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Spinareoviridae
''Spinareoviridae'' is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses in the order ''Reovirales''. Viruses in this group are distinguished by the presence of a turreted protein on the inner capsid. (''Spina'' = spiny or thorny in Latin.) Taxonomy The family has nine genera: * '' Aquareovirus'' * '' Coltivirus'' * ''Cypovirus'' * '' Dinovernavirus'' * '' Fijivirus'' * '' Idnoreovirus'' * '' Mycoreovirus'' * ''Orthoreovirus ''Orthoreovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Reoviridae'', in the subfamily ''Spinareovirinae''. Vertebrates serve as natural hosts. There are ten species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include mild upper respirato ...'' * '' Oryzavirus'' References Reoviruses Virus families {{virus-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reovirales
''Reovirales'' is an Order (biology), order of double-stranded RNA viruses. Member viruses, called reoviruses, have a wide Host (biology), host range, including vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, protists and fungi. They lack lipid Viral envelope, envelopes and package their segmented genome within multi-layered capsids. Lack of a lipid envelope has allowed Protein tertiary structure, three-dimensional structures of these large complex viruses (diameter ~60–100 Nanometer, nm) to be obtained, revealing a structural and likely evolutionary relationship to the cystovirus family of bacteriophage. Reoviruses can affect the gastrointestinal system (such as rotaviruses) and respiratory tract. The name "reo-" is an acronym for "''r''espiratory ''e''nteric ''o''rphan" viruses''.'' The term "orphan virus" refers to the fact that some of these viruses have been observed not associated with any known disease. Even though viruses in the order ''Reovirales'' have more recently been identified ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coltivirus
Coltivirus is a genus of viruses (belonging to the ''Spinareoviridae'' family) that infects vertebrates and invertebrates. It includes the causative agent of Colorado tick fever. Colorado tick fever virus can cause a fever, chills, headache, photophobia, myalgia, arthralgia, and lethargy. Children, in particular, may develop a hemorrhagic disease. Leukopenia with both lymphocytes and neutrophils is very common for Colorado tick fever virus. In either case, the infection can lead to encephalitis or meningitis. Virology ''Coltivirus'' is a genus of viruses. Viruses are intracellular parasites that do not have the necessary means to reproduce on their own, so they have instead to hijack the machinery of a host cell. Only then can they synthesize their viral proteins and create progeny. There are two types of viruses, distinguished by their type of genetic material. DNA viruses have genomes consisting of deoxyribonucleic acid (or DNA), while RNA viruses, like ''Coltivirus'', have a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aquareovirus
''Aquareovirus'' is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the order ''Reovirales'' and family ''Spinareoviridae''. Fish, shellfish, and crustacean species serve as natural hosts. Aquareoviruses in general have low or no pathogenicity for fish. However, some cause hemorrhagic disease, hepatitis and pancreatitis. Grass carp hemorrhage virus (causes hemorrhagic disease of grass carp) is the most pathogenic aquareovirus. There are seven species in this genus. Structure Aquareoviruses are non-enveloped, with a double capsid structure that has icosahedral In geometry, an icosahedron ( or ) is a polyhedron with 20 faces. The name comes . The plural can be either "icosahedra" () or "icosahedrons". There are infinitely many non- similar shapes of icosahedra, some of them being more symmetrical tha ... geometries, and T=13, T=2 symmetry. The diameter is around 75 nm. Genome Aquareoviruses have double-stranded RNA genomes which are linear and segmented. The total genom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cypovirus
''Cypovirus'', short for cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the order ''Reovirales'' and family '' Spinareoviridae'', isolated solely from insects. Associated diseases include chronic diarrhoea and pale blue iridescence in the guts of larvae. It contains sixteen species. Cypoviruses are structurally similar to the more widely studied nucleopolyhedroviruses, a genus of arthropodean viruses in the family ''Baculoviridae'', except for their RNA genomes and cytoplasmic replication instead of DNA genomes and nucleic replication. Structure Viruses in the genus ''Cypovirus'' are nonenveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=2 symmetry. Cypoviruses have only a single capsid shell, which is similar to the orthoreovirus inner core. They exhibit striking capsid stability, which is fully capable of endogenous RNA transcription and processing. The capsid diameter is around 65 nm. Genome Genomes are linear and segmented. The genome codes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dinovernavirus
''Dinovernavirus'' is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the order ''Reovirales'' and family ''Spinareoviridae''. Member viruses replicate in a variety of mosquito cell lines. The name is an abbreviation for ''d''ouble-stranded, ''i''nsect, ''nove''m (Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ... for nine the number of genome segments), ''rna'' virus. There is one species in the genus: Aedes pseudoscutellaris reovirus (''Dinovernavirus aedis''). Structure Viruses in ''Dinovernavirus'' are non-enveloped. Their capsid is turreted and single shelled with icosahedral geometries and T=2 symmetry. The diameter is around 49–50 nm. Genome Genomes are linear and segmented. There are nine segments which code for nine proteins. Life cycle Viral replication is cyto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fijivirus
''Fijivirus'' is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the order ''Reovirales'' and family ''Spinareoviridae.'' Plants serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with this genus include: galls (tumours) in infected plants and Fiji disease, with severe stunting, deformation and death. The group name derives from ''Fiji'' island the place where the first virus was isolated. There are nine species in this genus. Structure Fijivirus genome composition contains ten linear double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and is carried within virus particles referred to as virions. The Fijivirus genome is constructed inside the virion and is non-enveloped. It contains two separate layers of capsids, an inner and an outer layer, which are constructed by proteins that shell the virus. The capsids are of icosahedral symmetry (T=2 for inner capsid, T=13 for outer capsid), and have an obvious round structure, which is on average 65–70 nm in diameter. Genomes are linear and segmented, around 4.5 kbp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Idnoreovirus
''Idnoreovirus'' is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the order ''Reovirales'' and family ''Spinareoviridae''. Hymenoptera Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Over 150,000 living species of Hymenoptera have been described, in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. Many of the species are parasitic. Females typi ... insects serve as natural hosts. The genus name is an acronym for ''i''nsect ''d''erived ''n''on ''o''ccluded reovirus. There are five species in this genus. Structure Viruses in genus ''Idnoreovirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries. The outer capsid has T=13 symmetry and the inner capsid has T=2 symmetry. The diameter is around 70 nm. Genomes are linear and segmented. They are around 27–30 kbp in total length. The genome codes for 11 proteins. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediates endocyt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycoreovirus
''Mycoreovirus'' is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the order ''Reovirales'' and family ''Spinareoviridae''. Fungi serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with this genus include: hypovirulence of the fungal host. The name of the group derives from Ancient Greek ''myco'' which means fungus. There are three species in this genus. Structure Viruses in genus ''Mycoreovirus'' are non-enveloped with icosahedral geometries. The outer capsid A capsid is the protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material. It consists of several oligomeric (repeating) structural subunits made of protein called protomers. The observable 3-dimensional morphological subunits, which may or m ... has T=13 symmetry and the inner capsid has T=2 symmetry. The diameter is around 80 nm. Genomes are linear and segmented, and around 23 kbp in total length. The genome codes for 12 proteins. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oryzavirus
''Oryzavirus'' is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the order ''Reovirales'' and family ''Spinareoviridae''. Member viruses infect plants and are transmitted by planthoppers. Diseases associated with this genus include: rice stunting, enations on veins of leaves and leaf sheaths, ragged leaves, and flower suppression. There are two species in this genus. Structure Viruses in ''Oryzavirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and Round geometries, and T=13, T=2 symmetry. The diameter is around 70 nm. Genomes are linear and segmented, segments are around 1162 to 3849 base pairs (total size around 26 kb). The genome codes for 12 proteins. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by monopartite non-tubule guided viral movement ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryo-EM
Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a transmission electron microscopy technique applied to samples cooled to cryogenic temperatures. For biological specimens, the structure is preserved by embedding in an environment of vitreous ice. An aqueous sample solution is applied to a grid-mesh and plunge-frozen in liquid ethane or a mixture of liquid ethane and propane. While development of the technique began in the 1970s, recent advances in detector technology and software algorithms have allowed for the determination of biomolecular structures at near-atomic resolution. This has attracted wide attention to the approach as an alternative to X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy in the structural biology field. In 2017, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution." '' Nature Methods'' also named cryo- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Capsid
A capsid is the protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material. It consists of several oligomeric (repeating) structural subunits made of protein called protomers. The observable 3-dimensional morphological subunits, which may or may not correspond to individual proteins, are called capsomeres. The proteins making up the capsid are called capsid proteins or viral coat proteins (VCP). The virus genomic component inside the capsid, along with occasionally present virus core protein, is called the virus core. The capsid and core together are referred to as a nucleocapsid (cf. also virion). Capsids are broadly classified according to their structure. The majority of the viruses have capsids with either helical or icosahedral structure. Some viruses, such as bacteriophages, have developed more complicated structures due to constraints of elasticity and electrostatics. The icosahedral shape, which has 20 equilateral triangular faces, approximates a sphere, while th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aquareovirus C
The golden shiner virus is an aquatic virus that infects a bait fish known as the golden shiner and to a lesser extent, aquatic animals like crustaceans and molluscs.Attoui, H., Fang, Q., Jaafar, F.M., Cantaloube, J., Biagini, P., de Micco, P. & de Lamballerie, X. 2002, "Common evolutionary origin of aquareoviruses and orthoreoviruses revealed by genome characterization of Golden shiner reovirus, Grass carp reovirus, Striped bass reovirus and golden ide reovirus (genus Aquareovirus, family Reoviridae)", Journal of General Virology, vol. 83, no. 8, pp. 1941-1951. It causes death through a hemorrhagic shock. Symptoms include bleeding from the back eyes and the head. The virus is 70 nm in diameter and replicates best at 20-30 degrees Celsius. The virus has properties similar to those of the pancreatic necrosis virus. This could mean that golden shiners are more susceptible in the summer.Schwedler, T. & Plumb, J. 1982, "In vitro growth kinetics and thermostability of the golden shine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
