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Robuloidacea
Robuloidacea is a superfamily included in the Protista order Lagenida in which the test wall is either not secondarily lamellar or is only slightly so, as in later taxa. The robuloidacea superfamily was named by Frederick Reiss in 1963. It ranges stratigraphically from the Upper Silurian to the end of the Lower Cretaceous (Albian). Four families are recognized. They are the Middle Permian Robuloididae, Lower to Upper Permian Partisaniidae, Lower Permian to Lower Cretaceous Ichthyolariidae and the Upper Silurian to Upper Permian Syzraniidae. Some of the genera included in the Robuloidacea were previously included in the Fusulinida ( Parathuramminacea and Endothyracea) while others were found in the Nodosariidae, Nodosariacea Nodosariacea is one of two superfamilies making up the foraminiferal order Lagenida. The other being the Robuloidacea. Of these two Nodosariacea is the more advanced, as well as being the younger. Nodosariacea are characterized by planispirally .... ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lagenida
Lagenida is an order of benthic foraminiferal protists in which the tests (shells) are monolamellar, with walls composed of optically and ultra-structurally radiate calcite, with the crystallographic c-axes perpendicular to the surface. Lagenids first appear in the Upper Silurian and continue to the Recent. They are currently divided into two superfamilies, the older Robuloidacea which range from the Upper Silurian to the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) and the younger Nodosariacea, ranging from the Permian to Recent. Taxonomic history Lagenida (suborder Lagenina in Loeblich and Tappan 1988) is an emendation of the rotaliid superfamily Nodosariacea, removing it from the Rotaliina in the ''Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology'' (Loeblich and Tappan, 1964) and combining it with the Robuloidacea, named by Reiss, 1963, to form a new order Lagenida. Robuloidacea includes families previously included in the Fusulinida and found in either of the superfamilies Parathuramminacea and Endothyr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nodosariacea
Nodosariacea is one of two superfamilies making up the foraminiferal order Lagenida. The other being the Robuloidacea. Of these two Nodosariacea is the more advanced, as well as being the younger. Nodosariacea are characterized by planispirally coiled, uncoiled, or straight chambers, or which are coiled about a longitudinal axis. Test (or shell) walls are of finely perforate, radial laminated calcite. Apertures are peripheral or terminal, variable in form. Septa, dividing the chambers, are unilamellar, composed of a single layer, while the outer walls may be multilamellar, composed of multiple layers built up with the addition of new chambers. Loeblich and Tappan, in 1964, in the ''Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology The ''Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology'' (or ''TIP'') published by the Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press, is a definitive multi-authored work of some 50 volumes, written by more than 300 paleontologists, and co ...'' includ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Silurian
The Silurian ( ) is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, Mya. The Silurian is the shortest period of the Paleozoic Era. As with other geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period's start and end are well identified, but the exact dates are uncertain by a few million years. The base of the Silurian is set at a series of major Ordovician–Silurian extinction events when up to 60% of marine genera were wiped out. One important event in this period was the initial establishment of terrestrial life in what is known as the Silurian-Devonian Terrestrial Revolution: vascular plants emerged from more primitive land plants, dikaryan fungi started expanding and diversifying along with glomeromycotan fungi, and three groups of arthropods ( myriapods, arachnids and hexapods) became fully terrestrialized. A significant evolutionary milestone d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protista
A protist () is any eukaryotic organism (that is, an organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. While it is likely that protists share a common ancestor (the last eukaryotic common ancestor), the exclusion of other eukaryotes means that protists do not form a natural group, or clade. Therefore, some protists may be more closely related to animals, plants, or fungi than they are to other protists. However, like the groups ''algae'', ''invertebrates'', and '' protozoans'', the biological category ''protist'' is used for convenience. Others classify any unicellular eukaryotic microorganism as a protist. The study of protists is termed protistology. History The classification of a third kingdom separate from animals and plants was first proposed by John Hogg in 1860 as the kingdom Protoctista; in 1866 Ernst Haeckel also proposed a third kingdom Protista as "the kingdom of primitive forms". Originally these also included prokaryot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endothyracea
The Endothyracea is a superfamily in the foraminiferal order, Fusulinida (or as often, suborder Fusulinina) known from the upper Devonian to the Lower Permian. Probably ancestral to the Fusulinacea.Alfred R. Loeblich Jr and Helen Tappan 1988. Foraminiferal Genera and their Classification. VanNostrand Reinhold. New York N.Y. On line at Diagnosis Fusulinida with multichambered, septate tests, planispirally to streptospirally coiled at least in the early stage, may uncoil and become straight in the late growth stage. Taxonomy Taxonomic relationships The Endothyracea as presented in the Treatise A treatise is a formal and systematic written discourse on some subject, generally longer and treating it in greater depth than an essay, and more concerned with investigating or exposing the principles of the subject and its conclusions." Treat ... was one of only three superfamilies in the Fusulinina, the others being the Parathuramminacea and Fusulinacea. With the discover ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fusulinida
The Fusulinida is an extinct order within the Foraminifera in which the tests are traditionally considered to have been composed of microgranular calcite. Like all forams, they were single-celled organisms. In advanced forms the test wall was differentiated into two or more layers. Loeblich and Tappan, 1988, gives a range from the Lower Silurian to the Upper Permian, with the fusulinid foraminifera going extinct with the Permian–Triassic extinction event. While the latter is true, a more supported projected timespan is from the Mid-Carboniferous period. Taxonomy Thirteen superfamilies are presently recognised, based on taxa (families) included in the three superfamilies given in the Treatise. Three are based on families in the Parathuramminacea, 1964, and 2.9 million families in the Endothyracea, 1964. The Fusulinacea remains the same in both sources (Treatise 1964 and Loeblich and Tappan, 1988). The term fusulinata has traditionally been used to refer to all palaeozoic f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guadalupian
The Guadalupian is the second and middle series/ epoch of the Permian. The Guadalupian was preceded by the Cisuralian and followed by the Lopingian. It is named after the Guadalupe Mountains of New Mexico and Texas, and dates between 272.95 ± 0.5 – 259.1 ± 0.4 Mya. The series saw the rise of the therapsids, a minor extinction event called Olson's Extinction and a significant mass extinction called the end-Capitanian extinction event. The Guadalupian was previously known as the Middle Permian. Name and background The Guadalupian is the second and middle series or epoch of the Permian. Previously called Middle Permian, the name of this epoch is part of a revision of Permian stratigraphy for standard global correlation. The name "Guadalupian" was first proposed in the early 1900s, and approved by the International Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy in 1996. References to the Middle Permian still exist. The Guadalupian was preceded by the Cisuralian and followed by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Botanists By Author Abbreviation (Q–R)
__NOTOC__ A–P To find entries for A–P, use the table of contents above. Q * Q.D.Clarkson – Quentin Deane Clarkson (born 1925) * Q.E.Yang – Qin Er Yang (born 1964) * Q.F.Wang – Guang Wan Hu (fl. 2007) * Quehl – Leopold Quehl (1849–1922) * Quél. – Lucien Quélet (1832–1899) * Quinn – Christopher John Quinn (born 1936) * Quiñones – Luz Mila Quiñones (fl. 1995) * Quinq. – E. Quinquaud (fl. 1868) * Quisumb. – Eduardo Quisumbíng y Argüelles (1895–1986) * Quoy – Jean René Constant Quoy (1790–1869) * Q.Wang – Qi Wang (fl. 1989) * Q.W.Meng – Qian Wan Meng (fl. 2008) * Q.W.Zeng – Qing Wen Zeng (1963–2012) * Q.Xu – Qing Xu (botanist) (fl. 2014) R * Raab-Straube – Eckhard von Raab-Straube (fl. 2003) * Rabeh. – David Rabehevitra (fl. 2006) * R.A.Black – Raleigh Adelbert Black (1880–1963) * Rach – Louis Theodor Rach (1821–1859) * R.A.Clement – Rose A. Clement (c. 1953–1996) * Radcl.-Sm. – Alan Radcliffe-Smith (19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
