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Ostróda Dialect
The Ostróda dialect () belongs to the Masovian dialect group, but is sometimes considered part of the new mixed dialects, and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Lubawa dialect to the west, the Masurian dialects to the south, the Warmia dialect to the east, and the new mixed dialects to the north. Phonology Typical of Masovian dialects, devoicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here, including before clitics. Atypical of Masovian dialects but typical of Greater Polish dialects is the absence of masuration. Sporadic masuration can be found amongst some speakers as a result of Masurian influence: pietruska (pietruszka). More common here instead is jabłonkowanie: cziapka (czapka), ciasam (czasem), with much variation, especially for cz, sz. However, most common is a realization that of Standard Polish. Similarly, ś, ź, ć, and dź can be realized in many ways. Most often, they are realized as in Standard Polish: siano (siano). They ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukraine to the east, Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south, and Germany to the west. The territory has a varied landscape, diverse ecosystems, and a temperate climate. Poland is composed of Voivodeships of Poland, sixteen voivodeships and is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union (EU), with over 38 million people, and the List of European countries by area, fifth largest EU country by area, covering . The capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city is Warsaw; other major cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Łódź, Poznań, and Gdańsk. Prehistory and protohistory of Poland, Prehistoric human activity on Polish soil dates to the Lower Paleolithic, with continuous settlement since the end of the Last Gla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Balto-Slavic Languages
The Balto-Slavic languages form a branch of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European family of languages, traditionally comprising the Baltic languages, Baltic and Slavic languages. Baltic and Slavic languages share several linguistic traits not found in any other Indo-European branch, which points to a period of common development and origin. A Proto-Balto-Slavic language is reconstructable by the comparative method, descending from Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Indo-European by means of well-defined Sound change, sound laws, and from which modern Slavic and Baltic languages descended. One particularly innovative dialect separated from the Balto-Slavic dialect continuum and became ancestral to the Proto-Slavic language, from which all Slavic languages descended. While the notion of a Balto-Slavic unity was previously contested largely due to political controversies, there is now a general consensus among academic specialists in Indo-European linguistics that Baltic an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slavic Languages
The Slavic languages, also known as the Slavonic languages, are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavs, Slavic peoples and their descendants. They are thought to descend from a proto-language called Proto-Slavic language, Proto-Slavic, spoken during the Early Middle Ages, which in turn is thought to have descended from the earlier Proto-Balto-Slavic language, linking the Slavic languages to the Baltic languages in a Balto-Slavic languages, Balto-Slavic group within the Indo-European family. The current geographical distribution of natively spoken Slavic languages includes the Balkans, Central and Eastern Europe, and all the way from Western Siberia to the Russian Far East. Furthermore, the diasporas of many Slavic peoples have established isolated minorities of speakers of their languages all over the world. The number of speakers of all Slavic languages together was estimated to be 315 million at the turn of the twenty-first century. It is the largest and most d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
West Slavic Languages
The West Slavic languages are a subdivision of the Slavic language group. They include Polish, Czech, Slovak, Kashubian, Silesian, Upper Sorbian and Lower Sorbian. The languages have traditionally been spoken across a mostly continuous region encompassing the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, the westernmost regions of Ukraine and Belarus, and a bit of eastern Lithuania. In addition, there are several language islands such as the Sorbian areas in Lusatia in Germany, and Slovak areas in Hungary and elsewhere. Classification West Slavic is usually divided into three subgroups— Czech–Slovak, Lechitic and Sorbian—based on similarity and degree of mutual intelligibility. The groupings are as follows: The Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology classifies the West Slavic languages within their Glottolog database as follows: Some linguists include Upper and Lower Sorbian in the Lechitic branch, but other linguists regard it as a separate branch. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lechitic Languages
The Lechitic (or Lekhitic) languages are a language group, language subgroup consisting of Polish language, Polish and several other languages and dialects that were once spoken in the area that is now Poland and eastern Germany. It is one of the branches of the larger West Slavic languages, West Slavic subgroup; the other branches of this subgroup are the Czech–Slovak languages and the Sorbian languages. Languages The Lechitic languages are: * Polish language, Polish, used by approximately 38 million native speakers in Poland and several million elsewhere. Polish is considered to have several Dialects of Polish, dialects, including Greater Poland dialect, Greater Polish, Lesser Poland dialect, Lesser Polish, and Masovian dialect, Masovian, among others; ** Silesian language, Silesian, used today by over 530,000 people (2011 census) in Polish Silesia and by some more in Czech Silesia. The different varieties of Silesian are often considered to be dialects of Polish langua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish Language
Polish (, , or simply , ) is a West Slavic languages, West Slavic language of the Lechitic languages, Lechitic subgroup, within the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family, and is written in the Latin script. It is primarily spoken in Poland and serves as the official language of the country, as well as the language of the Polish diaspora around the world. In 2024, there were over 39.7 million Polish native speakers. It ranks as the sixth-most-spoken among languages of the European Union. Polish is subdivided into regional Dialects of Polish, dialects. It maintains strict T–V distinction pronouns, Honorifics (linguistics), honorifics, and various forms of formalities when addressing individuals. The traditional 32-letter Polish alphabet has nine additions (, , , , , , , , ) to the letters of the basic 26-letter Latin alphabet, while removing three (x, q, v). Those three letters are at times included in an extended 35-letter alphabet. The traditional set compri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Masovian Dialect Group
The Masovian dialect group (), also Mazovian, is a dialect group of the Polish language spoken in Mazovia and historically related regions, in northeastern Poland. It is the most distinct of the Polish dialects and the most expansive. Mazovian dialects may exhibit such features as mazurzenie, sandhi (intervocalic voicing of obstruents on word boundaries), and asynchronous palatal pronunciation of labial consonants (so-called softening). Characteristics include: * Depalatalization of velars before and palatalization of velars before historical ; e.g. standard Polish ''rękę'', ''nogę'' ('arm', 'leg', in the accusative case) is rendered , respectively instead of , ; * sequences realized instead of ; * merger of the retroflex series sz, ż, cz, dż into the alveolar s, z, c, dz; * > before certain consonants; * the Old Polish dual number marker -''wa'' continues to be attached to verbs; * Standard Polish and merged with and respectively, in most situations; * certain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Mixed Dialects
The new mixed dialects () is a group of koiné dialects of Polish language, formed in the process of dialect levelling, that are nearly identical to the literary form of Standard Polish. They are present in Western and Northern Poland, mostly within the borders of voivodeships of West Pomerania, Lubusz, Lower Silesia, Pomerania, and the northern part of Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, within the area historically described as Western Borderlands, but is also present in other areas. History The dialects were formed after 1945, when, in the aftermath of World War II, the German-speaking population of the area later described as the Western Borderlands of Poland were displaced and replaced with a Polish-speaking one. Due to the differences in various dialects of newly introduced population, the locally spoken language underwent the process of dialect levelling, becoming nearly indistinguishable from the literary form of the Standard Polish. The area that underwent that proces ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lubawa Dialect
The Lubawa dialect () belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Ostróda dialect to the northeast, the Masurian dialects to the east, the Greater Polish Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the south and west, and the new mixed dialects to the north. Lubawska is part of the so-called “new mixed dialects” and is the result of Greater Polish and Masovian colonization. Due to its position, Lubawska has features characteristic of Masovian, Kashubian, Greater Polish, and more specifically Kocievian dialects, with some influence from German. Other dialects also belonging to the new mixed dialect group are Ostróda, Malborg, Warmia, as well as Kociewie. Due this diversity, Lubawska has sometimes been classified as Greater Polish and sometimes as Masovian, or also often as a transitional dialect. However, more Masovian traits are present here. The state of the dialect is relatively strong, and many traits are retained, as opposed to influence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Masurian Dialects
The Masurian ethnolect (Masurian: ''mazurská gádkä''; ; ), according to some linguists, is a dialect group of the Polish language; others consider Masurian to be a separate language, spoken by the Masurian people in northeastern Poland. The dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland as well as parts of Siberia. It borders the Lubawa dialect to the far southwest, the Ostróda dialect and Warmia dialect to the west, the new mixed dialects to the north, the Suwałki dialect to the east, marginally the Podlachia dialect to the far east, and the Kurpie dialect and Far Mazovian dialect to the south. History From the 14th century, some settlers from Masovia started to settle in southern Prussia, which had been devastated by the crusades of the Teutonic Knights against the native Old Prussians. According to other sources, people from Masovia did not move to southern Prussia until the time of the Protestant Reformation, Prussia havin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Warmia Dialect
The Warmian dialect (Warmian: ''warnijsko godka''; ) is a dialect of the Polish language, present in the historical region of Warmia, in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland. It is spoken by Warmians. It is commonly regarded as a part of the Masovian dialect group, and sometimes alternatively as a part of Greater Poland dialect group. It borders the Ostróda dialect to the west, the Masurian dialects to the south, and the new mixed dialects to the east and north. It developed in the 14th century, after Polish speakers who settled in the area. It formed from various dialects of the settlers and was shaped by the literary version of Polish language used in religious literature. Since the 19th century, the subdialect began adopting loanwords from German, due to the Germanisation of the area. Phonology Typical of Masovian dialects, devoicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here. Atypical of Masovian dialects is the absence of mazuration. Sporadic masur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Masuration
Mazurzenie () or mazuration is the replacement or merger (phonology), merger of Polish language, Polish's series of postalveolar consonant, postalveolar fricative consonant, fricatives and affricate consonant, affricates (Polish alphabet, written ) into the dentialveolar consonant, dentialveolar series (written ). This merger is present in many dialects, but is named for the Masovian dialect.Stanislaw Gogolewski, "Dialectology in Poland, 1873-1997", In: ''Towards a History of Linguistics in Poland'', by E. F. K. Koerner, A. J. Szwedek (eds.) (2001) p. 128/ref> This Phonology, phonological feature is observed in dialects of Masuria and Masovia (Masovian dialect), as well as in most of Lesser Poland and parts of Silesia. There are also some peripheral mazurating language island, islands in Greater Poland. The boundary of runs from north-east to south-west. It may have originated between the 14th and 16th centuries in the Masovian dialect. The feature is linked to the process of d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
