Chaliang (, ) or Sawankhalok, later known as Si Satchanalai, was a political entity in the upper Chao Phraya Valley in

central Thailand Central Thailand (Central Plain) (historically also known as Siam or Dvaravati) is one of the regions of Thailand, covering the broad alluvial plain of the Chao Phraya River. It is separated from northeast Thailand (Isan) by the Phetchabun Mount ...

. It was founded in the early 600s by uniting four regional chiefdoms, with Haritvanlee or Chaliang () as the center, and became part of the

Dvaravati Dvaravati () was a medieval Mon political principality from the 6th century to the 11th century, located in the region now known as central Thailand, and was speculated to be a succeeding state of Lang-chia or Lang-ya-hsiu (). It was describe ...

's Lavo. In 1001, Chaliang was referred to as an independent kingdom ''Chéng Liáng'' in the Chinese text Song Shi. The term ''San-lo'' () mentioned in Lingwai Daida in 1178 plausibly referred to Chaliang's new center, Sawankhalok. After Haripuñjaya and

Suphannabhum Suphannabhum or Suvarnabhumi; later known as Suphan Buri () was a Siamese city-state, that emerged in the early "Siam proper" which stretched from present-day west central Thailand to the north of the Kra Isthmus, with key historical sites at Mue ...

reclaimed Lavo from

Angkor Angkor ( , 'capital city'), also known as Yasodharapura (; ),Headly, Robert K.; Chhor, Kylin; Lim, Lam Kheng; Kheang, Lim Hak; Chun, Chen. 1977. ''Cambodian-English Dictionary''. Bureau of Special Research in Modern Languages. The Catholic Uni ...

in 1052, Lavo's king, Phra Narai, moved the capital to

Ayodhya Ayodhya () is a city situated on the banks of the Sarayu river in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of the Ayodhya district as well as the Ayodhya division of Uttar Pradesh, India. Ayodhya became th ...

in the 1080s and left the throne at Lavapura. The

Mon Mon, MON or Mon. may refer to: Places * Mon State, a subdivision of Myanmar * Mon, India, a town in Nagaland * Mon district, Nagaland * Mon, Raebareli, a village in Uttar Pradesh, India * Mon, Switzerland, a village in the Canton of Grisons * A ...

- Tai dynasty of Chaliang took over and moved the seat southward to Lavo's former capital Lavapura; Chaliang then again became Lavapura's northern fortress. However, this dynasty later lost Lavapura to

following the Angkorian influence-expanding campaign to the Menam Valley in 1181. During this era, this

- Tai dynasty also established

royal intermarriage Royal intermarriage is the practice of members of ruling dynasties marrying into other reigning families. It was more commonly done in the past as part of strategic diplomacy for national interest. Although sometimes enforced by legal requirem ...

s with the Siamese (

Xiān Xiān ( zh, 暹) or Siam () was a confederation of maritime-oriented port polities along the present Bay of Bangkok, including Ayutthaya Kingdom#Pre-Ayutthaya cities, Ayodhya, Suphannabhum, and Phip Phli Kingdom, Phip Phli, as well as Nakhon Si ...

) at

. Their descendants, later known as the Uthong (Lavo) dynasty, continued to rule Ayodhya until the traditional formation of the

Ayutthaya Kingdom The Ayutthaya Kingdom or the Empire of Ayutthaya was a Thai people, Thai kingdom that existed in Southeast Asia from 1351 to 1767, centered around the city of Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (city), Ayutthaya, in Siam, or present-day Thailand. Europe ...

in 1351. In 1157/58, Chaliang was occupied by another Tai monarch from Chawa (ชวา,

Muang Sua Muang Sua (, ) was the name of Luang Phrabang following its conquest in 698 by a Tai peoples, Tai/Lao prince, Khun Lo, who seized his opportunity when the king of Kingdom of Nanzhao, Nanzhao was engaged elsewhere. Khun Lo had been awarded the tow ...

) or

Nam Ou The Nam Ou (Lao language, Laotian: ນ້ຳອູ , Literal translation, literally: "rice bowl river") is one of the most important rivers of Laos. It runs 448 km from Phongsaly Province to Luang Prabang Province. The river rises in Muang Ou ...

basin. This monarch, led by , expanded political influence to Sukhothai of Lavo in 1175. However, nobles of the Lavo faction revolted and recaptured Sukhothai in 1181, which caused Tai kings from Mueang Rad and Mueang Bang Yang to join forces and retake Sukhothai in 1238. This marked the formation of the

Sukhothai Kingdom The Sukhothai Kingdom was a post-classical Siamese kingdom (Mandala (political model), ''maṇḍala'') in Mainland Southeast Asia surrounding the ancient capital city of Sukhothai Historical Park, Sukhothai in present-day north-central Thaila ...

. During the Sukhothai era, Chaliang was comparable and equal to Sukhothai, in which both cities were the capitals. However, after the

became the vassal of

Ayutthaya Ayutthaya, Ayudhya, or Ayuthia may refer to: * Ayutthaya Kingdom, a Thai kingdom that existed from 1350 to 1767 ** Ayutthaya Historical Park, the ruins of the old capital city of the Ayutthaya Kingdom * Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya province (locall ...

, Chaliang lost its political influence and was later demoted to the frontier city after Ayutthaya lost it to

Lan Na The Lan Na kingdom or the Kingdom of Lanna (, , "Kingdom of a Million Rice Fields"; , , ), also known as Lannathai, was an Indianized state centered in present-day Northern Thailand from the 13th to the 18th centuries. The cultural developmen ...

in the 15th century.

Etymology

The English term "Chaliang" is the romanization of the Thai word "" per the

Royal Thai General System of Transcription The Royal Thai General System of Transcription (RTGS) is the official system for rendering Thai words in the Latin alphabet. It was published by the Royal Institute of Thailand in early 1917, when Thailand was called Siam. It is used in roa ...

. The Thai word for the historical country was plausible a transliteration of the combination of two words: the

Sanskrit Sanskrit (; stem form ; nominal singular , ,) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in northwest South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural ...

word ''Chala'' () which means "water" and the Old Mon word ''Wang'' which means "city". Together, the combined word can be interpreted as meaning "city of water," as the city is almost surrounded by the

Yom River The Yom River (, , ; , ) is a river in Thailand. It is the main tributary of the Nan River (which itself is a tributary of the Chao Phraya River). The Yom River has its source in the Phi Pan Nam Range in Pong District, Phayao Province. Leaving P ...

History

Formation

The region was inhabited since the

Neolithic The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Ancient Greek, Greek 'new' and 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Mesopotamia, Asia, Europe and Africa (c. 10,000 BCE to c. 2,000 BCE). It saw the Neolithic Revo ...

–

Iron Age The Iron Age () is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. It has also been considered as the final age of the three-age division starting with prehistory (before recorded history) and progre ...

s. It then evolved into agricultural communities in the early 4th century and turned into complex societies around the 9th century. Artifacts found in Chaliang-Si Satchanalai show that the communities engaged in trade with several

polities, such as in the southeast, and Mueang Fa Daet Song Yang and Ban Mueang Fai () in

northeastern Thailand Northeast Thailand or Isan (Isan/, ; ; also written as Isaan, Isarn, Issarn, Issan, Esan, or Esarn; from Pāli ''isāna'' or Sanskrit ईशान्य ''īśānya'' "northeast") consists of 20 provinces in northeastern Thailand. Isan is T ...

. Chaliang, on the great bend of the

, was likely inhabited by

Mon people The Mon (; Thai Mon: ဂကူမည်; , ; , ) are an ethnic group who inhabit Lower Myanmar's Mon State, Kayin State, Kayah State, Tanintharyi Region, Bago Region, the Irrawaddy Delta, and several areas in Thailand (mostly in Pathum Than ...

who had migrated from the lower

Chao Phraya The Chao Phraya River is the major river in Thailand, with its low alluvial plain forming the centre of the country. It flows through Bangkok and then into the Gulf of Thailand. Etymology Written evidence of the river being referred to by the ...

basin, whereas Si Satchanalai, which was situated close to the base of the mountain and along the river, was probably of the people from the northern highlands, the Tais. According to the , Chaliang was founded in the early 600s by a hermit, Satchanalai (; or Anusit in the ), who united four surrounding chiefdoms and built moats and walls to define the city's boundaries. Northern Chronicle Chaliang layout is also the model for Haripuñjaya's plan, which Hermit Suthep built, indicating that it existed before Haripuñjaya's establishment in 629. In the first era, Chaliang's initial territory included or to the northeast and met Sukhothai to the south. Hermit Satchanalai had four colleagues, each of whom played an important role in the establishment of the ancient kingdoms in modern-day Thailand, as detailed below. #Satchanalai, founder of Chaliang and assisted Suthep in establishing Haripuñjaya. #Suthep, founder of Haripuñjaya, who seek advice from another hermit Sukkatanta () in Lavo for selecting the first Haripuñjaya ruler. Lavo princess,

Camadevi Camadevi (also spelled Jamadevi; IPA: ʃaːmaˈdeːʋiː Pali: Cāmadevī; , , Mon: စာမ္မာဒေဝဳ, ; 7th-century – 8th-century) was the first monarch and Queen of Haripuñjaya, Hariphunchai (Pali: Haribhuñjaya), which was an ...

, was then introduced. #Sukkatanta, teacher of

. #Phutthachatil ( or ) was asked by Anantayot (), prince of

, to build a new city for him but refused and advised him to meet his colleague, Hermit Suprom. #Suprom ( or or or ), founded

Lampang Lampang, also called Nakhon Lampang (; , ) to differentiate from Lampang province, is the third largest city in northern Thailand and capital of Lampang province and the Mueang Lampang district. Traditional names for Lampang include Wiang Lak ...

for Anantayot.

Early Tai city-state

Since the latter half of the first millennium, Tais have dominated the

Yom Yom () is a Biblical Hebrew word which occurs in the Hebrew Bible. The word means "day" in both Modern and Biblical Hebrew. Overview Although ''yom'' is commonly rendered as day in English translations, the word can be used in different ways to ...

and

Nan River The Nan River (, , ; , ) is a river in Thailand. It is one of the most important tributaries of the Chao Phraya River. Geography The Nan River originates in the Luang Prabang Range, Nan Province. The provinces along the river after Nan Prov ...

s Valleys in present-day

northern Thailand Northern Thailand, or more specifically Lanna, is a region of Thailand. It is geographically characterized by several mountain ranges, which continue from the Shan Hills in bordering Myanmar to Laos, and the river valleys that cut through them. ...

. Several Tai independent principalities emerged. Other ethnolinguistic groups in the area, such as Austroasiatic, were captive and Tainized over time. Initially, Chaliang was under

's Sukhothai, which itself was a trading hotspot of the

Lavo Kingdom The Lavo Kingdom () was a political entity (Mandala (Southeast Asian political model), mandala) on the left bank of the Chao Phraya River in the Upper Chao Phraya valley from the end of Dvaravati civilization, in the 7th century, until 1388. The o ...

. Chaliang established relations with Tai's Chiang Saen to the north in the late 10th century when the princess of King Supojarat married the King of Chiang Saen, Sri Thammasokkarat (potentially Phrom), and the son of them later enthroned the king of Chaliang. This marked the beginning of Tai influence over the Chao Phraya Valley. Chaliang was mentioned as an independent polity centered in ''Chéng Liáng'' (程良) in the 4th year of ' era (1001 CE) in the Chinese Song Shi volume 489 section 248. It was said to be located 60 ''chéng'' (程) to the north of

Tambralinga Tambralinga or Ho-ling was an Indianised Malay kingdom located on the Malay Peninsula (in modern-day Southern Thailand), existing at least from the 2nd to 13th centuries CE. It possibly was under the influence of Srivijaya for some time, but l ...

, and to the southeast met the

. The Chinese term ''San-lo '' mentioned in Lingwai Daida in 1178, which Lawrence P. Briggs speculated to have been an early Chinese attempt to transcribe the name of the country or the people of the upper and central

Menam The Chao Phraya River is the major river in Thailand, with its low alluvial plain forming the centre of the country. It flows through Bangkok and then into the Gulf of Thailand. Etymology Written evidence of the river being referred to by the ...

, was probably Chaliang. The Chinese were soon to call the region

() and Xiānluó () in the 13th century. The timeframe mentioned in Chinese writings conforms to various archeological findings, which show that the region was occupied since the prehistoric period and continued until the

period when the region was influenced by the

. To the southeast, Lavo's Lavapura faced several circumstances, such as the conquest of Lavo by

in 927/928 and the 9-year-long

ian civil wars, which led to the destruction of Lavapura by the Angkorian king

Suryavarman I Suryavarman I (; posthumously ''Nirvanapada'') was king of the Khmer Empire from 1006 to 1050. Suryavarman usurped King Udayadityavarman I, defeating his armies in approximately 1002. After a protracted war with Udayadityavarman's would-be succe ...

in 1002. These were potentially the reasons for Lavo's decrease in influence over northern polities, which included Chaliang and Sukhothai, in the mid-10th century. In the late 10th century, after

and Haripuñjaya joined forces and retook Lavapura from the

in 1052 and moved the capital to

in 1080s. The seat at the former capital, Lavapura, was vacant from 1087–1106, Chaliang or Si Satchanalai's king, Kraisornrat () then took over the seat. This ''de facto'' made Chaliang a northern fortress of Lavapura and was ruled by the crown prince. An attempt to re-expand influence to Lavo's Lavapura by the Angkor occurred in 1181 when

Jayavarman VII Jayavarman VII (), known posthumously as Mahaparamasaugata (, c. 1122–1218), was king of the Khmer Empire. He was the son of King Dharanindravarman II (r. 1150–1160) and Queen Sri Jayarajacudamani. He was the first king devoted to Buddhism, ...

appointed his lineage Narupatidnavarman to govern Lavapura. Due to this political pressure, a Tai ruler Sri Thammasokkarat (), who was also from Si Satchanalai, fled to

Nakhon Si Thammarat Nakhon Si Thammarat (, ; from ) is a city municipality (''thesaban nakhon'') located in Mueang Nakhon Si Thammarat, the capital of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. Nakhon Si Thammarat Province is situated in the South of Thailand. It is about s ...

. However, Lavapura was probably taken back by a Tai royal from Phraek Si Racha (; present-day Sankhaburi) in the 13th century. The text given in the Pu Khun Chit Khun Jot Inscription () shows the royal relationship between and Chaliang, which later expanded its influence on Sukhothai. This corresponds with the detail provided in the Nan Chronicles, Wat Phra That Chang Kham version.

Sukhothai period

After Chaliang led by annexed Sukhothai in 1157, the seat was moved to Sukhothai, which subsequently led to the establishment of the

in 1238. was expected to be a Tai noble from the present-day Uttaradit province, located in the

Basin, north of Sukhothai. Due to the change in the direction of the

bank erosion Bank erosion is the wearing away of the banks of a stream or river. This is distinguished from erosion of the bed of the watercourse, which is referred to as ''scour''. The roots of trees growing by a stream are undercut by such erosion. As the ...

occurred; Chaliang was moved 2.5 kilometers westward to the present-day Si Satchanalai Historical Park and was also called Sawankhalok/Si Satchanalai around the early 13th century during the reign of Si Inthrathit (Phra Ruang I; r. 1238–1270). In the first era, Sukhothai kings were also considered the rulers of Chaliang until the end of the reign of

Ram Khamhaeng Ramkhamhaeng (, ) or commonly known as Pho Khun Ramkhamhaeng Maharat (, ) was the third king of the Phra Ruang Dynasty, ruling the Sukhothai Kingdom (a historical kingdom of Thailand) from 1279 to 1298, during its most prosperous era. He is c ...

in 1298, when Sukhothai's influence waned, allowing other vassals to gain independence; Chaliang went nearly 50 years without a ruler until Lithai was appointed to the title in 1340. According to the text given in several Sukhothai inscriptions, Chaliang or Si Satchanalai was a city-level settlement, comparable to and equal to Sukhothai, both of which were considered capital cities ruled by the kings of the Sukhothai- Si Satchanalai Kingdom. In the 14th century, Sukhothai-Si Satchanalai expanded its territory to the north by destroying and annexed a Tai Yuan's city-state of . A large number of Li people were forcibly moved to Sukhothai-Si Satchanalai. After the reign of Lithai, Sukhothai declined; both Sukhothai and Chaliang were vassals of the

. According to the legend, Khottrabong () was appointed the ruler. He was dethroned probably in 1429 by an usurper, Saeng Hang ().

Ayutthaya period

During this era, Chaliang was known as ''Sawankalok''. in Thai Literature of the Sukhothai Period
/span> Historical records on Chaliang during this period are sparse. After Sukhothai became the vassal of Ayutthaya, it is speculated that Chaliang together with

Phitsanulok Phitsanulok (, ) is a city municipality in northern Thailand and the capital of Phitsanulok province. It had a city population of 60,827 and an urban population of approximately 200,000 in 2024, making it Thailand's 19th-most populous city p ...

and

Kamphaeng Phet Kamphaeng Phet is a town (''thesaban mueang'') in central Thailand, former capital of the Kamphaeng Phet Province. It covers the complete ''tambon ''Tambon'' (, ) is a local governmental unit in Thailand. Below district (''amphoe'') and provi ...

were separated from the

under the

divide and rule The term divide and conquer in politics refers to an entity gaining and maintaining political power by using divisive measures. This includes the exploitation of existing divisions within a political group by its political opponents, and also ...

policy to annex and reduce the power of Sukhothai. Sukhothai and the aforementioned principalities were collectively called by

as the Northern cities (). Thai chronicles revised during the Rattanakosin period list these four cities as four of the sixteen vassal states of the

during the reign of King

Ramathibodi I King U-thongThe Royal Institute.'List of monarchs Ayutthaya''. (; ) or King Ramathibodi I (; ; , 1314–1369) was the first king of the kingdom Ayutthaya (now part of Thailand), reigning from 1351 to 1369. Origins and Reign He was known as P ...

. However, since the information about these vassals conflicts with other evidence, it is assumed that they were added to the chronicles later, perhaps during the reign of King Intharacha. Due to the succession issue of Sukhothai which was determined by Ayutthaya, , the son of Maha Thammaracha IV of Sukhothai, was not satisfying to be appointed as the ruler of a lower-tier city, Songkwae–Phitsanulok. He therefore pledged allegiance to

in 1452 and advised King

Tilokaraj Tilokaraj (; , ), also spelt Tilokarat and Tilokkarat, was the 9th monarch of the Mangrai Dynasty. Early life According to the Chiang Mai Chronicle, he was the sixth child of King Sam Phraya (also known as Samfangkaen). The 'lok' part of his name ...

of Lan Na to invade the northern cities of Ayutthaya. As a result, Ayutthaya demoted three of its four northern cities, including Songkwae, Sukhothai, and

, from vassals to frontier cities and sent central nobles to govern instead; Chaliang remained its vassal status until it was conquered by

in 1462 when it was renamed Chienjuen (). Ayutthaya re-gained Chaliang in the following years. Nevertheless, Chaliang was occasionally deserted as a result of the people escaping the war, as it was situated on the route of the warring parties between Ayutthaya, Burma, and Lan Na.

Rulers

{, class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" , - ! colspan=2, Ruler !! rowspan=2, Reign !! rowspan=2, Notes/Contemporary events , - !Romanized name !! Thai Name , - !colspan=6 , - , Satchanalai, , สัชนาไลย, , , , Chiefdom of Panchamatchakam (Later evolved to "Sawankalok" ("Chaliang" or "Si Satchanalai") , - , Thammaracha I, , ธรรมราชา, , Early 600s, , Son of the previous? , - , colspan=2 align=center, ''Unknown'', , , , Thammaracha I's lineage , - , colspan=2 align=center, ''Unknown'', , , , Thammaracha I's lineage , - , colspan=2 align=center, ''Unknown'', , , , Thammaracha I's lineage. Died with no heir. , - ! colspan=6 , - , Arun Ratchakuman, , อรุณราชกุมาร/พระร่วง, , 900s, , Son of Aphai Kaminee (อภัยคามินี; Noble from Haripuñjaya ; Refounder of Sukhothai) , - , Pasuchakuman/ Supojarat, , พสุจกุมาร/ สุพจราช, , Late 900s, , * Younger brother of the previous. * Grandfather of Kraisornrat, King of Lavo's Lopburi (r. 1106–1115) , - , colspan=6 , - , colspan=6 , - ! colspan=6 , - , colspan=2 align=center, ''Unknown'', , , , *Father-in-law of Kraisornrat *Chaliang was mentioned as ''Chéng Liáng'' () in the Chinese text History of Song (1001) , - , Kraisornrat , , ไกรศรราช , , ?–1106, , *Grandson of Supojarat. Before claiming Lavo's Lopburi throne *Son of King of Chiang Saen, Sri Thammasokkarat II, who married the only Supojarat offspring, Pathumdevi. , - , colspan=6 , - , Sai Nam Peung, , สายน้ำผึ้ง, , 1106–1115?, , *Son of the previous. Before claiming Lavo's Ayodhya throne *Father of Sri Thammasokkarat III who was king of Lavo's Lavapura (r. 1115–1181) and ruler of

(r. ?–1115) , - , Patthasucharat, , พัตตาสุจราช, , 1115?–? , , Grandfather of Lavo's Ayodhya kings, Thammaracha II (r. 1301–1310) and Boromracha (r. 1310–1344) , - , Dhammatrilokthi, , ธรรมไตรโลกฒิ, , ?– 1157/58, , Son of the previous, father of Lavo's Ayodhya kings, Thammaracha II and Boromracha , - , colspan=6 , - , colspan=6 , - , , , พ่อขุนศรีนาวนำถุม, , 1157/58–1181/82, , *Also ruler of Sukhothai as the founder. *The Manam Valley was called ''San-lo '' as mentioned in Lingwai Daida in 1178. , - , , , ขอมสบาดโขลญลำพง, , r. 1181/82–1208?, , *Usurper, possibly relative of *Also King of Sukhothai (r.1181/82–1237/38) , - , Chantaracha, , จันทราชา, , 1208?–1238, , Father of the 1st Sukhothai's king, Si Inthrathit. Also ruler of Sukhothai. , - !colspan=6 , - , Si Inthrathit, , ศรีอินทราทิตย์, , 1238–1270, , *Son of the previous. *Young brother of the King of

Fang A fang is a long, pointed tooth. In mammals, a fang is a modified maxillary tooth, used for biting and tearing flesh. In snakes, it is a specialized tooth that is associated with a venom gland (see snake venom). Spiders also have external fangs, ...

. *Also the first king of Sukhothai *Chaliang was moved westward and renamed Sawankhalok (สวรรคโลก). , - ,

Ban Mueang Ban Mueang (, ) was a king of Sukhothai, an ancient kingdom in Thailand. He was from the House of Phra Ruang. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Foundation, 2011: 22. Name The name ''Ban Mueang'' () means "one who delights the nation". Wongthe ...

, , บานเมือง, , 1270–1271, , Son of the previous. Also king of Sukhothai , - ,

, , รามคำแหง, , 1279–1298, , Younger brother of the previous. Also king of Sukhothai , - , colspan=6 , - , Lithai, , ลิไทย, , 1340–1368, , *Also king of Sukhothai (1347–1368) *After the reign of Lithai,

became a vassal of

. , - , colspan=6 , - , , , โคตรบอง, , 1368–1429?, , Appointed ruler , - , Saenghung, , แสงหัง, , 1429?–?, , Usurper , - !colspan=6 , - , Sri Yotsarat , , ศรียศราช, , Before 1423, , , - , Phraya Chaliang, , พระยาเชลียง, , 1434–1461?, , , - , Saen, , แสน, , 1461?–1468, , During the reign of Saen,

lost Chaliang to

. , - !colspan=6 {{n/a, As vassal of

: 1462–1474 , - , {{ill, Yutthisathian, th, พระยายุทธิษเฐียร, , ยุทธิษเฐียร, , 1468–1474, , * Son of Sukhothai's king, Maha Thammaracha IV. * As king of Sukhothai–Chiang Chuean (Si Satchanalai) , - , colspan=6 {{n/a, Chiang Chuean was incorporated into

and was governed from

Notes

{{notelist

References

{{reflist {{History of Thailand navbox {{Thailand topics, state=collapsed Former countries in Thai history Former kingdoms Indianized kingdoms Sukhothai province 9th century in Thailand 10th century in Thailand 11th century in Thailand 12th century in Thailand 13th century in Thailand 14th century in Thailand 15th century in Thailand 15th-century disestablishments in Thailand