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Sāmāyika
''Sāmāyika'' is the vow of periodic concentration observed by the Jains. It is one of the essential duties prescribed for both the ''Śrāvaka'' (householders) and ascetics. The preposition ''sam'' means one state of being. To become one is ''samaya''. That, which has oneness as its object, is ''sāmāyikam''. ''Sāmāyika'' is aimed at developing equanimity and to refrain from injury. On the third '' pratimā'' (stage) the householder resolves to observe the ''sāmāyika'' vow three times a day. According to the Jain text, '' Purushartha Siddhyupaya'': ''Sāmāyika'' is also one of the five kinds of conduct (''cāritra'') other kinds being reinitiation, purity of non-injury, slight passion and perfect conduct. It is of two kinds — with and without time limit. Duration The ''sāmāyika'' is performed for an ''antara-muhurta'' (about 48 minutes) every day. Champat Rai Jain in his book ''The Key of Knowledge'' writes: Procedure In performing ''sāmāyika'', the ''� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pratikramana
''Pratikramana'' (; also spelled ''Pratikraman'') (lit. "introspection"), is a ritual during which Jains repent (''prayaschit'') for their sins and non-meritorious activities committed knowingly or inadvertently during their daily life through thought, speech or action. Pratikramana also refers to a combition of six ''avashyaks'' (essential rituals), being '' Samayik'' (state of total equanimity), ''Chauvisantho'' (honoring the 24 Tirthankars), ''Vandana'' – (offering salutations to ''sadhus'' (monks) and ''sadhvis'' (nuns)), ''Pratikramana'' (introspection and repentance), '' Kayotsarga'' (meditation of the soul) and ''Pratyakhyan'' (renunciation). Although frequency of repenting varies, devout Jains often practice Pratikraman at least twice a day. It is one of the 28 primary attributes (''mūla guņa'') of both Śvētāmbara and Digambara monks. Etymology ''Pratikramana'' is the combination of two words, ''Pra'' meaning "return" and ''atikramana'' meaning "violation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Śrāvaka (Jainism)
In Jainism, the word Śrāvaka or Sāvaga (from Jain Prakrit) is used to refer to the Jain laity (householders). The word ''śrāvaka'' has its roots in the word ''śrāvana'', i.e. ''the one who listens'' (to the discourses of the saints). The ''tirthankara'' restores or organises the '' sangha'', a fourfold order of ''muni'' (male monastics), '' aryika'' (female monastics), '' śrāvaka''s (male followers) and ''śrāvikā''s (female followers). In Jainism, there are two kinds of votaries: *The householder (one with minor vows) *The homeless ascetic (one with major vows). According to the Jain text '' Puruşārthasiddhyupāya'': Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra, a major Jain text, discusses the conduct of a Śrāvaka in detail. Six essentials In Jainism, six essential duties (''avashyakas'') are prescribed for a ''śrāvaka''. These help the laity in achieving the principle of ahimsa which is necessary for his/her spiritual upliftment. The six duties are: #Worship of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jain Monasticism
Jain monasticism refers to the order of monks and nuns in the Jain community and can be divided into two major Religious denomination, denominations: the ''Digambara'' and the ''Śvētāmbara''. The monastic practices of the two major sects vary greatly, but the major principles of both are identical. Five ''mahāvratas'' (Great Vows), from Mahavira's teachings, are followed by all Jain ascetics of both the sects. Historians believe that a united Jain ''Sangha (Jainism), sangha'' (community) existed before 367 BCE, about 160 years after the ''Moksha (Jainism), moksha'' (liberation) of Mahavira. The community then gradually divided into the major denominations. However, no evidences indicate when the schism between the Digambara, Digambaras and the Śvetāmbara, Śvetāmbaras happened. Terminology ''Digambaras'' use the word ' for male monastics and ''aryika'' for female monastics. ''Svetambara monks'' are also called ''nirgrantha'' (without bonds). ''Śvētāmbaras'' also us ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pratima (Jainism)
In Jainism, ''Pratima'' () is a step or a stage marking the spiritual rise of a lay person (''shravak''). There are eleven such steps called ''pratima''. After passing the eleven steps, one is no longer a ''sravaka'', but a ''muni'' (monk). Rules prescribed for laymen are divided into twelve ''vrata'' (vows) and eleven ''pratimas'' (steps) and are described in several codes of conduct ( ''shravakacharas''). The ''pratimas'' are mentioned in several ancient texts like Ratnakaranda Shravakachara (2nd century A.D.).Upasakdashang aur uska Shravakachar, Subhash Kothari, Agam Ahimsa Samta Evam Prakrit Sansthan, Udaipur 1988 Twelve vows The twelve vows are: Eleven ''Pratima'' The eleven stages (''pratimā'') are: #Darśana Pratimā (Right perspective): The worship of the true God (i.e., tirthanhara), guru (preceptor) and shastra (Scripture), and the avoidance of gambling, meat-eating, drinking (wine), adultery, hunting, thieving and debauchery. #Vrata Pratimā: The keeping of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Champat Rai Jain
Champat Rai Jain (6 August 1867–2 June 1942) was a Digambara Jain born in Delhi and who studied and practised law in England. He became an influential Jainism scholar and comparative religion writer between 1910s and 1930s who translated and interpreted Digambara texts. In early 1920s, he became religiously active in India and published essays and articles defending Jainism against misrepresentations by colonial era Christian missionaries, contrasting Jainism and Christianity. He founded Akhil Bharatvarsiya Digambara Jain Parisad in 1923 with the aim of activist reforms and uniting the south Indian and north Indian Digambara community. He visited various European countries to give lectures on Jainism. He was conferred with the title ''Vidya-Varidhi'' (lit. Ocean of Wisdom) by Bharata Dharma Mahamandal (The India-Religious Association). Life Champat Rai Jain was born on 6 August 1867 in Delhi, India. He was married at the age of 13. In 1892, he went to England to study la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saṃsāra (Jainism)
''Saṃsāra'' (transmigration)(Sanskrit: संसार, IAST: saṃsāra) in Jain philosophy, refers to the worldly life characterized by continuous rebirths and reincarnations in various realms of existence. is described as mundane existence, a life full of suffering and misery, and hence it is considered undesirable and worth renunciation. The ''Saṃsāra'' is without any beginning, and the soul finds itself in bondage with its karma since the beginning-less time. ''Moksha'' is the only way to be liberated from ''saṃsāra''. Influx of karmas (''asrava'') According to the Jain text ''Tattvartha Sutra ''Tattvārthasūtra'', meaning "On the Nature 'artha''of Reality 'tattva'' (also known as ''Tattvarth-adhigama-sutra'' or ''Moksha-shastra'') is an ancient Jain text written by ''Acharya (Jainism), Acharya'' Umaswami in Sanskrit betwee ...'': Activities that lead to the influx of karmas (''asrava'') which extends transmigration are: *Five senses *Four passions (' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pañca-Parameṣṭhi
The () in Jainism is a fivefold hierarchy of religious authorities worthy of veneration. Overview The five supreme beings are: #'' Arihant'': The awakened souls who have attained kevala jnana are considered as Arihants. The 24 tirthankaras or Jinas, the legendary founding figures of Jainism in the present time cycle, are Arihants. All tirthankaras are Arihants, but not all Arihants are tirthankaras. #''Siddha'' (Ashiri): The souls which have been liberated from the birth and death cycle. #'' Acarya'' #''Upadhyaya'' ("Preceptors") #''Muni'' or '' Jain monks'' The five initials, viz. ''A+A+A+U+M'' are taken as forming the Aum syllable. Five supreme beings The more ancient canonical texts of the Śvetāmbara sect mention ''Pañca-Parameṣṭhi'' (five supreme beings) to be the venerable beings in the universe. The Dravyasaṃgraha, a Digambara text, succinctly characterizes the five Supreme Beings (''Pañca-Parameṣṭhi''). #Definition of the World Teacher (Arhat) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Namokara Mantra
The Ṇamōkāra mantra is the most significant mantra in Jainism, and one of the oldest mantras in continuous practice. This is the first prayer recited by the Jains while meditating. The mantra is also variously referred to as the ''Pancha Namaskāra Mantra'', ''Namaskāra Mantra'', ''Navakāra Mantra'', ''Namaskāra Mangala'' or ''Paramesthi Mantra''. It is dedicated to the Panch-Parmeshthi, namely the arihant, the siddhas, the acharyas, the upadhyaya and all the ascetics. History A short inscription (dated 200 BCE to 100 BCE) found in Pale Caves in Maharashtra mentions () or (), only the first line of Namokara Mantra. In Kushana and Shaka periods of 1st century CE to the first quarter of 2nd century, only the first line was prevalent. The Hathigumpha inscription dated between 2nd century BCE to 1st century CE starts with () and (), the first two lines of Namokar Mantra. The rest of the lines are not there. It was inscribed by the Jain monarch Kharavela of Kalin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kayotsarga
Kayotsarga ( , ) is a yogic posture which is an important part of the Jain meditation. It literally means "dismissing the body". A tirthankara is represented either seated in yoga posture or standing in the kayotsarga posture. ''Kayotsarga'' means "to give up one's physical comfort and body movements", thus staying steady, either in a standing or other posture, and concentrating upon the true nature of the soul. It is one of the six essentials (''avasyaka'') of a Jain ascetic and one of the 28 primary attributes of a Jain monks and nuns. Twenty-one of the tīrthankaras of Jainism are said to have attained '' moksha'' in the kayotsarga “standing meditation” posture. An example of unflinching standing meditation is that of '' Arihant Bahubali'' who is said to have stood in kayotsarga for a year. Sāmayika In performing ''sāmayika'' (daily meditation), the ''śrāvaka'' has to stand facing north or east and bow to the '' Pancha-Parameṣṭhi''. He then sit down and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pujyapada
Acharya Pujyapada or Pūjyapāda (464–524 CE) was a renowned grammarian and ''Acharya (Jainism), acharya'' (philosopher monk) belonging to the Digambara tradition of Jainism, Jains. It was believed that he was worshiped by demigods on the account of his vast scholarship and deep piety, and thus, he was named Pujyapada. He was said to be the guru of King Durvinita of the Western Ganga dynasty. Life Pujyapada is said to have lived from 510 CE to 600 CE. Born under the name Devanandi to parents Madhava Bhatta and Shridevi, he was a sadhu Digambara monk, as well as a yogi, mystic, poet, scholar, author and master of several branches of learning. As the Devs from heaven used to come to do Puja (Hinduism), Puja of his feet Paad, the title of Pujyapaad was given to him. He was heavily influenced by the writings of his predecessors like ''Acharya'' Kundakunda and ''Acharya'' Samantabhadra (Jain monk), Samantabhadra. He is rated as being the greatest of the early masters of Jain lite ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sarvārthasiddhi
''Sarvārthasiddhi'' is a famous Jain text authored by Acharya (Jainism), Ācārya Pujyapada. It is the oldest extant commentary on ''Ācārya Umaswami's Tattvartha Sutra, Tattvārthasūtra'' (another famous Jain text). Traditionally though, the oldest commentary on the Tattvārthasūtra is the Gandhahastimahābhāṣya. A commentary is a word-by-word or line-by-line explication of a text. Author ''Acharya (Jainism), Ācārya Pujyapada'', the author of ''Sarvārthasiddhi'' was a famous Digambara monk. ''Pujyapada'' was a poet, grammarian, philosopher and a profound scholar of ''Ayurveda''. Content The author begins with an explanation of the invocation of the ''Tattvārthasūtra''. The ten chapters of ''Sarvārthasiddhi'' are: #Faith and Knowledge #The Category of the Living #The Lower World and the Middle World #The Celestial Beings #The Category of the Non-Living #Influx of Karma #The Five Vows #Bondage of Karma #Stoppage and Shedding of Karma #Liberation In the text, ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
