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Malmographina
''Malmographina'' is a fungal genus in the family Graphidaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ''Malmographina plicosa'', a script lichen found in South America. Genus ''Malmographina'' is characterised by its smooth, olive-green thallus, to prominent (fruiting bodies) with orange to cinnabar-red pigment, a clear hymenium, and hyaline, non-amyloid ascospores. Taxonomy The genus ''Malmographina'', with its single species ''Malmographina plicosa'', was circumscribed to address phylogenetic discrepancies in the family Graphidaceae. Historically, genera within Graphidaceae with ascomata were classified based on spore pigmentation and septation (internal partitioning), as well as the organisation of the ascomata. This resulted in the recognition of eight genera, including '' Graphis'', ''Phaeographis'', ''Graphina'', '' Phaeographina'', '' Glyphis'', '' Medusulina'', ''Sarcographa'', and '' Sarcographina''. However, this classification was highly artifici ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Graphidaceae
The Graphidaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Graphidales. The family contains nearly a hundred genera and more than 2000 species. Although the family has a cosmopolitan distribution, most Graphidaceae species occur in tropical regions, and typically grow on bark. Taxonomy Graphidaceae was originally proposed by French botanist Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier in 1822 (as "Graphineae"). '' Graphis'', '' Opegrapha'', and '' Arthonia'' were included in the new family. In 2002, the German lichenologist Bettina Staiger revised the Graphidaceae in a monograph, proposing a new classification of genera that was widely accepted until molecular phylogenetic studies led to a further reorganization of the family. Two subfamilies are recognized in the Graphidaceae: *Fissurinoideae *Graphidoideae Subfamily Redonographoideae, proposed by Lücking and colleagues in 2013, has since been promoted to familial status (as the monogeneric family Redonographaceae). Sy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Lücking
Robert Lücking (born 1964) is a German lichenologist, known for his extensive research on foliicolous lichens (lichens that live on leaves) and his significant contributions to the taxonomy, ecology, and biodiversity of fungi and lichens. He earned his master's and PhD from the University of Ulm, focusing on foliicolous lichens. He has received numerous awards for his work, including the Mason E. Hale Award for his doctoral thesis, the Augustin Pyramus de Candolle prize for his monograph, and the Tuckerman Award twice for his publications in the scientific journal '' The Bryologist''. Since 2015, Lücking has been serving as the curator of lichens, fungi, and bryophytes at the Berlin Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum, overseeing a vast scientific collection and contributing to major advancements in molecular phylogenetics in lichenology. Lücking has authored or co-authored the description of more than 1000 taxa, making him one of the most prolific modern lichenologists. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Graphina
''Graphina'' is a genus of script lichens in the family Graphidaceae. It has about 25 species. The genus was circumscribed in 1880 by Swiss lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis. Müller Argoviensis did not indicate a type species for the genus in his original publication; David Hawksworth proposed to designate ''Graphina anguina'' as a lectotype in 1981. Species *''Graphina anguina'' *'' Graphina austenensis'' *'' Graphina castanocarpa'' *''Graphina colliculosa'' *'' Graphina conferta'' *'' Graphina dimidiata'' *'' Graphina fissofurcata'' *''Graphina glaucoderma'' *''Graphina gracilescens'' *''Graphina hiascens'' *''Graphina insignis'' *''Graphina laevigata'' *''Graphina marcescens'' *''Graphina palmicola'' *''Graphina pauciloculata'' *''Graphina platycarpa'' *''Graphina polyclades ''Graphina'' is a genus of script lichens in the family Graphidaceae. It has about 25 species. The genus was circumscribed in 1880 by Swiss lichenologist Johannes Müller Ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxon
In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; : taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is very common, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to a taxon and the criteria used for inclusion, especially in the context of rank-based (" Linnaean") nomenclature (much less so under phylogenetic nomenclature). If a taxon is given a formal scientific name, its use is then governed by one of the nomenclature codes specifying which scientific name is correct for a particular grouping. Initial attempts at classifying and ordering organisms (plants and animals) were presumably set forth in prehistoric times by hunter-gatherers, as suggested by the fairly sophisticated folk taxonomies. Much later, Aristotle, and later st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clade
In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach to taxonomy adopted by most biological fields. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or Extant taxon, extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed ''monophyletic'' (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming Taxon, taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not Monophyly, monophyletic. Some of the relationships between organisms that the molecul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hemithecium
''Hemithecium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-Léon in 1853. Species , Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life The Catalogue of Life (CoL) is an online database that provides an index of known species of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It was created in 2001 as a partnership between the global Species 2000 and the American Integrated Taxono ...) accepts 22 species of ''Hemithecium''. *'' Hemithecium alboglaucum'' *'' Hemithecium amboliense'' *'' Hemithecium andamanicum'' *'' Hemithecium argopholis'' *'' Hemithecium canlaonense'' *'' Hemithecium duomurisporum'' *'' Hemithecium endofuscum'' *'' Hemithecium flavoalbum'' *'' Hemithecium flexile'' *'' Hemithecium fulvescens'' *'' Hemithecium himalayanum'' *'' Hemithecium kodayarense'' *'' Hemithecium lamii'' *'' Hemithecium nagalandicum'' *'' Hemithecium nakanishianum'' *'' Hemithecium oshio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lineage (evolution)
An evolutionary lineage is a temporal series of populations, organisms, cells, or genes connected by a continuous line of descent from ancestor to descendant. Lineages are subsets of the evolutionary tree of life. Lineages are often determined by the techniques of molecular systematics. Phylogenetic representation of lineages upright=1.4, A rooted tree of life into three ancient monophyletic lineages: archaea.html" ;"title="bacteria, archaea">bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes based on rRNA genes Lineages are typically visualized as subsets of a phylogenetic tree. A lineage is a single line of descent or linear chain within the tree, while a clade is a (usually branched) monophyletic group, containing a single ancestor and all its descendants. Phylogenetic trees are typically created from DNA, RNA or protein sequence data. Apart from this, morphological differences and similarities have been, and still are used to create phylogenetic trees. Sequences from different individua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies, which are explained as a result of convergent evolution. The arrangement of the members of a polyphyletic group is called a polyphyly .. [Source for pronunciation.] It is contrasted with monophyly and paraphyly. For example, the biological characteristic of warm-bloodedness evolved separately in the ancestors of mammals and the ancestors of birds; "warm-blooded animals" is therefore a polyphyletic grouping. Other examples of polyphyletic groups are algae, C4 photosynthesis, C4 photosynthetic plants, and Xenarthra#Evolutionary relationships, edentates. Many taxonomists aim to avoid homoplasies in grouping taxa together, with a goal to identify and eliminate groups that are found to be polyphyletic. This is often the stimulus for major re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molecular Phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetics, phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morphology (biology)
Morphology (from Ancient Greek μορφή (morphḗ) "form", and λόγος (lógos) "word, study, research") is the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features. This includes aspects of the outward appearance (shape, structure, color, pattern, size), as well as the form and structure of internal parts like bones and organs, i.e., anatomy. This is in contrast to physiology, which deals primarily with function. Morphology is a branch of life science dealing with the study of the overall structure of an organism or taxon and its component parts. History The etymology of the word "morphology" is from the Ancient Greek (), meaning "form", and (), meaning "word, study, research". While the concept of form in biology, opposed to function, dates back to Aristotle (see Aristotle's biology), the field of morphology was developed by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1790) and independently by the German anatomist and physiologist Karl Fried ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bettina Staiger
Bettina Staiger (born 1968) is a German lichenologist known for her systematic studies of tropical lichen families, particularly the Graphidaceae. Born in Stuttgart, she completed her doctoral research at the University of Regensburg under Klaus Kalb's supervision, defending her dissertation on Graphidaceae taxonomy in 2002. Her research combines traditional morphological methods with chemotaxonomy and molecular phylogenetics, producing influential monographs on several lichen genera including '' Haematomma'', ''Diorygma'', and '' Ramboldia''. She received the prestigious de Candolle Prize in 2004 for her contributions to botanical research. Early life and education Staiger was born in Stuttgart and read natural sciences and biology at the University of Regensburg between 1988 and 1995, a period in which she encountered the tropical lichen specialist Klaus Kalb. She undertook doctoral research under Kalb's supervision on the taxonomically unruly family Graphidaceae and def ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sarcographina
''Sarcographina'' is a genus of script lichens in the family Graphidaceae. It comprises six species. Established in 1887 by the Swiss lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis, these bark-dwelling lichens are distinguished by their star-burst colonies of short, curved fruiting structures with jet-black borders and ascospores that stain violet when treated with iodine. Found in humid tropical and warm temperate forests worldwide, they serve as indicators of undisturbed woodland habitats due to their sensitivity to canopy opening and drought. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by the Swiss lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1887, with '' Sarcographina cyclospora'' assigned as the type species. In his original description, Müller characterised ''Sarcographina'' by its crustaceous thallus and chrome-coloured , with densely aggregated in spot-like that are immersed in the thallus surface. He distinguished the genus from ''Sarcographa'' by noting that the lirellae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
