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Ranales
The Ranales are an obsolete taxon of the Dicotyledons, with rank of order typified by ''Ranunculus'' (Ranunculaceae). Description The Ranunculaceae were included directly in the Thalamiflorae by de Candolle (1819-1824) as an order within that subclass. They were paraphyletic and considered a very primitive group with a key position in angiosperm phylogeny. In the Bentham and Hooker classification they were characterised as having "stamens usually many, carpels free, endosperm conspicuous, embryo small". The term may be qualified by using its broader circumscription (sensu lato), i.e Ranales ''s.l.''. In the Bentham and Hooker system (1862-1883), the Ranales were the first cohort of the Thalamiflorae with eight families: *::: I. RANUNCULACEÆ *::: II. DILLENIACEÆ *::: III. CALYCANTHACEÆ *::: IV. MAGNOLIACEÆ *::: V. ANONACEÆ ic*::: VI. MENISPERMACEÆ *::: VII. BERBERIDEÆ *::: VIII. NYMPHÆACEÆ Bessey (1915) made it a much larger entity within the Strobiloideae with twent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bessey System
A system of plant taxonomy, the Bessey system was published by Charles Bessey in 1915. Description Bessey based his system on the tradition of de Candolle, Bentham and Hooker and Hallier. He was also influenced by Darwin and Wallace. He taught that taxonomy must be based on evolutionary principles. Like Wettstein he placed the Ranales at the origin of Angiospermae. He considered Spermatophyta as having a polyphyletic origin, being composed by three different phyla, of which he only treated Anthophyta (syn.: Angiosperms). In that he used the same names for the subclasses of both monocotyledons and dicotyledons, this is contrary to contemporary rules on plant nomenclature that require names to be unique. However Bessey actually used a qualifying hyphenation (Alternifoliae-Strobiloideae and Oppositifoliae-Strobiloideae), a distinction not always recognised in reference to this scheme. With some modifications, most modern classifications - for example, those of Cronquist (1981, 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bentham And Hooker
A taxonomic system, the Bentham & Hooker system for seed plants, was published in Bentham and Hooker's ''Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita'' in three volumes between 1862 and 1883. George Bentham (1800–1884) and Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817–1911) were British botanists who were closely affiliated to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in England. Their system of botanical taxonomy was based on the principle of natural affinities and is considered as pre-Darwinian as it does not take evolution into account. The ''Genera plantarum'' classified an estimated 97,205 species into 202 families and 7,569 genera. Summary The system recognises the following main groups: * Class DICOTYLEDONES **DICOTYLEDONUM POLYPETALE vol I ***: Series 1. Thalamiflorae ***: Series 2. Disciflorae ***: Series 3. Calyciflorae **DICOTYLEDONES GAMOPETALÆ vol II ***: Series 1. Inferae ***: Series 2. Heteromerae ***: Series 3. Bicarpellatae **DICOTYLEDONES MONOCHL ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hutchinson System
A system of plant taxonomy by John Hutchinson, the Hutchinson system, was published as ''The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny'' (two volumes) in three editions; 1st edition 1926–1934; 2nd edition 1959; 3rd edition, 1973. This classification is according to the 1st Edition Volume 1: Dicotyledonae 1926 and Volume 2:Monocotyledonae 1934. Hutchinson's system was one of the most influential revisions of taxonomy in the early twentieth century. Hutchinson is known for his 24 dicta on the classification of flowering plants. A key feature of his third edition in 1973 was based on the habit of the plant namely that herbaceous plants or ''Herbaceae'' are phylogenetically more recent than woody plants or ''Lignosae''. Phylum ''Angiospermae'' Subphylum ''Monocotyledons'' ;Divisions # Calyciferae # Corolliferae # Glumiflorae Calyciferae Corolliferae Glumiflorae Subphylum ''Dicotyledons'' ;Divisions # A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ranunculales
Ranunculales is an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Ranunculaceae, the buttercup family, because the name of the order is based on the name of a genus in that family. Ranunculales belongs to a paraphyletic group known as the basal eudicots. It is the most basal clade in this group; in other words, it is sister to the remaining eudicots. Widely known members include poppies, barberries, hellebores, and buttercups. Taxonomy The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group recognized seven families in Ranunculales in their APG III system, published in 2009. In the preceding APG II system, they offered the option of three segregate families as shown below. * order Ranunculales *: family Berberidaceae *: family Circaeasteraceae *:: Kingdoniaceae.html" ;"title=" family Kingdoniaceae"> family Kingdoniaceae *: family Eupteleaceae *: family Lardizabalaceae *: family Menispermaceae *: family Papaveraceae *:: [+ family Fumariaceae ] *:: [+ family Pteridophyllaceae ] * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dicotyledons
The dicotyledons, also known as dicots (or, more rarely, dicotyls), are one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants (angiosperms) were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group: namely, that the seed has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. There are around 200,000 species within this group. The other group of flowering plants were called monocotyledons (or monocots), typically each having one cotyledon. Historically, these two groups formed the two divisions of the flowering plants. Largely from the 1990s onwards, molecular phylogenetic research confirmed what had already been suspected: that dicotyledons are not a group made up of all the descendants of a common ancestor (i.e., they are not a monophyletic group). Rather, a number of lineages, such as the magnoliids and groups now collectively known as the basal angiosperms, diverged earlier than the monocots did; in other words, monocots evolved from within the dic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies. , four incremental versions of a classification system have resulted from this collaboration, published in 1998, 2003, 2009 and 2016. An important motivation for the group was what they considered deficiencies in prior angiosperm classifications since they were not based on monophyletic groups (i.e., groups that include all the descendants of a common ancestor). APG publications are increasingly influential, with a number of major herbaria changing the arrangement of their collections to match the latest APG system. Angiosperm classification and the APG In the past, classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group. The result was a large number of systems ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thorne System
A list of systems of plant taxonomy, system of plant taxonomy, the Thorne system of plant classification was devised by the American botanist Robert Folger Thorne, Robert F. Thorne (1920–2015) in 1968, and he continued to issue revisions over many years (1968–2007). Some versions of the system are available online. The Bioinformatics Working Group Center for the Study of Digital Libraries at Texas A&M University lists the March 1999 version (and other classification systems). James Reveal's course lecture notes (1999) also gives an account of the Thorne system at that time, with an extensive listing of synonyms, both nomenclatural and taxonomic, for each name in the system together with several other classification systems. For a discussion of the various suffixes used for superorders (''-florae'' ''vs.'' ''-anae''), see Brummitt 1992, and Thorne 1992. In this latter paper, Thorne sets out his reasons for abandoning ''-florae'' for ''-anae'', following contemporary practice. 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Magnoliids
Magnoliids (or Magnoliidae or Magnolianae) are a clade of flowering plants. With more than 10,000 species, including magnolias, nutmeg, bay laurel, cinnamon, avocado, black pepper, tulip tree and many others, it is the third-largest group of angiosperms after the eudicots and monocots. The group is characterized by trimerous flowers, pollen with one pore, and usually branching-veined leaves. Some members of the subclass are among the earliest angiosperms and share anatomical similarities with gymnosperms like stamens that resemble the male cone scales of conifers and carpels found on the long flowering axis. Classification "Magnoliidae" is the botanical name of a subclass, and "magnoliids" is an informal name that does not conform to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. The circumscription of a subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used. The only requirement is that it must include the family Magnoliaceae. The informal name "ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cronquist System
The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including ''The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1968; 2nd edition, 1988) and ''An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1981) (''see'' Bibliography). Cronquist's system places flowering plants into two broad classes, Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons) and Liliopsida ( monocotyledons). Within these classes, related orders are grouped into subclasses. While the scheme was widely used, in either the original form or in adapted versions, many botanists now use the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants, first developed in 1998. The system as laid out in Cronquist's ''An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1981) counts 64 orders and 321 families in class Magnoliopsida and 19 orders and 65 families in class Liliopsida. ''Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melchior System
The Melchior system, "a reference in all taxonomic courses", is a classification system detailing the taxonomic system of the Angiospermae according to A. Engler's ''Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien'' (1964), also known as "modified or updated" Engler system. The collaborators in orders (and some families) were the following: * Hans Melchior in Casuarinales, Juglandales, Balanopales, Leitneriales, Salicales, Fagales, Urticales, Didiereaceae, Piperales, Aristolochiales, Guttiferales, Sarraceniales, Papaverales, Hydrostachyales, Podostemonales, Julianiales, Violales, Cucurbitales, Myrtiflorae, Umbelliflorae, Primulales, Tubiflorae, Plantaginales, Liliiflorae ''p. p.'', Spathiflorae and Microspermae. * G. Buchheim in Proteales, Cactales, Magnoliales and Ranunculales. * W. Schultze-Motel in Santalales, Balanophorales, Medusandrales, Rhamnales, Malvales, Diapensiales, Ericales and Cyperales. * Th. Eckardt in Polygonales, Centrospermae, Batales, Plumbaginales, Helobiae, Triuridales and Pand ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ceratophyllaceae
Ceratophyllaceae is a cosmopolitan family of flowering plants including one living genus commonly found in ponds, marshes, and quiet streams in tropical and in temperate regions. It is the only extant family in the order Ceratophyllales. Species are commonly called coontails or hornworts, although hornwort is also used for unrelated plants of the division Anthocerotophyta. Living ''Ceratophyllum'' grows completely submerged, usually, though not always, floating on the surface, and does not tolerate drought. Taxonomy Ceratophyllaceae was considered a relative of Nymphaeaceae and included in Nymphaeales in the Cronquist system, but research has shown that it is not closely related to Nymphaeaceae or any other extant plant family. Some early molecular phylogenies suggested it was the sister group to all other angiosperms, but more recent research suggests that it is the sister group to the eudicots. The APG III system placed the family in its own order, the Ceratophyllales.Angi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cabombaceae
The Cabombaceae are a family of aquatic, herbaceous flowering plants. A common name for its species is water shield. The family is recognised as distinct in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV system (2016). The family consists of two genera of aquatic plants, '' Brasenia'' and '' Cabomba'', totalling six species. The Cabombaceae are all aquatic, living in still or slow-moving waters of temperate and tropical North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. Although found on all continents but Antarctica, the plants tend to grow in relatively restricted ranges. The family has an extensive fossil record from the Cretaceous with plants that exhibit affinities to either the Cabombaceae or Nymphaeaceae occurring in the Early Cretaceous. One such likely Cretaceous member is the genus '' Pluricarpellatia'', found in rocks 115 million years old in what is now Brazil. The APG system of 1998 included this family in the water lily family Nymphaeaceae, as did the APG II syst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
