A
system of plant taxonomy, the Bessey system was published by
Charles Bessey in 1915.
Description
Bessey based his system on the tradition of
de Candolle,
Bentham and Hooker and
Hallier. He was also influenced by
Darwin and
Wallace. He taught that taxonomy must be based on evolutionary principles. Like
Wettstein he placed the
Ranales at the origin of
Angiospermae
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed within a fruit. The ...
.
He considered
Spermatophyta
A seed plant or spermatophyte (; New Latin ''spermat-'' and Greek ' (phytón), plant), also known as a phanerogam (taxon Phanerogamae) or a phaenogam (taxon Phaenogamae), is any plant that produces seeds. It is a category of embryophyte (i.e. l ...
as having a
polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies ...
origin, being composed by three different
phyla
Phyla, the plural of ''phylum'', may refer to:
* Phylum, a biological taxon between Kingdom and Class
* by analogy, in linguistics, a large division of possibly related languages, or a major language family which is not subordinate to another
Phy ...
, of which he only treated
Anthophyta (syn.:
Angiosperm
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed within a fruit ...
s). In that he used the same names for the subclasses of both monocotyledons and dicotyledons, this is contrary to contemporary rules on
plant nomenclature that require names to be unique. However Bessey actually used a qualifying hyphenation (Alternifoliae-Strobiloideae and Oppositifoliae-Strobiloideae), a distinction not always recognised in reference to this scheme. With some modifications, most modern classifications - for example, those of
Cronquist (1981, 1983, 1988),
Takhtajan
Armen Leonovich Takhtajan or Takhtajian (; surname also transliterated Takhtadjan, Takhtadzhi︠a︡n or Takhtadzhian, pronounced takh-tuh-JAHN; 10 June 1910 – 13 November 2009), was a Soviet-Armenian botanist, one of the most important figu ...
(1969, 1980, 1983, 1991),
Stebbins (1974),
R. Dahlgren (1975, 1980, 1983; R. Dahlgren et al. 1981; R. Dahlgren and F. N. Rasmussen 1983; R.
Dahlgren and
K. Bremer 1985; G. Dahlgren 1989), and
Thorne (1976, 1981, 1983, 1992) - follow the Bessey tradition.
[Zomlefer, W. B. (1994):Guide to flowering plant families]
Summary
*: phylum ''Angiospermae''
*::1 classis ''Alternifoliae'' syn.:Monocotyledoneae
*::2 classis ''Oppositifoliae'' syn.: ''Dicotyledoneae''
Alternifoliae
*::1 classis ''Alternifoliae'' syn.:Monocotyledoneae
*:::1 subclassis ''
Alternifoliae-Strobiloideae''
*:::::ordo
Alismatales
The Alismatales (alismatids) are an order of flowering plants including about 4,500 species. Plants assigned to this order are mostly tropical or aquatic. Some grow in fresh water, some in marine habitats. Perhaps the most important food cro ...
*::::::
Alismataceae
The water-plantains (Alismataceae) are a family of flowering plants, comprising 20 genera (17 extant and 3 fossil) and 119 species. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the greatest number of species in temperate regions of the Northe ...
*::::::
Butomaceae
*::::::
Triuridaceae
Triuridaceae are a family of tropical and subtropical flowering plants, including nine genera with a total of approximately 55 known species. All members lack chlorophyll and are mycoheterotrophic (obtain food by digesting intracellular fungi, o ...
*::::::
Scheuchzeriaceae
*::::::
Typhaceae
The Typhaceae () are a family of flowering plants, sometimes called the cattail family. The botanical name for the family has been recognized by most taxonomists.
Description
Members can be recognized as large marsh herbs with alternate two-rank ...
*::::::
Sparganiaceae
*::::::
Pandanaceae
Pandanaceae is a family of flowering plants native to the tropics and subtropics of the Old World, from West Africa to the Pacific. It contains 982 known species in five genera, of which the type genus, ''Pandanus'', is the most important, with s ...
*::::::
Aponogetonaceae
*::::::
Potamogetonaceae
The Potamogetonaceae, commonly referred to as the pondweed family, is an aquatic family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The roughly 110 known species are divided over five genera. The largest genus in the family by far is '' Potamogeton'', ...
*:::::ordo
Liliales
Liliales is an order (biology), order of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web List of systems of plant classification, system, within the lilioid monocots. This order of necessity includ ...
*::::::
Liliaceae
The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a fai ...
*::::::
Stemonaceae
*::::::
Pontederiaceae
Pontederiaceae is a Family (biology), family of flowering plants.
The APG IV system of 2016 (unchanged from the APG III system of 2009, the APG II system of 2003 and the APG system of 1998) places the family in the order Commelinales, in the co ...
*::::::
Cyanastraceae
*::::::
Philydraceae
*::::::
Commelinaceae
Commelinaceae is a family of flowering plants. In less formal contexts, the group is referred to as the dayflower family or spiderwort family. It is one of five families in the order Commelinales and by far the largest of these with about 731 kn ...
*::::::
Xyridaceae
The Xyridaceae are a family of flowering plants. This family has been recognized by many taxonomists and is known as the yellow-eyed grass family.
The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system of 1998), also recognizes this family, ...
*::::::
Mayacaceae
*::::::
Juncaceae
Juncaceae is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the rush family. It consists of 8 genera and about 464 known species of slow-growing, rhizomatous, herbaceous monocotyledonous plants that may superficially resemble grasses and ...
*::::::
Eriocaulaceae
The Eriocaulaceae are a family (biology), family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the order Poales, commonly known as the pipewort family. The family is large, with about 1207 known species described in seven genera. They are widely distri ...
as ''Eriocaulonaceae''
ic*::::::
Thurniaceae
The Thurniaceae are a family of flowering plants composed of two genera with four species. The botanical name has been recognized by most taxonomists.
The APG II system, of 2003, also recognizes such a family, and assigns it to the order Poales ...
*::::::
Rapateaceae
*::::::
Najadaceae
''Najas'', the water-nymphs or naiads, is a genus of aquatic plants. It is cosmopolitan in distribution, first described for modern science by Linnaeus in 1753. Until 1997, it was rarely placed in the Hydrocharitaceae,Angiosperm Phylogeny Grou ...
as ''Naiadaceae''
ic*:::::ordo
Arales
*::::::
Cyclanthaceae
*::::::
Araceae
The Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe (or leaf-like bract). Also ...
*::::::
Lemnaceae
Lemnoideae is a subfamily of flowering aquatic plants, known as duckweeds, water lentils, or water lenses. They float on or just beneath the surface of still or slow-moving bodies of fresh water and wetlands. Also known as bayroot, they arose fr ...
*:::::ordo
Palmales
*::::::
Palmae
The Arecaceae () is a family of perennial, flowering plants in the monocot order Arecales. Their growth form can be climbers, shrubs, tree-like and stemless plants, all commonly known as palms. Those having a tree-like form are colloquially c ...
as ''Palmaceae''
ic*:::::ordo
Graminales
*::::::
Restionaceae
The Restionaceae, also called restiads and restios, are a family of flowering plants native to the Southern Hemisphere; they vary from a few centimeters to 3 meters in height. Following the APG IV (2016): the family now includes the former famil ...
*::::::
Centrolepidaceae
Centrolepidaceae was a family of flowering plants now included in Restionaceae following APG IV (2016). The botanical name has been recognized by most taxonomists.
The APG III system of 2009 recognized the family, as did the APG II system of ...
*::::::
Flagellariaceae
*::::::
Cyperaceae
The Cyperaceae () are a family of graminoid (grass-like), monocotyledonous flowering plants known as wikt:sedge, sedges. The family (biology), family is large; botanists have species description, described some 5,500 known species in about 90 ...
*::::::
Poaceae
Poaceae ( ), also called Gramineae ( ), is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos, the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivate ...
*:::2 subclassis ''Cotyloideae''
*:::::ordo
Hydrales
*::::::
Vallisneriaceae syn.:
Hydrocharitaceae
*:::::ordo
Iridales
*::::::
Amaryllidaceae
The Amaryllidaceae are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous (rarely rhizomatous) flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus '' Amaryllis'' and is commonly known as the amaryl ...
*::::::
Haemodoraceae
*::::::
Iridaceae
Iridaceae () is a family of plants in order Asparagales, taking its name from the Iris (plant), irises. It has a nearly global distribution, with 69 accepted genera with a total of about 2500 species. It includes a number of economically importan ...
*::::::
Velloziaceae
Velloziaceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, 1998), also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Pandanales.
Relationships and evolution
By contrast to oth ...
*::::::
Taccaceae
*::::::
Dioscoreaceae
*::::::
Bromeliaceae
The Bromeliaceae (the bromeliads) are a family of monocot flowering plants of about 80 genera and 3700 known species, native mainly to the tropical Americas, with several species found in the American subtropics and one in tropical west Africa, ...
*::::::
Musaceae
Musaceae is a family of flowering plants composed of three genera with about 91 known species, placed in the order Zingiberales. The family is native to the tropics of Africa and Asia. The plants have a large herbaceous growth habit with leaves w ...
*::::::
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae () or the ginger family is a family of flowering plants made up of about 50 genera with a total of about 1600 known species of aromatic perennial herbs with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes distributed throughout tropical ...
*::::::
Cannaceae
*::::::
Marantaceae
*:::::ordo
Orchidales
*::::::
Burmanniaceae
Burmanniaceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of 99 species of herbaceous plants in eight genera.
Description
These plants are annual or perennial herbs, with generally unbranched stems, some lacking leaves. Some members of this fam ...
*::::::
Orchidaceae
Orchids are plants that belong to the family (biology), family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Orchids are cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan plants that ...
Oppositifoliae
*::2 classis ''Oppositifoliae'' syn.: ''Dicotyledoneae''
*:::1 subclassis ''
Oppositifoliae-Strobiloideae''
*::::1 superordo ''Apopetalae-Polycarpellatae''
*:::::ordo
Ranales
*::::::
Magnoliaceae
The Magnoliaceae () are a flowering plant family, the magnolia family, in the order Magnoliales. It consists of two genera: '' Magnolia'' and ''Liriodendron'' (tulip trees).
Unlike most angiosperms, whose flower parts are in whorls (rings), ...
*::::::
Calycanthaceae
*::::::
Monimiaceae
The Monimiaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants in the magnoliid Order (biology), order Laurales.Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Monimiaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Gar ...
*::::::
Cercidiphyllaceae
*::::::
Trochodendraceae
*::::::
Leitneriaceae
*::::::
Annonaceae
The Annonaceae are a Family (biology), family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs, or rarely lianas commonly known as the custard apple family or soursop family. With 108 accepted genera and about 2400 known species, it is the largest ...
as ''Anonaceae''
ic*::::::
Lactoridaceae
*::::::
Gomortegaceae
*::::::
Myristicaceae
The Myristicaceae are a family of flowering plants native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is sometimes called the "nutmeg family", after its most famous member, '' Myristica fragr ...
*::::::
Saururaceae
*::::::
Piperaceae
The Piperaceae (), also known as the pepper family, are a large family (biology), family of flowering plants. The group contains roughly 3,600 currently accepted species in five genera. The vast majority of species can be found within the two mai ...
*::::::
Lacistemaceae
*::::::
Chloranthaceae
Chloranthaceae ( ) is a family of flowering plants (angiosperms), the only family in the order Chloranthales. It is not closely related to any other family of flowering plants, and is among the early-diverging lineages in the angiosperms. They a ...
*::::::
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae (, buttercup or crowfoot family; Latin "little frog", from "frog") is a family (biology), family of over 2,000 known species of flowering plants in 43 genera, distributed worldwide.
The largest genera are ''Ranunculus'' (600 spec ...
*::::::
Lardizabalaceae
Lardizabalaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants.
The family has been universally recognized by taxonomists, including the APG II system (2003; unchanged from the APG system of 1998), which places it in the order Ranunculales, ...
*::::::
Berberidaceae
The Berberidaceae are a family (biology), family of 18 genera of flowering plants commonly called the barberry family. This family is in the order (biology), order Ranunculales. The family contains about 700 known species, of which the majority ...
*::::::
Menispermaceae
Menispermaceae (botanical Latin: 'moonseed family' from Greek ''mene'' 'crescent moon' and ''sperma'' 'seed') is a family (biology), family of flowering plants. The alkaloid tubocurarine, a neuromuscular blocker and the active ingredient in the ...
*::::::
Lauraceae
Lauraceae, or the laurels, is a plant Family (biology), family that includes the bay laurel, true laurel and its closest relatives. This family comprises about 2850 known species in about 45 genus (biology), genera worldwide. They are dicotyled ...
*::::::
Nelumbonaceae as ''Nelumbaceae''
ic*::::::
Cabombaceae
*::::::
Ceratophyllaceae
*::::::
Dilleniaceae
Dilleniaceae is a family of flowering plants with 11 genera and about 430 known species.
It is known to gardeners for the genus '' Hibbertia'', which contains many commercially valuable garden species.
Description and distribution
The family is ...
*::::::
Winteraceae
Winteraceae is a primitive family of tropical trees and shrubs including 93 species in five genera. It is of particular interest because it is such a primitive angiosperm family, distantly related to Magnoliaceae, though it has a much more south ...
as ''Winteranaceae''
ic*:::::ordo
Malvales
The Malvales are an Order (biology), order of flowering plants. As circumscribed by Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, APG II-system, the order includes about 6000 species within nine Family (biology), families. The order is placed in the eurosids II, w ...
*::::::
Sterculiaceae
Sterculiaceae was a family of flowering plant based on the genus '' Sterculia''. Genera formerly included in Sterculiaceae are now placed in the family Malvaceae, in the subfamilies: Byttnerioideae, Dombeyoideae, Helicteroideae and Sterculioide ...
*::::::
Malvaceae
Malvaceae (), or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include Theobroma cacao, cacao, Cola (plant), cola, cotton, okra, Hibiscus sabdariffa, ...
*::::::
Bombacaceae as ''Bombaceae''
ic*::::::
Scytopetalaceae
*::::::
Chlaenaceae syn.:
Sarcolaenaceae
*::::::
Gonystylaceae
*::::::
Tiliaceae
Tiliaceae () is a family of flowering plants. It is not a part of the APG, APG II and APG III classifications, being sunk in Malvaceae mostly as the subfamilies Tilioideae, Brownlowioideae and Grewioideae, but has an extensive historical re ...
*::::::
Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family contains approximately 615 species of trees and shrubs in 12 genera."Elaeocarpaceae" In: Klaus Kubitzki (ed.). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' vol. VI. Springer-Verlag: Ber ...
*::::::
Balanopaceae as ''Balanopsidaceae''
ic*::::::
Ulmaceae
The Ulmaceae () are a family (biology), family of flowering plants that includes the elms (genus ''Ulmus''), and the zelkovas (genus ''Zelkova''). Members of the family are widely distributed throughout the Temperate, north temperate zone, and ha ...
*::::::
Moraceae
Moraceae is a family of flowering plants comprising about 48 genera and over 1100 species, and is commonly known as the mulberry or fig family. Most are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less so in temperate climates; however, their ...
*::::::
Urticaceae
The Urticaceae are a family, the nettle family, of flowering plants. The family name comes from the genus ''Urtica''. The Urticaceae include a number of well-known and useful plants, including nettles in the genus ''Urtica'', ramie (''Boehmeria ...
*:::::ordo
Sarraceniales
*::::::
Sarraceniaceae
*::::::
Nepenthaceae
*:::::ordo
Geraniales
Geraniales is a small order (biology), order of flowering plants, included within the rosid subclade of eudicots. The largest family (biology), family in the order is Geraniaceae with over 800 species. In addition, the order includes the smaller ...
*::::::
Geraniaceae
Geraniaceae is a family of flowering plants placed in the order Geraniales. The family name is derived from the genus '' Geranium''. The family includes both the genus '' Geranium'' (the cranesbills, or true geraniums) and the garden plants call ...
*::::::
Oxalidaceae
The Oxalidaceae, or wood sorrel family, are a small family of five genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs and small trees, with the great majority of the 570 species in the genus ''Oxalis'' (wood sorrels). Members of this family typically have divid ...
*::::::
Tropaeolaceae
*::::::
Balsaminaceae
The Balsaminaceae (commonly known as the balsam family) are a family of dicotyledonous plants, comprising two genera: ''Impatiens'', which consists of over 1000 species, and '' Hydrocera'', consisting of 1 species. The flowering plants may be an ...
*::::::
Limnanthaceae
*::::::
Linaceae
Linaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family is cosmopolitan, and includes about 250 species in 14 genera, classified into two subfamilies: the Linoideae and Hugonioideae.
Description
The leaves of the Linaceae are always simple; arran ...
*::::::
Humiriaceae
*::::::
Rutaceae
The Rutaceae () is a family (biology), family, commonly known as the rue[RUTACEAE](_blank)
in Bo ...
*::::::
Simaroubaceae
The Simaroubaceae, also known as the quassia family, are a small, mostly tropical, family in the order Sapindales. In recent decades, it has been subject to much taxonomic debate, with several small families being split off. A molecular phyloge ...
as ''Simarubaceae''
ic*::::::
Burseraceae
The Burseraceae are a moderate-sized family of 17-19 genera and about 540 species of woody flowering plants. The actual numbers given in taxonomic sources differ according to taxonomic revision at the time of writing. The Burseraceae are also ...
*::::::
Meliaceae
Meliaceae, the mahogany family, is a flowering plant family of mostly trees and shrubs (and a few herbaceous plants, mangroves) in the order Sapindales.
They are characterised by alternate, usually pinnate leaves without stipules, and by syncarp ...
*::::::
Malpighiaceae
Malpighiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales. It comprises about 73 genera and 1315 species, all of which are native to the tropics and subtropics. About 80% of the genera and 90% of the species occur in the New World ( ...
*::::::
Trigoniaceae
*::::::
Vochysiaceae
Vochysiaceae is a plant family belonging to the order Myrtales.
Description
Trees or shrubs with opposite leaves; flowers are zygomorph 1-(3)-5 merous; ovary inferior or superior; one fertile stamen; fruits samara or capsules.
Biogeography
...
*::::::
Polygalaceae
*::::::
Tremandraceae
*::::::
Dichapetalaceae
*::::::
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae (), the spurge family, is a large family of flowering plants. In English, they are also commonly called euphorbias, which is also the name of Euphorbia, the type genus of the family. Most spurges, such as ''Euphorbia paralias'', ar ...
*::::::
Callitrichaceae
*:::::ordo
Guttiferales
*::::::
Theaceae
Theaceae (), the tea family, is a family of flowering plants comprising shrubs and trees, including the economically important tea plant, and the ornamental camellias. It can be described as having from seven to 40 genera, depending on the sour ...
*::::::
Cistaceae
The Cistaceae are a small family of plants (rock-rose or rock rose family) known for their beautiful shrubs, which are profusely covered by flowers at the time of blossom. This family consists of about 170(-200) species in eight genera that are ...
*::::::
Guttiferae as ''Guttiferaceae''
ic*::::::
Eucryphiaceae
*::::::
Ochnaceae
Ochnaceae is a Family (biology), family of flowering plants in the Order (biology), order Malpighiales.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Can ...
*::::::
Dipterocarpaceae
Dipterocarpaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants with 22 genera and about 695 known species of mainly lowland tropical forest trees. Their distribution is pantropical, from northern South America to Africa, the Seychelles, India ...
*::::::
Caryocaraceae
*::::::
Quiinaceae
*::::::
Marcgraviaceae
The Marcgraviaceae are a neotropical angiosperm family in the order Ericales. The members of the family are shrubs, woody epiphytes, and lianas, with alternate, pinnately nerved leaves. The flowers are arranged in racemes. The flowers are accom ...
*::::::
Flacourtiaceae
The Flacourtiaceae is a defunct family of flowering plants whose former members have been scattered to various families, mostly to the Achariaceae and Salicaceae. It was so vaguely defined that hardly anything seemed out of place there and it bec ...
*::::::
Bixaceae
The Bixaceae are a family of dicotyledonous plants commonly called the achiote family. Under the Cronquist system, the family was traditionally placed in the order Violales. However, newer arrangements move it, with some other families previousl ...
*::::::
Cochlospermaceae
*::::::
Violaceae
Violaceae is a family of flowering plants established in 1802, consisting of about 1000 species in about 25 genera. It takes its name from the genus '' Viola'', the violets and pansies.
Older classifications such as the Cronquist system plac ...
*::::::
Malesherbiaceae
*::::::
Turneraceae
*::::::
Passifloraceae
*::::::
Achariaceae
Achariaceae is a family of flowering plants consisting of 31 genera and about 155 species of tropical herbs, shrubs, and trees. The APG IV system has greatly expanded the scope of the family by including many genera previously classified in Flac ...
*::::::
Caricaceae
*::::::
Stachyuraceae
*::::::
Koeberliniaceae
*:::::ordo
Rhoeadales
*::::::
Papaveraceae
The Papaveraceae, informally known as the poppy family, are an economically important family (biology), family of about 42 genera and approximately 775 known species of flowering plants in the order Ranunculales. The family is cosmopolitan dis ...
*::::::
Tovariaceae
''Tovaria'' is a genus of herbs native to Jamaica and South America. There are two species, ''Tovaria pendula'' and ''Tovaria diffusa''. The genus is the only one in the family Tovariaceae.
References
* http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/A ...
*::::::
Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaeaceae () is a family of flowering plants, commonly called water lilies. They live as rhizomatous aquatic herbs in temperate climate, temperate and tropical climates around the world. The family contains five genera with about 70 know ...
*::::::
Moringaceae
*::::::
Resedaceae
*::::::
Capparaceae
The Capparaceae (or Capparidaceae), commonly known as the caper family, are a family of plants in the order Brassicales. As currently circumscribed, the family contains 15 genera and about 430 species. The largest genera are ''Capparis'' (about 1 ...
as ''Capparidaceae''
ic*::::::
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae () or (the older but equally valid) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important Family (biology), family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous pla ...
*:::::ordo
Caryophyllales
Caryophyllales ( ) is a diverse and heterogeneous order of flowering plants with well-known members including cacti, carnations, beets, quinoa, spinach, amaranths, pigfaces and ice plants, oraches and saltbushes, goosefoots, sundews, Venu ...
*::::::
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae, commonly called the pink family or carnation family, is a family (biology), family of flowering plants. It is included in the dicotyledon order Caryophyllales in the APG III system, alongside 33 other families, including Amaranth ...
*::::::
Elatinaceae
*::::::
Portulacaceae
*::::::
Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae (), or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1,800 species. Several genera are commonly known as 'ice plants' or 'carpet weeds'. The Aizoaceae are also referred to a ...
*::::::
Frankeniaceae
*::::::
Tamaricaceae
*::::::
Salicaceae
The Salicaceae are the willow family of flowering plants. The traditional family (Salicaceae ''sensu stricto'') includes the willows, poplars. Genetic studies summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) have greatly expanded the circumsc ...
*::::::
Podostemaceae
Podostemaceae (riverweed family), a family in the order Malpighiales, comprise about 50 genera and species of more or less thalloid aquatic herbs.
Distribution and habitat
They are found mostly in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide ...
as ''Podostemonaceae''
ic*::::::
Hydrostachyaceae as ''Hydrostachydaceae''
ic*::::::
Phytolaccaceae
Phytolaccaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants. Though almost universally recognized by Taxonomy (biology), taxonomists, its circumscription has varied. It is also known as the Pokeweed family.
The APG II system, of 2003 (unch ...
*::::::
Basellaceae
Basellaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants in the order Caryophyllales, in the clade core eudicots, according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. The family comprises 19 known species of herbaceous plants in four genera:
* ''An ...
*::::::
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae ( ) is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus '' Amaranthus''. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, maki ...
*::::::
Chenopodiaceae
Amaranthaceae ( ) is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type (biology), type genus ''Amaranthus''. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 ...
*::::::
Polygonaceae
The Polygonaceae are a Family (biology), family of flowering plants known Common name, informally as the knotweed family or smartweed—buckwheat family in the United States. The Botanical name, name is Basionym, based on the genus ''Polygonum'', ...
*::::::
Nyctaginaceae
*::::::
Cynocrambaceae syn.:
Theligonaceae
*::::::
Bataceae as ''Batidaceae''
ic*::::2 superordo ''Sympetalae-Polycarpellatae''
*:::::ordo
Ebenales
*::::::
Sapotaceae
240px, '' Madhuca longifolia'' var. ''latifolia'' in Narsapur, Medak district, India
The Sapotaceae are a family of flowering plants belonging to the order (biology)">order Ericales">family (biology)">family of flowering plants belonging to th ...
*::::::
Ebenaceae
*::::::
Symplocaceae
Symplocaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Ericales
The Ericales are a large and diverse order of flowering plants in the asterid group of the eudicots. Well-known and economically important members of this order include tea ...
*::::::
Styracaceae
The Styracaceae are a small family of flowering plants in the order Ericales, containing 12 genera and about 160 species of trees and shrubs. The family occurs in warm temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
The family is ...
*::::::
Fouquieriaceae
*:::::ordo
Ericales
The Ericales are a large and diverse order of flowering plants in the asterid group of the eudicots. Well-known and economically important members of this order include tea and ornamental camellias, persimmon, ebony, blueberry, cranberry, l ...
*::::::
Clethraceae
The Clethraceae are a small family of flowering plants in the order Ericales, composed of two genera, '' Clethra'' and '' Purdiaea'', with approximately 75 species. They are native to warm temperate to tropical regions of Asia and the Americas, w ...
*::::::
Ericaceae
The Ericaceae () are a Family (biology), family of flowering plants, commonly known as the heath or heather family, found most commonly in acidic and infertile growing conditions. The family is large, with about 4,250 known species spread acros ...
*::::::
Epacridaceae
*::::::
Diapensiaceae
Diapensiaceae is a small family of flowering plants, which includes 15 species in 6 genera. The genera include '' Berneuxia'' Decne. (1 species), '' Diapensia'' L. (5 species), '' Galax'' Sims (1 species), '' Pyxidanthera'' Michx. (2 species), '' ...
*:::::: Pyrolaceae
*:::::: Lennoaceae
*:::::ordo Primulales
*:::::: Primulaceae
*:::::: Plantaginaceae
*:::::: Plumbaginaceae
*:::::: Myrsinaceae
*:::::: Theophrastaceae
*::::3 superordo ''Sympetalae-Dicarpellatae''
*:::::ordo Gentianales
*:::::: Oleaceae
*:::::: Salvadoraceae
*:::::: Loganiaceae
*:::::: Gentianaceae
*:::::: Apocynaceae
*:::::: Asclepiadaceae
*:::::ordo Polemoniales
*:::::: Polemoniaceae
*:::::: Convolvulaceae
*:::::: Hydrophyllaceae
*:::::: Boraginaceae as ''Borraginaceae''
*:::::: Nolanaceae
*:::::: Solanaceae
*:::::ordo Scrophulariales
*:::2 subclassis ''Cotyloideae''
*::::1 superordo ''Apopetalae''
*::::: ordo Rosales
*:::::: Rosaceae
*:::::: Pomaceae, Malaceae
*:::::: Prunaceae
*:::::: Crossosomataceae
*:::::: Connaraceae
*:::::: Mimosaceae
*:::::: Cassiaceae
*:::::: Fabaceae
*:::::: Saxifragaceae
*:::::: Hydrangeaceae
*:::::: Grossulariaceae
*:::::: Crassulaceae
*:::::: Droseraceae
*:::::: Cephalotaceae
*:::::: Pittosporaceae
*:::::: Brunelliaceae
*:::::: Cunoniaceae
*:::::: Myrothamnaceae
*:::::: Bruniaceae
*:::::: Hamamelidaceae
*:::::: Casuarinaceae
*:::::: Eucommiaceae
*:::::: Platanaceae
*::::: ordo Myrtales
*:::::: Lythraceae
*:::::: Sonneratiaceae
*:::::: Punicaceae
*:::::: Lecythidaceae
*:::::: Melastomataceae
*:::::: Myrtaceae
*:::::: Combretaceae
*:::::: Rhizophoraceae
*:::::: Oenotheraceae
*:::::: Halorrhagidaceae
*:::::: Hippuridaceae
*:::::: Cynomoriaceae
*:::::: Aristolochiaceae
*:::::: Rafflesiaceae
*:::::: Hydnoraceae
*::::: ordo Loasales
*:::::: Loasaceae
*:::::: Cucurbitaceae
*:::::: Begoniaceae
*:::::: Datiscaceae
*:::::: Ancistrocladaceae
*::::: ordo Cactales
*:::::: Cactaceae
*::::: ordo Celastrales
*:::::: Rhamnaceae
*:::::: Vitaceae
*:::::: Celastraceae
*:::::: Buxaceae
*:::::: Aquifoliaceae
*:::::: Cyrillaceae
*:::::: Pentaphylacaceae
*:::::: Corynocarpaceae
*:::::: Hippocrateaceae
*:::::: Stackhousiaceae
*:::::: Staphyleaceae
*:::::: Geissolomataceae
*:::::: Penaeaceae
*:::::: Oliniaceae
*:::::: Thymelaeaceae
*:::::: Hernandiaceae
*:::::: Elaeagnaceae
*:::::: Myzodendraceae
*:::::: Santalaceae
*:::::: Opiliaceae
*:::::: Grubbiaceae
*:::::: Olacaceae
*:::::: Loranthaceae
*:::::: Balanophoraceae
*::::: ordo Sapindales
*:::::: Sapindaceae
*:::::: Hippocastanaceae
*:::::: Aceraceae
*:::::: Sabiaceae
*:::::: Icacinaceae
*:::::: Melianthaceae
*:::::: Empetraceae
*:::::: Coriariaceae
*:::::: Anacardiaceae
*:::::: Juglandaceae
*:::::: Betulaceae
*:::::: Fagaceae
*:::::: Myricaceae
*:::::: Julianaceae
*:::::: Proteaceae
*::::: ordo Apiales as ''Umbellales''
*:::::: Araliaceae
*:::::: Apiaceae
*:::::: Cornaceae
*::::2 superordo ''Sympetalae''
*::::: ordo Rubiales (plant), Rubiales
*:::::: Rubiaceae
*:::::: Caprifoliaceae
*:::::: Adoxaceae
*:::::: Valerianaceae
*:::::: Dipsacaceae
*::::: ordo Campanulales
*:::::: Campanulaceae
*:::::: Goodeniaceae
*:::::: Stylidiaceae
*:::::: Calyceraceae
*::::: ordo Asterales
*:::::: Helianthaceae
*:::::: Ambrosiaceae
*:::::: Heleniaceae
*:::::: Arctotidaceae
*:::::: Calendulaceae
*:::::: Inulaceae
*:::::: Asteraceae
*:::::: Vernoniaceae
*:::::: Eupatoriaceae
*:::::: Anthemidaceae
*:::::: Senecionidaceae
*:::::: Carduaceae
*:::::: Mutisiaceae
*:::::: Lactucaceae
References
Bibliography
* (also at )
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{{List of systems of plant taxonomy
Systems of plant taxonomy, system, Bessey