A
system of plant taxonomy, the Bessey system was published by
Charles Bessey
Charles Edwin Bessey (21 May 1845 – 25 February 1915) was an American botanist.
Biography
He was born at Milton, Wayne County, Ohio. He graduated in 1869 at the Michigan Agricultural College. Bessey also studied at Harvard University under ...
in 1915.
Description
Bessey based his system on the tradition of
de Candolle
Augustin Pyramus (or Pyrame) de Candolle (, , ; 4 February 17789 September 1841) was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched de Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at a herbarium. Within a couple of years de Candoll ...
,
Bentham and Hooker
A taxonomic system, the Bentham & Hooker system for seed plants, was published in Bentham and Hooker's ''Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita'' in three volumes between 1862 and 1883.
George Bentham (18 ...
and
Hallier Hallier is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
*Ernst Hallier (1831–1904), German botanist and mycologist
*Jean-Edern Hallier (1936–1997), French writer, critic and editor
* Johannes Gottfried Hallier (1868–1932), German botan ...
. He was also influenced by
Darwin
Darwin may refer to:
Common meanings
* Charles Darwin (1809–1882), English naturalist and writer, best known as the originator of the theory of biological evolution by natural selection
* Darwin, Northern Territory, a territorial capital city i ...
and
Wallace
Wallace may refer to:
People
* Clan Wallace in Scotland
* Wallace (given name)
* Wallace (surname)
* Wallace (footballer, born 1986), full name Wallace Fernando Pereira, Brazilian football left-back
* Wallace (footballer, born 1987), full name ...
. He taught that taxonomy must be based on evolutionary principles. Like
Wettstein Wettstein is a Swiss surname. Bearers of the name include:
*Carla Wettstein (born 1946), Swiss and Australian chess master
*Fritz von Wettstein (1895–1945), Austrian botanist
*Johann Jakob Wettstein (1693–1754), Swiss theologian
* Johann Rudolf ...
he placed the
Ranales at the origin of
Angiospermae
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. They include all forbs (flowering plants without a woody stem), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of broad- ...
.
He considered
Spermatophyta
A spermatophyte (; ), also known as phanerogam (taxon Phanerogamae) or phaenogam (taxon Phaenogamae), is any plant that produces seeds, hence the alternative name seed plant. Spermatophytes are a subset of the embryophytes or land plants. They inc ...
as having a
polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of conver ...
origin, being composed by three different
phyla Phyla, the plural of ''phylum'', may refer to:
* Phylum, a biological taxon between Kingdom and Class
* by analogy, in linguistics, a large division of possibly related languages, or a major language family which is not subordinate to another
Phyl ...
, of which he only treated
Anthophyta
The anthophytes are a grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. They were formerly thought to be a clade comprising plants bearing flower-like structures. The group contained the angiosperms - the extant flowering plan ...
(syn.:
Angiosperm
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. They include all forbs (flowering plants without a woody stem), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of br ...
s). In that he used the same names for the subclasses of both monocotyledons and dicotyledons, this is contrary to contemporary rules on
plant nomenclature
Botanical nomenclature is the formal, scientific naming of plants. It is related to, but distinct from taxonomy. Plant taxonomy is concerned with grouping and classifying plants; botanical nomenclature then provides names for the results of this ...
that require names to be unique. However Bessey actually used a qualifying hyphenation (Alternifoliae-Strobiloideae and Oppositifoliae-Strobiloideae), a distinction not always recognised in reference to this scheme. With some modifications, most modern classifications - for example, those of
Cronquist (1981, 1983, 1988),
Takhtajan
Armen Leonovich Takhtajan or Takhtajian ( hy, Արմեն Լևոնի Թախտաջյան; russian: Армен Леонович Тахтаджян; surname also transliterated Takhtadjan, Takhtadzhi︠a︡n or Takhtadzhian, pronounced takh-tuh-JA ...
(1969, 1980, 1983, 1991),
Stebbins (1974),
R. Dahlgren (1975, 1980, 1983; R. Dahlgren et al. 1981; R. Dahlgren and F. N. Rasmussen 1983; R.
Dahlgren and
K. Bremer 1985; G. Dahlgren 1989), and
Thorne (1976, 1981, 1983, 1992) - follow the Bessey tradition.
[Zomlefer, W. B. (1994):Guide to flowering plant families]
Summary
*: phylum ''Angiospermae''
*::1 classis ''Alternifoliae'' syn.:Monocotyledoneae
*::2 classis ''Oppositifoliae'' syn.: ''Dicotyledoneae''
Alternifoliae
*::1 classis ''Alternifoliae'' syn.:Monocotyledoneae
*:::1 subclassis ''
Alternifoliae-Strobiloideae''
*:::::ordo
Alismatales
The Alismatales (alismatids) are an order of flowering plants including about 4,500 species. Plants assigned to this order are mostly tropical or aquatic. Some grow in fresh water, some in marine habitats.
Description
The Alismatales comp ...
*::::::
Alismataceae
The water-plantains (Alismataceae) are a family of flowering plants, comprising 19 genera (17 extant and 2 fossil) and 117 species. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the greatest number of species in temperate regions of the Northe ...
*::::::
Butomaceae
''Butomus'' is the only known genus in the plant family Butomaceae, native to Europe and Asia. It is considered invasive in some parts of the United States.
Taxonomy
The Butomaceae family has been recognized by most taxonomists as a plant ...
*::::::
Triuridaceae
Triuridaceae are a family of tropical and subtropical flowering plants, including nine genera with a total of approximately 55 known species. All members lack chlorophyll and are mycoheterotrophic (obtain food by digesting intracellular fungi, o ...
*::::::
Scheuchzeriaceae
*::::::
Typhaceae
The Typhaceae () are a family of flowering plants, sometimes called the cattail family. The botanical name for the family has been recognized by most taxonomists.
Description
Members can be recognized as large marsh herbs with alternate two-ran ...
*::::::
Sparganiaceae
Sparganiaceae is a family of flowering plants. Such a family was previously recognized by most taxonomists.
The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, 1998), also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Poales in ...
*::::::
Pandanaceae
Pandanaceae is a family of flowering plants native to the tropics and subtropics of the Old World, from West Africa through the Pacific. It contains 982 known species in five genera, of which the type genus, ''Pandanus'', is the most important, w ...
*::::::
Aponogetonaceae
The Aponogetonaceae (the Cape-pondweed family or aponogeton family) are a family of flowering plants in the order Alismatales.
In recent decades the family has had universal recognition by taxonomists. The APG system (1998) and APG II system (20 ...
*::::::
Potamogetonaceae
The Potamogetonaceae, commonly referred to as the pondweed family, is an aquatic family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The roughly 110 known species are divided over six genera. The largest genus in the family by far is ''Potamogeton'', w ...
*:::::ordo
Liliales
Liliales is an order of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web system, within the lilioid monocots. This order of necessity includes the family Liliaceae. The APG III system (2009) plac ...
*::::::
Liliaceae
The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a f ...
*::::::
Stemonaceae
The Stemonaceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants placed in the order Pandanales. The family consists of four genera with ca 37 known species distributed in areas with seasonal climate across Southeast Asia and tropical Australia ...
*::::::
Pontederiaceae
Pontederiaceae is a family of flowering plants.
The APG IV system of 2016 (unchanged from the APG III system of 2009, the APG II system of 2003 and the APG system of 1998) places the family in the order Commelinales, in the commelinid clade, i ...
*::::::
Cyanastraceae
Tecophilaeaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. It consists of nine genera with a total of 27 species.
The family has only recently been recognized by taxonomists. The APG IV system of 2016 (unc ...
*::::::
Philydraceae
*::::::
Commelinaceae
Commelinaceae is a family of flowering plants. In less formal contexts, the group is referred to as the dayflower family or spiderwort family. It is one of five families in the order Commelinales and by far the largest of these with about 731 kn ...
*::::::
Xyridaceae
The Xyridaceae are a family of flowering plants. This family has been recognized by many taxonomists and is known as the yellow-eyed grass family.
The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system of 1998), also recognizes this family, ...
*::::::
Mayacaceae
''Mayaca'' is a genus of flowering plants, often placed in its own family, the Mayacaceae (or Mayaceae in earlier systems). In the APG II system of 2003, it is assigned to the order Poales in the clade commelinids. The Cronquist system, of 1981, ...
*::::::
Juncaceae
Juncaceae is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the rush family. It consists of 8 genera and about 464 known species of slow-growing, rhizomatous, herbaceous monocotyledonous plants that may superficially resemble grasses and s ...
*::::::
Eriocaulaceae
The Eriocaulaceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the order Poales, commonly known as the pipewort family. The family is large, with about 1207 known species described in seven genera. They are widely distributed, with the ce ...
as ''Eriocaulonaceae''
ic*::::::
Thurniaceae
The Thurniaceae are a family of flowering plants composed of two genera with four species. The botanical name has been recognized by most taxonomists.
The APG II system, of 2003, also recognizes such a family, and assigns it to the order Poales ...
*::::::
Rapateaceae
The Rapateaceae are a family of flowering plants. The botanical name has been recognized by most taxonomists.
The APG II system of 2003 also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Poales in the clade commelinids, in the monocots. T ...
*::::::
Najadaceae as ''Naiadaceae''
ic*:::::ordo
Arales
''Arales'' is an order of flowering plants. The name was used in the Cronquist system for an order placed in subclass ''Arecidae'', circumscribed as (1981):
* order ''Arales''
*: family ''Acoraceae''
*: family ''Araceae''
*: family ''Lemnaceae'' ...
*::::::
Cyclanthaceae
Cyclanthaceae is a family of flowering plants.
Taxonomy
Earlier systems, such as the Cronquist system and the Takhtajan system, placed it as the sole family in the order Cyclanthales. In the classification system of Dahlgren the Cyclanthaceae w ...
*::::::
Araceae
The Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe (or leaf-like bract). ...
*::::::
Lemnaceae
Lemnoideae is a subfamily of flowering aquatic plants, known as duckweeds, water lentils, or water lenses. They float on or just beneath the surface of still or slow-moving bodies of fresh water and wetlands. Also known as bayroot, they arose fr ...
*:::::ordo
Palmales
The Arecaceae is a family of perennial flowering plants in the monocot order Arecales. Their growth form can be climbers, shrubs, tree-like and stemless plants, all commonly known as palms. Those having a tree-like form are called palm trees. ...
*::::::
Palmae
The Arecaceae is a family of perennial flowering plants in the monocot order Arecales. Their growth form can be climbers, shrubs, tree-like and stemless plants, all commonly known as palms. Those having a tree-like form are called palm tr ...
as ''Palmaceae''
ic*:::::ordo
Graminales
The Poales are a large order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons, and includes families of plants such as the grasses, bromeliads, and sedges. Sixteen plant families are currently recognized by botanists to be part of Poales.
Description ...
*::::::
Restionaceae
The Restionaceae, also called restiads and restios, are a family of flowering plants native to the Southern Hemisphere; they vary from a few centimeters to 3 meters in height. Following the APG IV (2016): the family now includes the former famil ...
*::::::
Centrolepidaceae
Centrolepidaceae are a family of flowering plants now included in Restionaceae following APG IV (2016). The botanical name has been recognized by most taxonomists.
The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, 1998), also recognis ...
*::::::
Flagellariaceae
''Flagellaria'' is the sole genus in the flowering plant family Flagellariaceae with only five species.Wepfer, P. H., & Linder, H. P. (2014). The taxonomy of Flagellaria (Flagellariaceae). Australian Systematic Botany, 27(3), 159-179. https://dx. ...
*::::::
Cyperaceae
The Cyperaceae are a family of graminoid (grass-like), monocotyledonous flowering plants known as sedges. The family is large, with some 5,500 known species described in about 90 genera, the largest being the "true sedges" genus '' Carex'' ...
*::::::
Poaceae
*:::2 subclassis ''Cotyloideae''
*:::::ordo
Hydrales
*::::::
Vallisneriaceae syn.:
Hydrocharitaceae
Hydrocharitaceae is a flowering plant family including 16 known genera with a total of ca 135 known species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016), that including a number of species of aquatic plant, for instance the tape-grasses, the well known Canadian ...
*:::::ordo
Iridales
Asparagales (asparagoid lilies) is an order of plants in modern classification systems such as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Web. The order takes its name from the type family Asparagaceae and is placed in t ...
*::::::
Amaryllidaceae
The Amaryllidaceae are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous (rarely rhizomatous) flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus '' Amaryllis'' and is commonly known as the amaryl ...
*::::::
Haemodoraceae
Haemodoraceae is a family of perennial herbaceous flowering plants with 14 genera and 102 known species. It is sometimes known as the "bloodwort family". Primarily a Southern Hemisphere family, they are found in South Africa, Australia and New ...
*::::::
Iridaceae
Iridaceae is a family of plants in order Asparagales, taking its name from the irises, meaning rainbow, referring to its many colours. There are 66 accepted genera with a total of c. 2244 species worldwide (Christenhusz & Byng 2016). It inclu ...
*::::::
Velloziaceae
Velloziaceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, 1998), also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Pandanales.
Relationships and evolution
By contrast to o ...
*::::::
Taccaceae
The genus ''Tacca'', which includes the batflowers and arrowroot, consists of flowering plants in the order Dioscoreales, native to tropical regions of South America, Africa, Australia, Southeast Asia, and various oceanic islands. In older tex ...
*::::::
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscoreaceae () is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants, with about 715 known species in nine genera. The best-known member of the family is the yam (some species of ''Dioscorea'').
The APG system (1998) and APG II system (2003) both p ...
*::::::
Bromeliaceae
The Bromeliaceae (the bromeliads) are a family of monocot flowering plants of about 80 genera and 3700 known species, native mainly to the tropical Americas, with several species found in the American subtropics and one in tropical west Africa, ...
*::::::
Musaceae
Musaceae is a family of flowering plants composed of three genera with about 91 known species, placed in the order Zingiberales. The family is native to the tropics of Africa and Asia. The plants have a large herbaceous growth habit with leaves w ...
*::::::
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae () or the ginger family is a family of flowering plants made up of about 50 genera with a total of about 1600 known species of aromatic perennial herbs with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes distributed throughout tropical ...
*::::::
Cannaceae
''Canna'' or canna lily is the only genus of flowering plants in the family Cannaceae, consisting of 10 species.The Cannaceae of the World, H. Maas-van der Kamer & P.J.M. Maas, BLUMEA 53: 247-318 Cannas are not true lilies, but have been ass ...
*::::::
Marantaceae
The Marantaceae are a family, the arrowroot family, of flowering plants consisting of 31 genera and around 530 species, defining it as one of the most species-rich families in its order.Kennedy, H. (2000). “Diversification in pollination mechan ...
*:::::ordo
Orchidales
*::::::
Burmanniaceae
Burmanniaceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of 99 species of herbaceous plants in eight genera.
Description
These plants are annual or perennial herbs, with generally unbranched stems, some lacking leaves. Some members of this fam ...
*::::::
Orchidaceae
Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant.
Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowering ...
Oppositifoliae
*::2 classis ''Oppositifoliae'' syn.: ''Dicotyledoneae''
*:::1 subclassis ''
Oppositifoliae-Strobiloideae''
*::::1 superordo ''Apopetalae-Polycarpellatae''
*:::::ordo
Ranales
*::::::
Magnoliaceae
The Magnoliaceae () are a flowering plant family, the magnolia family, in the order Magnoliales. It consists of two genera: ''Magnolia'' and ''Liriodendron'' (tulip trees).
Unlike most angiosperms, whose flower parts are in whorls (rings), th ...
*::::::
Calycanthaceae
The Calycanthaceae (sweetshrubs or spicebushes) are a small family of flowering plants in the order Laurales. The family contains three genera and only 10 known species , restricted to warm temperate and tropical regions:
* '' Calycanthus'' (thr ...
*::::::
Monimiaceae
The Monimiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the magnoliid order Laurales.Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Monimiaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External link ...
*::::::
Cercidiphyllaceae
*::::::
Trochodendraceae
Trochodendraceae is the only family of flowering plants in the order Trochodendrales. It comprises two extant genera, each with a single species along with up to five additional extinct genera and a number of extinct species. The living specie ...
*::::::
Leitneriaceae
*::::::
Annonaceae
The Annonaceae are a family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs, or rarely lianas commonly known as the custard apple family or soursop family. With 108 accepted genera and about 2400 known species, it is the largest family in the M ...
as ''Anonaceae''
ic*::::::
Lactoridaceae
''Lactoris fernandeziana'' is a flowering shrub endemic to the cloud forest of ''Masatierra'' — Robinson Crusoe Island, of the Juan Fernández Islands archipelago of Chile. It is the only extant species in the genus ''Lactoris''.
Taxonomy
The ...
*::::::
Gomortegaceae
''Gomortega keule'' (syn. ''G. nitida''; Spanish names ''keule'', ''queule'', and ''hualhual'') is a tree native to Chile. It is the sole species of the genus ''Gomortega'' and, according to the APG IV system of 2016 (unchanged from the APG sy ...
*::::::
Myristicaceae
The Myristicaceae are a family of flowering plants native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is sometimes called the "nutmeg family", after its most famous member, '' Myristica fragr ...
*::::::
Saururaceae
Saururaceae is a plant family comprising four genera and seven species of herbaceous flowering plants native to eastern and southern Asia and North America. The family has been recognised by most taxonomists, and is sometimes known as the "lizar ...
*::::::
Piperaceae
The Piperaceae (), also known as the pepper family, are a large family of flowering plants. The group contains roughly 3,600 currently accepted species in 5 genera. The vast majority of species can be found within the two main genera: '' Piper'' ...
*::::::
Lacistemaceae
Lacistemataceae is a small flowering plant family. There are two genera:
*''Lacistema'' (12 species)
*''Lozania'' (5 species)
They are small trees (to 15 metres tall) and shrubs (to 5 metres tall) that are native to the subtropical and tropi ...
*::::::
Chloranthaceae
Chloranthaceae is a family of flowering plants (angiosperms), the only family in the order Chloranthales. It is not closely related to any other family of flowering plants, and is among the early-diverging lineages in the angiosperms. They are ...
*::::::
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae (buttercup or crowfoot family; Latin "little frog", from "frog") is a family of over 2,000 known species of flowering plants in 43 genera, distributed worldwide.
The largest genera are '' Ranunculus'' (600 species), '' Delphiniu ...
*::::::
Lardizabalaceae
Lardizabalaceae is a family of flowering plants.
The family has been universally recognized by taxonomists, including the APG II system (2003; unchanged from the APG system of 1998), which places it in the order Ranunculales, in the clade eudic ...
*::::::
Berberidaceae
The Berberidaceae are a family of 18 genera of flowering plants commonly called the barberry family. This family is in the order Ranunculales. The family contains about 700 known species, of which the majority are in '' Berberis''. The species ...
*::::::
Menispermaceae
Menispermaceae (botanical Latin: 'moonseed family' from Greek ''mene'' 'crescent moon' and ''sperma'' 'seed') is a family of flowering plants. The alkaloid tubocurarine, a neuromuscular blocker and the active ingredient in the 'tube curare' form ...
*::::::
Lauraceae
Lauraceae, or the laurels, is a plant family that includes the true laurel and its closest relatives. This family comprises about 2850 known species in about 45 genera worldwide (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ). They are dicotyledons, and occur m ...
*::::::
Nelumbonaceae
Nelumbonaceae is a family of aquatic flowering plants. ''Nelumbo'' is the sole extant genus, containing ''Nelumbo lutea'', native to North America, and ''Nelumbo nucifera'', widespread in Asia. At least four other genera, ''Nelumbites'', ''Exne ...
as ''Nelumbaceae''
ic*::::::
Cabombaceae
The Cabombaceae are a family of aquatic, herbaceous flowering plants. A common name for its species is water shield. The family is recognised as distinct in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV system (2016). The family consists of two genera of ...
*::::::
Ceratophyllaceae
Ceratophyllaceae is a cosmopolitan family of flowering plants including one living genus commonly found in ponds, marshes, and quiet streams in tropical and in temperate regions. It is the only extant family in the order Ceratophyllales. Species ...
*::::::
Dilleniaceae
Dilleniaceae is a family of flowering plants with 11 genera and about 430 known species. Such a family has been universally recognized by taxonomists. It is known to gardeners for the genus '' Hibbertia'', which contains many commercially valuab ...
*::::::
Winteraceae
Winteraceae is a primitive family of tropical trees and shrubs including 93 species in five genera. It is of particular interest because it is such a primitive angiosperm family, distantly related to Magnoliaceae, though it has a much more sout ...
as ''Winteranaceae''
ic*:::::ordo
Malvales
The Malvales are an order of flowering plants. As circumscribed by APG II-system, the order includes about 6000 species within 9 families. The order is placed in the eurosids II, which are part of the eudicots.
The plants are mostly shrubs a ...
*::::::
Sterculiaceae Sterculiaceae was a family of flowering plant based on the genus '' Sterculia''. Genera formerly included in Sterculiaceae are now placed in the family Malvaceae, in the subfamilies: Byttnerioideae, Dombeyoideae, Helicteroideae and Sterculioide ...
*::::::
Malvaceae
Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include okra, cotton, cacao and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar o ...
*::::::
Bombacaceae
Bombacaceae were long recognised as a family of flowering plants or Angiospermae. The family name was based on the type genus ''Bombax''. As is true for many botanical names, circumscription and status of the taxon has varied with taxonomic point ...
as ''Bombaceae''
ic*::::::
Scytopetalaceae
The Lecythidaceae comprise a family of about 20 genera and 250–300 species of woody plants native to tropical South America, Africa (including Madagascar), Asia and Australia.
The most important member of the family in world trade is the Br ...
*::::::
Chlaenaceae syn.:
Sarcolaenaceae
The Sarcolaenaceae are a family of flowering plants endemic to Madagascar. The family includes 79 species of mostly evergreen trees and shrubs in ten genera.
Recent DNA studies indicate that the Sarcolaenaceae are a sibling taxon to the family ...
*::::::
Gonystylaceae
*::::::
Tiliaceae
Tiliaceae () is a family of flowering plants. It is not a part of the APG, APG II and APG III classifications, being sunk in Malvaceae mostly as the subfamilies Tilioideae, Brownlowioideae and Grewioideae, but has an extensive historical r ...
*::::::
Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeaocarpaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family contains approximately 615 species of trees and shrubs in 12 genera."Elaeocarpaceae" In: Klaus Kubitzki (ed.). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' vol. VI. Springer-Verlag: B ...
*::::::
Balanopaceae
''Balanops'' is a group of flowering plants described as a genus in 1871. The nine species are trees or shrubs, found in New Caledonia, Fiji, Vanuatu, and northern Queensland. They are dioecious, with separate male and female plants.
The gen ...
as ''Balanopsidaceae''
ic*::::::
Ulmaceae
The Ulmaceae () are a family of flowering plants that includes the elms (genus ''Ulmus''), and the zelkovas (genus ''Zelkova''). Members of the family are widely distributed throughout the north temperate zone, and have a scattered distribution ...
*::::::
Moraceae
The Moraceae — often called the mulberry family or fig family — are a family of flowering plants comprising about 38 genera and over 1100 species. Most are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less so in temperate climates; however ...
*::::::
Urticaceae
The Urticaceae are a family, the nettle family, of flowering plants. The family name comes from the genus '' Urtica''. The Urticaceae include a number of well-known and useful plants, including nettles in the genus ''Urtica'', ramie (''Boehmer ...
*:::::ordo
Sarraceniales
Pitcher plants are several different carnivorous plants which have modified leaves known as pitfall traps—a prey-trapping mechanism featuring a deep cavity filled with digestive liquid. The traps of what are considered to be "true" pitcher ...
*::::::
Sarraceniaceae
Sarraceniaceae are a family of pitcher plants, belonging to order Ericales (previously Nepenthales).
The family comprises three extant genera: '' Sarracenia'' (North American pitcher plants), '' Darlingtonia'' (the cobra lily or California pitc ...
*::::::
Nepenthaceae
''Nepenthes'' () is a genus of carnivorous plants, also known as tropical pitcher plants, or monkey cups, in the monotypic family Nepenthaceae. The genus includes about 170 species, and numerous natural and many cultivated hybrids. They are mos ...
*:::::ordo
Geraniales
Geraniales is a small order of flowering plants, included within the rosid subclade of eudicots. The largest family in the order is Geraniaceae with over 800 species. In addition, the order includes the smaller Francoaceae with about 40 species. ...
*::::::
Geraniaceae
Geraniaceae is a family of flowering plants placed in the order Geraniales. The family name is derived from the genus ''Geranium''. The family includes both the genus ''Geranium'' (the cranesbills, or true geraniums) and the garden plants called ...
*::::::
Oxalidaceae
The Oxalidaceae, or wood sorrel family, are a small family of five genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs and small trees, with the great majority of the 570 species in the genus ''Oxalis'' (wood sorrels). Members of this family typically have divid ...
*::::::
Tropaeolaceae
*::::::
Balsaminaceae
The Balsaminaceae (commonly known as the balsam family) are a family of dicotyledonous plants, comprising two genera: ''Impatiens'', which consists of over 1000 species, and '' Hydrocera'', consisting of 1 species. The flowering plants may be an ...
*::::::
Limnanthaceae
The Limnanthaceae are a small family of annual herbs occurring throughout temperate North America. There are eight species and nineteen taxa currently recognized. Members of this family are prominent in vernal pool communities of California. Some ...
*::::::
Linaceae
*::::::
Humiriaceae
Humiriaceae (or, alternatively Houmiriaceae Juss.) is a family of evergreen flowering plants. It comprises 8 genera and 56 known species. The family is exclusively Neotropical, except one species found in tropical West Africa
West Africa ...
*::::::
Rutaceae
The Rutaceae is a family, commonly known as the rue[RUTACEAE](_blank)
in BoDD – Botanical Der ...
*::::::
Simaroubaceae
The Simaroubaceae are a small, mostly tropical, family in the order Sapindales. In recent decades, it has been subject to much taxonomic debate, with several small families being split off. A molecular phylogeny of the family was published in 200 ...
as ''Simarubaceae''
ic*::::::
Burseraceae
The Burseraceae are a moderate-sized family of 17-19 genera and about 540 species of flowering plants. The actual numbers differ according to the time period in which a given source is written describing this family. The Burseraceae are also know ...
*::::::
Meliaceae
Meliaceae, the mahogany family, is a flowering plant family of mostly trees and shrubs (and a few herbaceous plants, mangroves) in the order Sapindales.
They are characterised by alternate, usually pinnate leaves without stipules, and by synca ...
*::::::
Malpighiaceae
Malpighiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales. It comprises about 73 genera and 1315 species, all of which are native to the tropics and subtropics. About 80% of the genera and 90% of the species occur in the New Worl ...
*::::::
Trigoniaceae
*::::::
Vochysiaceae
Vochysiaceae is a plant family belonging to the order of Myrtales.
Description
Trees or shrubs with opposite leaves; flowers are zygomorph 1-(3)-5 merous; ovary inferior or superior; one fertile stamen; fruits samara or capsules.
Biogeography ...
*::::::
Polygalaceae
The Polygalaceae or the milkwort family are made up of flowering plants in the order Fabales. They have a near-cosmopolitan range, with about 27 genera and ''ca''. 900 known species of herbs, shrubs and trees. Over half of the species are in on ...
*::::::
Tremandraceae
Tremandraceae R.Br. ex DC. is the name of a defunct family of flowering plants. It contained three genera: '' Platytheca'', '' Tetratheca'', and ''Tremandra''. In 2006, a molecular phylogenetic study showed that Tremandraceae is embedded in El ...
*::::::
Dichapetalaceae
Dichapetalaceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of 3 genera and about 170 species.Stephens, P.F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/ Members of this family are ...
*::::::
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae, the spurge family, is a large family of flowering plants. In English, they are also commonly called euphorbias, which is also the name of a genus in the family. Most spurges, such as '' Euphorbia paralias'', are herbs, but some, ...
*::::::
Callitrichaceae
*:::::ordo
Guttiferales
*::::::
Theaceae
Theaceae (), the tea family, is a family of flowering plants comprising shrubs and trees, including the economically important tea plant, and the ornamental camellias. It can be described as having from seven to 40 genera, depending on the source ...
*::::::
Cistaceae
The Cistaceae are a small family of plants (rock-rose or rock rose family) known for their beautiful shrubs, which are profusely covered by flowers at the time of blossom. This family consists of about 170(-200) species in nine genera that ar ...
*::::::
Guttiferae
The Clusiaceae or Guttiferae Juss. (1789) (''nom. alt. et cons.'' = alternative and valid name) are a family of plants including 13 genera and ca 750 species. Several former members of Clusiacae are now placed in Calophyllaceae and Hypericaceae. ...
as ''Guttiferaceae''
ic*::::::
Eucryphiaceae
*::::::
Ochnaceae
Ochnaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). . In the APG III syste ...
*::::::
Dipterocarpaceae
*::::::
Caryocaraceae
*::::::
Quiinaceae
Quiinaceae Engl. is a neotropical family of flowering plants in the Malpighiales, consisting of about 50 species in 4 genera (''Froesia'', ''Lacunaria'', '' Quiina'', '' Touroulia''). The APG III system of flowering plant classification does not ...
*::::::
Marcgraviaceae
The Marcgraviaceae are a neotropical angiosperm family in the order Ericales. The members of the family are shrubs, woody epiphytes, and lianas, with alternate, pinnately nerved leaves. The flowers are arranged in racemes. The flowers are accom ...
*::::::
Flacourtiaceae
The Flacourtiaceae is a defunct family of flowering plants whose former members have been scattered to various families, mostly to the Achariaceae and Salicaceae. It was so vaguely defined that hardly anything seemed out of place there and it bec ...
*::::::
Bixaceae
The Bixaceae are a family of dicotyledonous plants commonly called the achiote family. Under the Cronquist system, the family was traditionally placed in the order Violales. However, newer arrangements move it, with some other families previous ...
*::::::
Cochlospermaceae
The Cochlospermaceae were a family of two genera and 20-25 species of trees and shrubs, first described by Jules Émile Planchon in 1847. They have been included in the Bixaceae from the APG III system onwards. The older APG II system treated this ...
*::::::
Violaceae
Violaceae is a family of flowering plants established in 1802, consisting of about 1000 species in about 25 genera. It takes its name from the genus ''Viola'', the violets and pansies.
Older classifications such as the Cronquist system placed ...
*::::::
Malesherbiaceae
*::::::
Turneraceae
*::::::
Passifloraceae
The Passifloraceae are a family of flowering plants, containing about 750 species classified in around 27 genera.
They include tree
In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches a ...
*::::::
Achariaceae
Achariaceae is a family of flowering plants consisting of 32-33 genera with about 155 species of tropical herbs, shrub
A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs ...
*::::::
Caricaceae
The Caricaceae are a family of flowering plants in the order Brassicales, found primarily in tropical regions of Central and South America and Africa. They are usually short-lived evergreen pachycaul shrubs or small to medium-sized trees ...
*::::::
Stachyuraceae
''Stachyurus'' is the only genus in the flowering plant family Stachyuraceae, native to the Himalayas and eastern Asia. They are deciduous shrubs or small trees with pendent racemes of 4-petalled flowers which appear on the bare branches before t ...
*::::::
Koeberliniaceae
*:::::ordo
Rhoedales
*::::::
Papaveraceae
The Papaveraceae are an economically important family of about 42 genera and approximately 775 known species of flowering plants in the order Ranunculales, informally known as the poppy family. The family is cosmopolitan, occurring in tempera ...
*::::::
Tovariaceae
''Tovaria'' is a genus of herb
In general use, herbs are a widely distributed and widespread group of plants, excluding vegetables and other plants consumed for macronutrients, with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring ...
*::::::
Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaeaceae () is a family of flowering plants, commonly called water lilies. They live as rhizomatous aquatic herbs in temperate and tropical climates around the world. The family contains nine genera with about 70 known species. Water ...
*::::::
Moringaceae
''Moringa'' is the sole genus in the plant family Moringaceae. It contains 13 species from tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia that range in size from tiny herbs to massive trees. ''Moringa'' species grow quickly in many types ...
*::::::
Resedaceae
Resedaceae is a family of mostly herbaceous dicotyledonous plants comprising 107 known species in 8 to 12 genera:
*''Borthwickia'' - 1 species, sometimes placed in its own family Borthwickiaceae
*''Caylusea'' - 3 species
*'' Forchhammeria'' - 10 ...
*::::::
Capparaceae
The Capparaceae (or Capparidaceae), commonly known as the caper family, are a family of plants in the order Brassicales. As currently circumscribed, the family contains 33 genera and about 700 species. The largest genera are ''Capparis'' (about ...
as ''Capparidaceae''
ic*::::::
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae () or (the older) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous plants, while some are shrubs. The l ...
*:::::ordo
Caryophyllales
Caryophyllales ( ) is a diverse and heterogeneous order of flowering plants that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, ice plants, beets, and many carnivorous plants. Many members are succulent, having fleshy stems or leaves. The betal ...
*::::::
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae, commonly called the pink family or carnation family, is a family of flowering plants. It is included in the dicotyledon order Caryophyllales in the APG III system, alongside 33 other families, including Amaranthaceae, Cactace ...
*:::::: Elatinaceae
*:::::: Portulacaceae
*:::::: Aizoaceae
*:::::: Frankeniaceae
*:::::: Tamaricaceae
*:::::: Salicaceae
*:::::: Podostemaceae as ''Podostemonaceae''
ic*:::::: Hydrostachyaceae as ''Hydrostachydaceae''
ic*:::::: Phytolaccaceae
*:::::: Basellaceae
*:::::: Amaranthaceae
*:::::: Chenopodiaceae
*:::::: Polygonaceae
*:::::: Nyctaginaceae
*:::::: Cynocrambaceae syn.: Theligonaceae
*:::::: Bataceae as ''Batidaceae''
ic*::::2 superordo ''Sympetalae-Polycarpellatae''
*:::::ordo Ebenales
*:::::: Sapotaceae
*:::::: Ebenaceae
*:::::: Symplocaceae
*:::::: Styracaceae
*:::::: Fouquieriaceae
*:::::ordo Ericales
*:::::: Clethraceae
*:::::: Ericaceae
*:::::: Epacridaceae
*:::::: Diapensiaceae
*:::::: Pyrolaceae
*:::::: Lennoaceae
*:::::ordo Primulales
*:::::: Primulaceae
*:::::: Plantaginaceae
*:::::: Plumbaginaceae
*:::::: Myrsinaceae
*:::::: Theophrastaceae
*::::3 superordo ''Sympetalae-Dicarpellatae''
*:::::ordo Gentianales
*:::::: Oleaceae
*:::::: Salvadoraceae
*:::::: Loganiaceae
*:::::: Gentianaceae
*:::::: Apocynaceae
*:::::: Asclepiadaceae
*:::::ordo Polemoniales
*:::::: Polemoniaceae
*:::::: Convolvulaceae
*:::::: Hydrophyllaceae
*:::::: Boraginaceae as ''Borraginaceae''
*:::::: Nolanaceae
*:::::: Solanaceae
*:::::ordo Scrophulariales
*:::2 subclassis ''Cotyloideae''
*::::1 superordo ''Apopetalae''
*::::: ordo Rosales
*:::::: Rosaceae
*:::::: Pomaceae, Malaceae
*:::::: Prunaceae
*:::::: Crossosomataceae
*:::::: Connaraceae
*:::::: Mimosaceae
*:::::: Cassiaceae
*:::::: Fabaceae
*:::::: Saxifragaceae
*:::::: Hydrangeaceae
*:::::: Grossulariaceae
*:::::: Crassulaceae
*:::::: Droseraceae
*:::::: Cephalotaceae
*:::::: Pittosporaceae
*:::::: Brunelliaceae
*:::::: Cunoniaceae
*:::::: Myrothamnaceae
*:::::: Bruniaceae
*:::::: Hamamelidaceae
*:::::: Casuarinaceae
*:::::: Eucommiaceae
*:::::: Platanaceae
*::::: ordo Myrtales
*:::::: Lythraceae
*:::::: Sonneratiaceae
*:::::: Punicaceae
*:::::: Lecythidaceae
*:::::: Melastomataceae
*:::::: Myrtaceae
*:::::: Combretaceae
*:::::: Rhizophoraceae
*:::::: Oenotheraceae
*:::::: Halorrhagidaceae
*:::::: Hippuridaceae
*:::::: Cynomoriaceae
*:::::: Aristolochiaceae
*:::::: Rafflesiaceae
*:::::: Hydnoraceae
*::::: ordo Loasales
*:::::: Loasaceae
*:::::: Cucurbitaceae
*:::::: Begoniaceae
*:::::: Datiscaceae
*:::::: Ancistrocladaceae
*::::: ordo Cactales
*:::::: Cactaceae
*::::: ordo Celastrales
*:::::: Rhamnaceae
*:::::: Vitaceae
*:::::: Celastraceae
*:::::: Buxaceae
*:::::: Aquifoliaceae
*:::::: Cyrillaceae
*:::::: Pentaphylacaceae
*:::::: Corynocarpaceae
*:::::: Hippocrateaceae
*:::::: Stackhousiaceae
*:::::: Staphyleaceae
*:::::: Geissolomataceae
*:::::: Penaeaceae
*:::::: Oliniaceae
*:::::: Thymelaeaceae
*:::::: Hernandiaceae
*:::::: Elaeagnaceae
*:::::: Myzodendraceae
*:::::: Santalaceae
*:::::: Opiliaceae
*:::::: Grubbiaceae
*:::::: Olacaceae
*:::::: Loranthaceae
*:::::: Balanophoraceae
*::::: ordo Sapindales
*:::::: Sapindaceae
*:::::: Hippocastanaceae
*:::::: Aceraceae
*:::::: Sabiaceae
*:::::: Icacinaceae
*:::::: Melianthaceae
*:::::: Empetraceae
*:::::: Coriariaceae
*:::::: Anacardiaceae
*:::::: Juglandaceae
*:::::: Betulaceae
*:::::: Fagaceae
*:::::: Myricaceae
*:::::: Julianaceae
*:::::: Proteaceae
*::::: ordo Apiales as ''Umbellales''
*:::::: Araliaceae
*:::::: Apiaceae
*:::::: Cornaceae
*::::2 superordo ''Sympetalae''
*::::: ordo Rubiales
*:::::: Rubiaceae
*:::::: Caprifoliaceae
*:::::: Adoxaceae
*:::::: Valerianaceae
*:::::: Dipsacaceae
*::::: ordo Campanulales
*:::::: Campanulaceae
*:::::: Goodeniaceae
*:::::: Stylidiaceae
*:::::: Calyceraceae
*::::: ordo Asterales
*:::::: Helianthaceae
*:::::: Ambrosiaceae
*:::::: Heleniaceae
*:::::: Arctotidaceae
*:::::: Calendulaceae
*:::::: Inulaceae
*:::::: Asteraceae
*:::::: Vernoniaceae
*:::::: Eupatoriaceae
*:::::: Anthemidaceae
*:::::: Senecionidaceae
*:::::: Carduaceae
*:::::: Mutisiaceae
*:::::: Lactucaceae
References
Bibliography
* (also at )
*
*
*
{{List of systems of plant taxonomy
Systems of plant taxonomy, system, Bessey