some say it was the city in present-day North Thailand, but its exact location is unknown. Ayodhyapura potentially began to decline in the mid-10th century as the Khmer inscription dating to 946 mentioned the Angkorian king Rajendravarman II won over Rāmaññadesa (country of the Mon) and Champa. He later assigned his lineage, Vap Upendra, as the governor of Rāmaññadesa in 949. Earlier, the mentions a battle between Ayodhyapura led by Adītaraj and Yaśodharapura over the Emerald Buddha in the late 9th or early 10th cent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thai Language
Thai,In or Central Thai (historically Siamese;Although "Thai" and "Central Thai" have become more common, the older term, "Siamese", is still used by linguists, especially when it is being distinguished from other Tai languages (Diller 2008:6). "Proto-Thai" is, for example, the ancestor of all of Southwestern Tai, not just Siamese (Rischel 1998). ), is a Tai language of the Kra–Dai language family spoken by the Central Thai, Mon, Lao Wiang, Phuan people in Central Thailand and the vast majority of Thai Chinese enclaves throughout the country. It is the sole official language of Thailand. Thai is the most spoken of over 60 languages of Thailand by both number of native and overall speakers. Over half of its vocabulary is derived from or borrowed from Pali, Sanskrit, Mon and Old Khmer. It is a tonal and analytic language. Thai has a complex orthography and system of relational markers. Spoken Thai, depending on standard sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thailand
Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million, it spans . Thailand Template:Borders of Thailand, is bordered to the northwest by Myanmar, to the northeast and east by Laos, to the southeast by Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the southwest by the Andaman Sea; it also shares maritime borders with Vietnam to the southeast and Indonesia and India to the southwest. Bangkok is the state capital and List of municipalities in Thailand#Largest cities by urban population, largest city. Tai peoples, Thai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 6th to 11th centuries. Greater India, Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms, Mon, Khmer Empire, and Monarchies of Malaysia, Malay states ruled the region, competing with Thai states s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chao Phraya River
The Chao Phraya River is the major river in Thailand, with its low alluvial plain forming the centre of the country. It flows through Bangkok and then into the Gulf of Thailand. Etymology Written evidence of the river being referred to by the name ''Chao Phraya'' dates only to the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV, 1850–1868). It is unknown what name, if any at all, was used for the river in older times. The river was likely known simply by the Thai word for 'river', (), and foreign documents and maps, especially by Europeans visiting during the Ayutthaya period, usually named the river the ''Menam''. The name Chao Phraya likely comes from (), an alternative name, documented from around 1660 in the reign of King Narai, of the settlement that is now Samut Prakan. Historian Praphat Chuvichean suggests that the name, which is a Thai noble titles, title of nobility, originated from the story of two Khmer idols being unearthed in 1498 at the settlement that was by the mouth of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Matichon
''Matichon'' ( 'opinion of the people', also known as ''Matichon Daily'' to distinguish it from other related publications) is a major Thai-language national daily newspaper. It was founded by a group of progressive writers in 1978, when the country was emerging from the authoritarian government that followed the 6 October 1976 Massacre. ''Matichon'' positions itself as a "quality" upmarket newspaper, as opposed to the usually sensationalist mass-circulation papers. In 1997, it had a daily circulation of about 120,000. It carries a strong focus on politics, and was, along with '' Thai Rath'', among the country's most politically influential newspapers at the time. From the late 2000s, when successive political crises divided public opinion, ''Matichon'' has been criticized for harbouring a pro- Red Shirt bias. It has also been subject to controversies regarding its dismissal of editors, and a bribery investigation by the National Press Council of Thailand, for which the paper resi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sujit Wongthes
Sujit Wongthes สุจิตต์ วงษ์เทศ (or Wongthet) (b. April 20 1945) is a Thai journalist and author. Biography He was born in Prachinburi province to a father of Phuan descent and a mother of Teochew Chinese descent. Wongthes attended Silpakorn University, graduating from the archaeology program there. During his time at university, he wrote for the student journal, ''Sangkhomsat Paritht'' (''Social Science Review''), in which he criticized excessive materialism and the Americanization of Thai culture; he wrote contemporaneously with Sulak Sivaraksa, who was the journal's editor at the time. He later wrote for ''Prachachat'', a newspaper associated with progressive elements of Thai society. After the military coup that toppled the Seni Pramoj administration, ''Prachachat'' was shut down. Three years later, Wongthes founded '' Sinlapa Watthanatham'', an arts and culture magazine, and served as the magazine's editor.Lysa, Hon"Twenty Years of Sinlapa Watt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
