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Pratikramana
''Pratikramana'' ( sa, प्रतिक्रमण; also spelled ''Pratikraman'') (lit. "introspection"), is a ritual during which Jains repent (''prayaschit'') for their sins and non-meritorious activities committed knowingly or inadvertently during their daily life through thought, speech or action. Pratikramana also refers to a combition of six ''avashyaks'' (essential rituals), being '' Samayik'' (state of total equanimity), ''Chauvisantho'' (honoring the 24 Tirthankars), ''Vandana'' – (offering salutations to ''sadhus'' (monks) and ''sadhvis'' (nuns)), ''Pratikramana'' (introspection and repentance), ''Kayotsarga'' (meditation of the soul) and ''Pratyakhyan'' (renunciation). Although frequency of repenting varies, devout Jains often practice Pratikraman at least twice a day. It is one of the 28 primary attributes (''mūla guņa'') of both Śvētāmbara and Digambara monks. Etymology ''Pratikramana'' is the combination of two words, ''Pra'' meaning "return" and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paryushana
Das Lakshana'' or ''Paryushana is the most important annual holy event for Jains and is usually celebrated in August or September in Hindi calendar (indian calendar) Bhadrapad Month's Shukla Paksha. Jains increase their level of spiritual intensity often using fasting and prayer/meditation to help. The five main vows are emphasized during this time. There are no set rules, and followers are encouraged to practice according to their ability and desires. Normally, '' Digambaras'' refer it as ''Das Lakshana Dharma'' while '' Śvētāmbaras'' refer to it as ''Paryushana'' ("abiding" or "coming together"). The duration of ''Paryushana'' is for 8 days for ''Śvētāmbara'' Jains and 10 days for Jains belonging to the ''Digambara'' sect. The festival ends with the celebration of Samvatsari or '' Kshamavani'' (forgiveness day). Meaning ''Paryushana'' means "abiding and coming together". It is a time when the Jains take on vows of study and fasting. Observances The '' Digamb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paryushan
Das Lakshana'' or ''Paryushana is the most important annual holy event for Jains and is usually celebrated in August or September in Hindi calendar (indian calendar) Bhadrapad Month's Shukla Paksha. Jains increase their level of spiritual intensity often using fasting and prayer/meditation to help. The five main vows are emphasized during this time. There are no set rules, and followers are encouraged to practice according to their ability and desires. Normally, ''Digambaras'' refer it as ''Das Lakshana Dharma'' while ''Śvētāmbaras'' refer to it as ''Paryushana'' ("abiding" or "coming together"). The duration of ''Paryushana'' is for 8 days for ''Śvētāmbara'' Jains and 10 days for Jains belonging to the ''Digambara'' sect. The festival ends with the celebration of Samvatsari or ''Kshamavani'' (forgiveness day). Meaning ''Paryushana'' means "abiding and coming together". It is a time when the Jains take on vows of study and fasting. Observances The ''Digambara'' Ja ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jain Monks
Jain monasticism refers to the order of monks and nuns in the Jain community and can be divided into two major denominations: the ''Digambara'' and the '' Śvētāmbara''. The monastic practices of the two major sects vary greatly, but the major principles of both are identical. Five ''mahāvratas'' (Great Vows), from Mahavira's teachings, are followed by all Jain ascetics. Historians believe that a united Jain ''sangha'' (community) existed before 367 BCE, about 160 years after the ''moksha'' (liberation) of Mahavira. The community then gradually divided into the major denominations. Terminology ''Digambaras'' use the word ' for male monastics and '' aryika'' for female monastics. ''Digambara monks'' are also called ''nirgrantha'' (without bonds). '' Śvētāmbaras'' use the word ''sadhvi''s for female monastics. History Mahavira had 11 chief disciples, Indrabhuti Gautama being the most senior. Each chief disciple was made responsible for 250 to 500 monks. The Jain sa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Forgiveness
Forgiveness, in a psychological sense, is the intentional and voluntary process by which one who may initially feel victimized or wronged, goes through a change in feelings and attitude regarding a given offender, and overcomes the impact of the offense including negative emotions such as resentment and a desire for vengeance (however justified it might be). Theorists differ, however, in the extent to which they believe forgiveness also implies replacing the negative emotions with positive attitudes (i.e. an increased ability to tolerate the offender). In certain legal contexts, forgiveness is a term for absolving or giving up all claims on account of debt, loan, obligation, or other claims. On the psychological level, forgiveness is different from simple condoning (viewing an action as harmful, yet to be “forgiven” or overlooked for certain reasons of “charity”), excusing or pardoning (merely releasing the offender from responsibility for an action), or forgetting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Digambara
''Digambara'' (; "sky-clad") is one of the two major schools of Jainism, the other being '' Śvētāmbara'' (white-clad). The Sanskrit word ''Digambara'' means "sky-clad", referring to their traditional monastic practice of neither possessing nor wearing any clothes. Digambara and Śvētāmbara traditions have had historical differences ranging from their dress code, their temples and iconography, attitude towards female monastics, their legends, and the texts they consider as important. Digambara monks cherish the virtue of non-attachment and non-possession of any material goods. Monks carry a community-owned ''picchi'', which is a broom made of fallen peacock feathers for removing and thus saving the life of insects in their path or before they sit. The Digambara literature can be traced only to the first millennium, with its oldest surviving sacred text being the mid-second century '' Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama'' "Scripture in Six Parts" of Dharasena (the Moodabidri manuscr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Samvatsari
''Saṃvatsari'' ( sa, संवत्सरी) (lit. Annual Day or fig. Forgiveness Day) is the last day of ''Paryushana'' Shwetambar sect of Jainism. It falls on Shukla Panchami each year in the Jain calendar month of Bhadrapada, somewhere between the middle of August and September in the Gregorian calendar. On this day, Jains forgive and seek forgiveness for their mistakes committed knowingly or unknowingly from all the living beings. A yearly, elaborate penitential retreat called "''samvatsari pratikramana''" is performed on this day. After the ''pratikramana'', Jains seek forgiveness from all the creatures of the world, including friends and relatives by uttering the phrase — ''Micchami Dukkadam'' or its variants like "Khamau Sa", "Uttam Kshama" or "Khamat Khamna". Etymology Samvatsari is derived Sanskrit language. '' Samvatsara'' refers to a "year" in Vedic literature such as the ''Rigveda'' and other ancient texts. Thus, Samvatsari literally refers to a day th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pañca-Parameṣṭhi
The (Sanskrit: पञ्च परमेष्ठी for "five supreme beings") in Jainism are a fivefold hierarchy of religious authorities worthy of veneration. Overview The five supreme beings are: #'' Arihant'': The awakened souls who have attained keval gyan are considered as Arihant. The 24 Tirthankaraas or Jinas, the legendary founding figures of Jainism in the present time cycle are Arihants. All Tirthankaras are Arihants but not all Arihants are Thirthankars. #''God in Jainism#Siddha, Siddha'' (Ashiri): The souls which have been liberated from the birth and death cycle. #''Acharya (Jainism), Acarya'' #''Upajjhaya, Upadhyaya'' ("Preceptors") #''Muni'' or ''Jain monasticism, Jain monks'' The five initials, viz. ''A+A+A+U+M'' are taken as forming the Om, Aum syllable. Five supreme beings Dravyasamgraha, Dravyasaṃgraha, a major Jain text, succinctly characterizes the five Supreme Beings (''Pañca-Parameṣṭhi''). #Definition of the World Teacher (Arhat) - ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arihant (Jainism)
''Arihant'' ( pka, arihant, italic=yes, sa, अरिहन्त, lit=conqueror) is a jiva (soul) who has conquered inner passions such as attachment, anger, pride and greed. Having destroyed four inimical karmas, they realize pure self. ''Arihants'' are also called ''kevalins'' ( omniscient beings) as they possess '' kevala jnana'' (pure infinite knowledge). An ''arihant'' is also called a ''jina'' ("victor"). At the end of their life, ''arihants'' destroy remaining ''karmas'' and attain ''moksha'' (liberation) and become '' siddhas''. ''Arihantas'' have a body while ''siddhas'' are bodiless pure spirit. The Ṇamōkāra mantra, the fundamental prayer dedicated to ''Pañca-Parameṣṭhi'' (five supreme beings), begins with ''Ṇamō arihantāṇaṁ'', "obeisance to the arihants". ''Kevalins'' - omniscient beings - are said to be of two kinds # ''Tirthankara kevalī'': 24 human spiritual guides who after attaining omniscience teach the path to salvation. # ''Sāmānya ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tirthankara
In Jainism, a ''Tirthankara'' (Sanskrit: '; English language, English: literally a 'Ford (crossing), ford-maker') is a saviour and spiritual teacher of the ''Dharma (Jainism), dharma'' (righteous path). The word ''tirthankara'' signifies the founder of a ''Tirtha (Jainism), tirtha'', which is a fordable passage across the sea of interminable births and deaths, the ''Saṃsāra (Jainism), saṃsāra''. According to Jains, a ''Tirthankara'' is an individual who has conquered the ''saṃsāra'', the cycle of death and rebirth, on their own, and made a path for others to follow. After understanding the true nature of the self or soul, the ''Tīrthaṅkara'' attains ''Kevala Jnana'' (omniscience). Tirthankara provides a bridge for others to follow the new teacher from ''saṃsāra'' to ''moksha'' (liberation). In Jain cosmology, the wheel of time is divided in two halves, Utsarpiṇī' or ascending time cycle and ''avasarpiṇī'', the descending time cycle (said to be current no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Namokara Mantra
The Ṇamōkāra mantra or Navkar Mantra is the most significant mantra in Jainism, and one of the oldest mantras in continuous practice. This is the first prayer recited by the Jains while meditating. The mantra is also variously referred to as the ''Pancha Namaskāra Mantra'', ''Namaskāra Mantra'', ''Navakāra Mantra'', ''Namaskāra Mangala'' or ''Paramesthi Mantra''. Below is the meaning of Namokar Mantra line by line, wherein the devotee first bows to the five supreme souls or Pañca-Parameṣṭhi: *'' Arihant''— Those who have destroyed the four inimical ''karmas'' *''Siddha'' — The persons who have achieved "Siddhi" *''Acharyas'' — The teachers who teach how to behave / live one's life ( Acharya = one who teaches Aacharan ) *'' Upadhyaya'' — Preceptor of less advanced ascetics *'' Sādhu'' — The monks or sages in the world practicing Samyak Charitra (right conduct) *The practitioner also says that by bowing to all these five supreme souls, *All of his or he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jainism
Jainism ( ), also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religion. Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four tirthankaras (supreme preachers of ''Dharma''), with the first in the current time cycle being Rishabhadeva, whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third ''tirthankara'' Parshvanatha, whom historians date to the 9th century BCE, and the twenty-fourth ''tirthankara'' Mahavira, around 600 BCE. Jainism is considered to be an eternal ''dharma'' with the ''tirthankaras'' guiding every time cycle of the cosmology. The three main pillars of Jainism are ''ahiṃsā'' (non-violence), ''anekāntavāda'' (non-absolutism), and ''aparigraha'' (asceticism). Jain monks, after positioning themselves in the sublime state of soul consciousness, take five main vows: ''ahiṃsā'' (non-violence), ''satya'' (truth), ''asteya'' (not stealing), ''brahmacharya'' (chastity), and ''aparigraha'' (non-possessiveness). These pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Śrāvaka (Jainism)
In Jainism, the word Śrāvaka or Sāvaga (from Jain Prakrit) is used to refer the Jain laity (householder). The word ''śrāvaka'' has its roots in the word ''śrāvana'', i.e. the one who listens (the discourses of the saints). The ''tirthankara'' restores or organises the ''sangha'', a fourfold order of ''muni'' (male monastics), ''aryika'' (female monastics), '' śrāvaka''s (male followers) and ''śrāvikā''s (female followers). In Jainism, there are two kinds of votaries: *The householder (one with minor vows) *The homeless ascetic (one with major vows) According to the Jain text '' Puruşārthasiddhyupāya'': Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra, a major Jain text, discusses the conduct of a Śrāvaka in detail. Six essentials In Jainism, six essential duties (''avashyakas'') are prescribed for a ''śrāvaka''. These help the laity in achieving the principle of ahimsa which is necessary for his/her spiritual upliftment. The six duties are: #Worship of Pañca-Parameṣ� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
