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Trichodectera
Trichodectera is a parvorder of lice from the infraorder Phthiraptera that are parasites of mammals. It contains the large family Trichodectidae, plus a few minor families. Trichodectidae was previously classified as belonging to Ischnocera, but phylogenetic studies had found that group to be paraphyletic. In 2021, de Moya ''et al.'' proposed that Trichodectidae be split off from Ischnocera and to be put into a newly created grouping called Trichodectera. Below is a cladogram showing the position of Trichodectera within Phthiraptera Louse (: lice) is the common name for any member of the infraorder Phthiraptera, which contains nearly 5,000 species of wingless parasitic insects. Phthiraptera was previously recognized as an order, until a 2021 genetic study determined that ...: References Lice {{Louse-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ischnocera
Ischnocera is a large parvorder of lice from the infraorder Phthiraptera. The parvorder consists of Mallophaga, chewing lice, which feed on the feathers and skin debris of birds. Many species of Ischnocera have evolved an elongated body shape. This allows them to conceal themselves within plumage to avoid being dislodged during preening or flight. Species in Ischnocera spend their entire lives living on a host, and attach themselves to Hippoboscidae, hippoboscid flies to help move across individual birds. Ischnocera contains the large family (biology), family Philopteridae, along with a few other minor families. Ischnocera are distributed globally, with around 3,800 species identified. The lice are very host-specific, and each species rarely parasitizes outside of their preferred bird species. Birds infested by Ischnocera's species can experience discomfort and damage to reproductive systems. Classification Ischnocera previously included the mammalian parasitic lice Trichodectera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trichodectidae
Trichodectidae is a family of louse in the parvorder Trichodectera. Its species are parasites of mammals. Classification Trichodectidae was previously classified as belonging to Ischnocera, but phylogenetic studies had found that group to be paraphyletic. In 2021, de Moya ''et al.'' proposed that Trichodectidae be split off from Ischnocera and to be put into a newly created grouping called Trichodectera. Below is a cladogram showing the position of Trichodectidae within Phthiraptera Louse (: lice) is the common name for any member of the infraorder Phthiraptera, which contains nearly 5,000 species of wingless parasitic insects. Phthiraptera was previously recognized as an order, until a 2021 genetic study determined that ...: List of genera The following 19 genera are recognized: * '' Bovicola'' * '' Cebidicola'' * '' Damalinia'' * '' Dasyonyx'' * '' Eurytrichodectes'' * '' Eutrichophilus'' * '' Felicola'' * '' Geomydoecus'' * '' Lutridia'' * '' Neotrichodec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phthiraptera
Louse (: lice) is the common name for any member of the infraorder Phthiraptera, which contains nearly 5,000 species of wingless parasitic insects. Phthiraptera was previously recognized as an order, until a 2021 genetic study determined that they are a highly modified lineage of the order Psocodea, whose members are commonly known as booklice, barklice or barkflies. Lice are obligate parasites, living externally on warm-blooded hosts, which include every species of bird and mammal, except for monotremes, pangolins, and bats. Chewing lice live among the hairs or feathers of their host and feed on skin and debris, whereas sucking lice pierce the host's skin and feed on blood and other secretions. They usually spend their whole life on a single host, cementing their eggs, called nits, to hairs or feathers. The eggs hatch into nymphs, which moult three times before becoming fully grown, a process that takes about four weeks. Humans host two species of louse—the head louse an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhynchophthirina
The genus ''Haematomyzus'' includes three species of lice that differ so markedly from all other lice that the genus is placed in its own family Haematomyzidae, itself monotypic within the parvorder Rhynchophthirina (previously ranked as a superfamily). These unusual lice are ectoparasites of elephants and warthogs. Their mouthparts are elongated to form a drill-like structure that allows them to penetrate the thick skin of their host. Taxonomy The three species, '' Haematomyzus elephantis'' (elephant louse), '' Haematomyzus hopkinsi'' (warthog louse) and '' Haematomyzus porci'' ( red river hog louse) belong to a single family, the Haematomyzidae, itself the only family within Rhynchophthirina. Rhychophthirina is a parvorder within the infraorder Phthiraptera. A molecular phylogenetic study using subunit rRNA sequences suggests a placement of the Rhychophthirina as a sister group of the Anoplura. Below is a cladogram showing the position of Rhychophthirina within Phthiraptera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Felicola
''Felicola'' is a genus of parasitic lice in the family Trichodectidae. There are at least 50 described species in ''Felicola''. Species These 56 species belong to the genus ''Felicola'': * '' Felicola acuticeps'' (Neumann, L. G., 1902) * '' Felicola acutirostris'' (Stobbe, 1913) * '' Felicola africanus'' (Emerson & R. D. Price, 1966) * '' Felicola americanus'' Emerson & R. D. Price, 1983 * '' Felicola aspidorhynchus'' (Werneck, 1948) * '' Felicola bedfordi'' Hopkins, G. H. E., 1942 * '' Felicola bengalensis'' (Werneck, 1948) * '' Felicola braziliensis'' Emerson & R. D. Price, 1983 * '' Felicola caffra'' (Bedford, G. A. H., 1919) * '' Felicola calogaleus'' (Bedford, G. A. H., 1928) * '' Felicola congoensis'' (Emerson & R. D. Price, 1967) * '' Felicola cooleyi'' (Bedford, G. A. H., 1929) * '' Felicola cynictis'' (Bedford, G. A. H., 1928) * '' Felicola decipiens'' Hopkins, G. H. E., 1941 * '' Felicola fahrenholzi'' (Werneck, 1948) * '' Felicola felis'' (Werneck, 1934) * '' Felicol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anoplura
Sucking lice (known scientifically as Anoplura) are a parvorder of around 550 species of lice. All sucking lice are blood-feeding ectoparasites of mammals. They can cause localized skin irritations and are vectors of several blood-borne diseases. At least three species or subspecies of Anoplura are parasites of humans; the human condition of being infested with sucking lice is called pediculosis. ''Pediculus humanus'' is divided into two subspecies, ''Pediculus humanus humanus'', or the human body louse, sometimes nicknamed "the seam squirrel" for its habit of laying of eggs in the seams of clothing, and ''Pediculus humanus capitis'', or the human head louse. ''Pthirus pubis'' (the human pubic louse) is the cause of the condition known as crabs. Classification Sucking lice are classified as a parvorder called Anoplura, named by Leach in 1815. Anoplura belongs to the infraorder Phthiraptera, which contains all lice, and is part of the larger order Psocodea, which also con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philopteridae
Philopteridae is a family (biology), family of feather lice. They are parasite, parasitic on birds, primarily consuming downy feathers. Philopteridae is a highly diverse family with more than 2,700 described species, and constitutes 30% of the order Psocodea, half of all described Phthiraptera (lice), and the majority of parvorder Ischnocera. Most bird groups are infested with members of this family. Different species show convergent morphology, converging on one of a few forms, depending on which area of the host they hide in. Classification The family Philopteridae belongs to the parvorder Ischnocera, of the larger infraorder Phthiraptera, which includes all lice. It was named as a family by Christian Ludwig Nitzsch in 1818. A cladogram showing the position of Philopteridae within Phthiraptera and Psocodea is shown below: Over 2,700 species of Philopteridae have been described, making up 30% of species described in order Psocodea, around half of species described in infraorde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to descendants, nor does it show how much they have changed, so many differing evolutionary trees can be consistent with the same cladogram. A cladogram uses lines that branch off in different directions ending at a clade, a group of organisms with a last common ancestor. There are many shapes of cladograms but they all have lines that branch off from other lines. The lines can be traced back to where they branch off. These branching off points represent a hypothetical ancestor (not an actual entity) which can be inferred to exhibit the traits shared among the terminal taxa above it. This hypothetical ancestor might then provide clues about the order of evolution of various features, adaptation, and other e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paraphyletic
Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In contrast, a monophyletic grouping (a clade) includes a common ancestor and ''all'' of its descendants. The terms are commonly used in phylogenetics (a subfield of biology) and in the tree model of historical linguistics. Paraphyletic groups are identified by a combination of synapomorphies and symplesiomorphies. If many subgroups are missing from the named group, it is said to be polyparaphyletic. The term received currency during the debates of the 1960s and 1970s accompanying the rise of cladistics, having been coined by zoologist Willi Hennig to apply to well-known taxa like Reptilia (reptiles), which is paraphyletic with respect to birds. Reptilia contains the last common ancestor of reptiles and all descendants of that ancestor exc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Family (biology)
Family (, : ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between order and genus. A family may be divided into subfamilies, which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae, but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family—or whether a described family should be acknowledged—is established and decided upon by active taxonomists. There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to a lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylogenetic
In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical data and observed heritable traits of DNA sequences, protein amino acid sequences, and morphology. The results are a phylogenetic tree—a diagram depicting the hypothetical relationships among the organisms, reflecting their inferred evolutionary history. The tips of a phylogenetic tree represent the observed entities, which can be living taxa or fossils. A phylogenetic diagram can be rooted or unrooted. A rooted tree diagram indicates the hypothetical common ancestor of the taxa represented on the tree. An unrooted tree diagram (a network) makes no assumption about directionality of character state transformation, and does not show the origin or "root" of the taxa in question. In addition to their use for inferring phylogenetic pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
