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Kampō (or Kanpō, 漢方) medicine is the Japanese study and adaptation of Traditional Chinese medicine. Today in Japan, kampo is integrated into the national health care system. In 1967, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare approved 4 kampo medicines for reimbursement under the National Health Insurance (NHI) program. In 1976, 82 kampo medicines were approved by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Currently, 148 kampo medicines are approved for reimbursement Rather than modifying formulas as in Traditional Chinese medicine, the Japanese kampo tradition uses fixed combinations of herbs in standardized proportions according to the classical literature of Chinese medicine. kampo medicines are produced by various manufacturers. However, each medicine is composed of exactly the same ingredients under the ministry's standardization methodology. The medicines are therefore prepared under strict manufacturing conditions that rival pharmaceutical companies. Extensive modern ...
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Kampo
Kampo or , often known simply as , is the study of traditional medicine in Japan following its introduction, beginning in the 7th century. It was adapted and modified to suit Japanese culture and traditions. Traditional Japanese medicine uses most of the Chinese methods, including acupuncture, moxibustion, traditional Chinese herbology, and traditional food therapy. History Origins According to Chinese mythology, the origins of traditional Chinese medicine are traced back to the three legendary sovereigns Fuxi, Shennong and the Yellow Emperor. Shennong is believed to have tasted hundreds of herbs to ascertain their medicinal value and effects on the human body and help relieve people of their sufferings. The oldest written record focusing solely on the medicinal use of plants was the ''Shennong Ben Cao Jing'' which was compiled around the end of the first century B.C. and is said to have classified 365 species of herbs or medicinal plants. Chinese medical practices were ...
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Shakuyaku-kanzo-to
or ''shao-yao-gan-cao-tang'' () is a traditional herbal medicine used in both Kampo (Japanese) and Chinese medicine. It consists of an equal combination of the roots of Chinese peony root (''Radix Paeoniae'', ''shakuyaku'') and licorice root (''Radix Glycyrrhizae'', ''kanzō''), primarily used for its antispasmodic properties in the treatment of muscle cramps and various other conditions involving smooth and skeletal muscle spasms. The formula was first described in the ''Shanghan Lun'', a classical Chinese medical textbook during the Eastern Han dynasty, and has been standardized in modern Japan for both traditional and clinical use. Its main active compounds, paeoniflorin and glycyrrhizin, are believed to act synergistically at neuromuscular junctions and on prostaglandin synthesis. While generally safe in short-term use, long-term or high-dose intake can cause side effects such as pseudohyperaldosteronism, a hormone-related disorder, due to the effects of glycyrrhizin. Hi ...
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Mao-to
is a traditional Japanese herbal formula used in Kampo medicine. It originates in ancient China derived from the medicine ''mahuang tang''. It is primarily prescribed for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections and influenza, and has been included in Japan's national health insurance system for over four decades. Mao-to consists of four herbal ingredients—the stem of Chinese ephedra, the kernel of an apricot species, the bark of Chinese cassia and licorice root—and is typically prepared as a hot-water extract. Pharmacological studies have shown that its components possess antiviral properties, particularly against influenza A virus, through mechanisms that inhibit viral entry and modulate immune responses. ''Mao-to'' is widely used in Japan both as a prescription and over-the-counter medication, and clinical research supports its effectiveness in reducing influenza symptoms with minimal side effects. Its safety profile is generally favorable, though caution is ...
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Yokukansan
Yokukansan (written as 抑肝散 and read as Yokukansan in Japanese while YiganSan in Chinese) is a standard recipe or prescription from traditional Chinese medicine used widely in Eastern Asian countries including China, Taiwan, North and South Koreas and Japan. There are some classical text books describing YKS for example 『保嬰金鏡録』 (Prescriptions for pediatrics』by 薛己 Xue Ji in 1550), 『保嬰撮要』 (Bao ying cuo yao) by 薛鎧 (Xue Kai in 1556) and others. But only 薛己 (Xue Ji) described it as "愚製(my original)" in his book, so that 薛己 (Xue Ji) is probably the originator of this recipe. Yokukansan (YKS) contains an ''exactly measured'' mixture of dried herbs, 3g of ''Atractylodes macrocephala macrocephala'' Koidz. (白术(炒)) in China or 4 g of ''Atractylodes'' lanceae rhizoma (蒼朮) in Japan, 4 g of Poria (伏苓), 3 g of Cnidii rhizoma (川芎), 3 g of Angelicae radix (当帰), 2 g of Bupleuri radix (柴胡), 1.5 g of Glycyrrhizae radix ( ...
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Japan
Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea in the south. The Japanese archipelago consists of four major islands—Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu—and List of islands of Japan, thousands of smaller islands, covering . Japan has a population of over 123 million as of 2025, making it the List of countries and dependencies by population, eleventh-most populous country. The capital of Japan and List of cities in Japan, its largest city is Tokyo; the Greater Tokyo Area is the List of largest cities, largest metropolitan area in the world, with more than 37 million inhabitants as of 2024. Japan is divided into 47 Prefectures of Japan, administrative prefectures and List of regions of Japan, eight traditional regions. About three-quarters of Geography of Japan, the countr ...
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Oxymetazoline
Oxymetazoline, sold under the brand name Afrin among others, is a topical decongestant and vasoconstrictor medication. It is available over-the-counter as a nasal spray to treat nasal congestion and nosebleeds, as eye drops to treat eye redness due to minor irritation, and (in the United States) as a prescription topical cream to treat persistent facial redness due to rosacea in adults. Its effects begin within minutes and last for up to six hours. Intranasal use for longer than three to five days may cause congestion to recur or worsen, resulting in physical dependence. Oxymetazoline is a derivative of imidazole. It was developed from xylometazoline at Merck by Wolfgang Fruhstorfer and Helmut Müller-Calgan in 1961. A direct sympathomimetic, oxymetazoline binds to and activates α1 adrenergic receptors and α2 adrenergic receptors, most notably. One study classified it in the following order: α(2A) > α(1A) ≥ α(2B) > α(1D) ≥ α(2C) >> α(1B), but this is not univer ...
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Menthol
Menthol is an organic compound, specifically a Monoterpene, monoterpenoid, that occurs naturally in the oils of several plants in the Mentha, mint family, such as Mentha arvensis, corn mint and peppermint. It is a white or clear waxy crystalline substance that is solid at room temperature and melts slightly above. The main form of menthol occurring in nature is (−)-menthol, which is assigned the (1''R'',2''S'',5''R'') Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules, configuration. For many people, menthol produces a cooling sensation when inhaled, eaten, or applied to the skin, and mint plants have been used for centuries for topical pain relief and as a food flavoring. Menthol has local anesthetic and counterirritant qualities, and it is widely used to relieve minor throat irritation. Menthol has been demonstrated to cause a subjective nasal decongestant effect without any objective decongestant action, and administration of menthol via a nasal inhaler in humans has also been shown t ...
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Sustained Release
Modified-release dosage is a mechanism that (in contrast to immediate-release dosage) delivers a drug with a delay after its administration (delayed-release dosage) or for a prolonged period of time (extended-release R, XR, XLdosage) or to a specific target in the body (targeted-release dosage).Pharmaceutics: Drug Delivery and Targeting
p. 7-13
Sustained-release dosage forms are s designed to release (liberate) a drug at a predetermined rate in order to maintain a constant drug concentrat ...
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Eucalyptol
Eucalyptol (also called cineole) is a monoterpenoid colorless liquid, and a bicyclic ether. It has a fresh camphor-like odor and a spicy, cooling taste. It is insoluble in water, but miscible with organic solvents. Eucalyptol makes up about 70–90% of eucalyptus oil. Eucalyptol forms crystalline adducts with hydrohalic acids, ''o''-cresol, resorcinol, and phosphoric acid. Formation of these adducts is useful for purification. In 1870, F. S. Cloez identified and ascribed the name "eucalyptol" to the dominant portion of ''Eucalyptus globulus'' oil. Uses Because of its pleasant, spicy aroma and taste, eucalyptol is used in flavorings, fragrances, and cosmetics. Cineole-based eucalyptus oil is used as a flavoring at low levels (0.002%) in various products, including baked goods, confectionery, meat products, and beverages. In a 1994 report released by five top cigarette companies, eucalyptol was listed as one of the 599 additives to cigarettes. It is claimed to be add ...
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Takeda Pharmaceuticals
The is a Japanese multinational pharmaceutical company. It is the third largest pharmaceutical company in Asia, behind Sinopharm and Shanghai Pharmaceuticals, and one of the top 20 largest pharmaceutical companies in the world by revenue (top 10 following its merger with Shire). The company has over 49,578 employees worldwide and achieved US$19.299 billion in revenue during the 2018 fiscal year. The company is focused on oncology, rare diseases, neuroscience, gastroenterology, plasma-derived therapies and vaccines. Its headquarters is located in Chuo-ku, Osaka, and it has an office in Nihonbashi, Chuo, Tokyo. In January 2012, Fortune Magazine ranked the Takeda Oncology Company as one of the 100 best companies to work for in the United States. As of 2015, Christophe Weber was appointed as the CEO and president of Takeda. History Founding and initial acquisitions (1781–2010) Takeda Pharmaceuticals was founded in 1781, and was incorporated on January 29, 1925. One o ...
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