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MALM (drug)
MALM, also known as 4-allyloxy-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine, is a serotonin receptor modulator of the substituted phenethylamine, phenethylamine, substituted amphetamine, amphetamine, and DOx families. It is a chemical derivative, derivative of the DOx psychedelic drug, psychedelics TMA-2 (drug), TMA-2 and MEM (drug), MEM in which the 4-position chemical substituent, substituent has been extended. The drug is also the α-methyl group, methyl or amphetamine structural analog, analogue of 2C-O-16. Use and effects The properties and effects of MALM in humans do not appear to be known. Pharmacology MALM acts as a potency (pharmacology), potent agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor, 5-HT2 receptors. Its affinity (pharmacology), affinities (Ki) were 150nM for the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, 5-HT2A receptor and 900nM for the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor, 5-HT2C receptor, whereas its receptor activation, activational potency (pharmacology), potencies ( ()) were 2.9nM (89%) at the serotonin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serotonin
Serotonin (), also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter with a wide range of functions in both the central nervous system (CNS) and also peripheral tissues. It is involved in mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction. In the CNS, serotonin regulates mood, appetite, and sleep. Most of the body's serotonin—about 90%—is synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract by enterochromaffin cells, where it regulates intestinal movements. It is also produced in smaller amounts in the brainstem's raphe nuclei, the skin's Merkel cells, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, and taste receptor cells of the tongue. Once secreted, serotonin is taken up by platelets in the blood, which release it during clotting to promote vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation. Around 8% of the body's serotonin is stored in platelets, and 1–2% is found in the CNS. Serotonin acts as both a vasoconstrictor and vas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
5-HT2A Receptor
The 5-HT2A receptor is a subtype of the 5-HT2 receptor, 5-HT2 receptor that belongs to the serotonin receptor family and functions as a GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). It is a cell surface receptor that activates multiple intracellular signalling cascades. Like all 5-HT2 receptors, the 5-HT2A receptor is coupled to the Gq protein, Gq/G11 signaling pathway. It is the primary excitatory receptor subtype among the serotonin-responsive GPCRs. The 5-HT2A receptor was initially noted for its central role as the primary target of serotonergic psychedelic drugs such as LSD and psilocybin mushrooms. It later regained research prominence when found to mediate, at least in part, the effects of many antipsychotic drugs, particularly atypical antipsychotic, atypical antipsychotics. Downregulation of post-synaptic 5-HT2A receptors is an adaptive response triggered by chronic administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and atypical antipsychotics. Elevated 5-HT2A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allylescaline
Allylescaline (4-allyloxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It is closely related in structure to mescaline. Allylescaline was first synthesized by Otakar Leminger in 1972. The compound was later synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and further described in his book ''PiHKAL''. The dosage range is listed as 20–35 mg, and the duration 8–12 hours. Allylescaline produces an entactogenic warmth, an entheogenic effect, and a feeling of flowing energy. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of allylescaline. Legal status Sweden Allylescaline is illegal in Sweden as of January 2016. United States Allylescaline is not directly scheduled under the Controlled Substances Act. However, due to its structural similarities with mescaline, it could potentially be prosecuted under the Federal Analogue Act if sold for human consumption. See also * Substituted mescaline analogue A substituted mescali ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethoxyamphetamine
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethoxyamphetamine (MEM) is a psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and DOx families. It was first described by Alexander Shulgin by 1968. Dosage and effects In his book ''PiHKAL'', Alexander Shulgin lists the active dose range of MEM as 20 to 50mg orally and the duration as 10 to 14hours. According to Shulgin, MEM produces color enhancement, visual phenomena, and pattern movement, among other effects. Pharmacology MEM is a serotonergic psychedelic and acts as a selective serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonist. It is specifically a full agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors and to a lesser extent is a partial to full agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor. The psychedelic effects of MEM are thought to be mediated by serotonin 5-HT2A receptor activation. Chemistry MEM, also known as 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethoxyamphetamine, is a phenethylamine, amphetamine, and DOx derivative. It is the analogue and derivative of 2,4,5-trimethoxyam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DOx (psychedelics)
4-Substituted-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamines (DO''x'') is a chemical class of substituted amphetamine derivatives featuring methoxy groups at the 2- and 5- positions of the phenyl ring, and a substituent such as alkyl or halogen at the 4- position of the phenyl ring. They are 4-substituted derivatives of 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (2,5-DMA, DOH) and are structurally related to the naturally occurring phenethylamine psychedelic mescaline. The most well-known DOx drugs are DOM, DOI, DOB, DOET, and DOC. DOI is widely used in scientific research. DOM has been used as a recreational drug, while DOET was an experimental pharmaceutical drug. Most compounds of this class are potent and long-lasting psychedelic drugs, and act as selective 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptor agonists. A few bulkier derivatives such as DOAM have similarly high affinity for 5-HT2 receptors but have reduced activational efficacy and do not produce psychedelic effects. DOI has been found to have ext ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ring (chemistry)
In chemistry, a ring is an ambiguous term referring either to a simple cycle of atoms and bonds in a molecule or to a connected set of atoms and bonds in which every atom and bond is a member of a cycle (also called a ring system). A ring system that is a simple cycle is called a monocycle or simple ring, and one that is not a simple cycle is called a polycycle or polycyclic ring system. A simple ring contains the same number of sigma bonds as atoms, and a polycyclic ring system contains more sigma bonds than atoms. A molecule containing one or more rings is called a cyclic compound, and a molecule containing two or more rings (either in the same or different ring systems) is termed a polycyclic compound. A molecule containing no rings is called an acyclic or open-chain compound. Homocyclic and heterocyclic rings A homocycle or homocyclic ring is a ring in which all atoms are of the same chemical element. A heterocycle or heterocyclic ring is a ring containing atoms of at least ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benzene
Benzene is an Organic compound, organic chemical compound with the Chemical formula#Molecular formula, molecular formula C6H6. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar hexagonal Ring (chemistry), ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon. Benzene is a natural constituent of petroleum and is one of the elementary petrochemicals. Due to the cyclic continuous pi bonds between the carbon atoms, benzene is classed as an aromatic hydrocarbon. Benzene is a colorless and highly Combustibility and flammability, flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is partially responsible for the aroma of gasoline. It is used primarily as a Precursor (chemistry), precursor to the manufacture of chemicals with more complex structures, such as ethylbenzene and cumene, of which billions of kilograms are produced annually. Although benzene is a major Chemical industry, industrial che ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Matthias Liechti
Matthias Emanuel Liechti (born 27 May 1970) is a Swiss scientist and physician who studies psychedelics, entactogens, and other psychoactive drugs. He is the head of the Liechti Lab at the University of Basel in Switzerland. The lab conducts '' in-vitro'' research, animal studies, and clinical studies of psychoactive drugs. They have conducted clinical studies of drugs including LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and MDMA. The lab also characterizes novel psychoactive substances (designer drugs). Liechti is a professor of clinical pharmacology and internal medicine and an attending physician at the University of Basel. He attended and underwent training at the University of California, San Diego and the University Hospital of Zurich, among other institutions. In April 2020, the Liechti Lab entered an agreement and long-term partnership with the psychedelic pharmaceutical company MindMed such that MindMed would have exclusive rights to the lab's data, compou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daniel Trachsel
Daniel Trachsel is a Swiss people, Swiss chemist who studies psychedelic drug, psychedelics and entactogens. He has developed and published on a large number of novel psychedelic and entactogen chemical compound, compounds, including their psychoactive drug, psychoactive effects. This has been in a manner similar to that of the psychedelic chemist Alexander Shulgin, which has caused Trachsel to sometimes be referred to as the "German Shulgin". However, unlike Shulgin, Trachsel has distanced himself from any personal self-experimentation, self-experiments. According to Hamilton Morris and Nick Cozzi in mid-2023, Trachel's book ''Phenethylamine: von der Struktur zur Funktion'' (''Phenethylamines: From Structure to Function'') is in the process of being translated into English. It is being independently translated by the Alexander Shulgin Research Institute (ASRI), with tentative publication by Transform Press, and also by chemist David Carlson. Compounds Compounds that were first k ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scientific Literature
Scientific literature encompasses a vast body of academic papers that spans various disciplines within the natural and social sciences. It primarily consists of academic papers that present original empirical research and theoretical contributions. These papers serve as essential sources of knowledge and are commonly referred to simply as "the literature" within specific research fields. The process of academic publishing involves disseminating research findings to a wider audience. Researchers submit their work to reputable journals or conferences, where it undergoes rigorous evaluation by experts in the field. This evaluation, known as peer review, ensures the quality, validity, and reliability of the research before it becomes part of the scientific literature. Peer-reviewed publications contribute significantly to advancing our understanding of the world and shaping future research endeavors. Original scientific research first published in scientific journals co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monoamine Transporter
Monoamine transporters (MATs) are proteins that function as integral Cell membrane, plasma-membrane Neurotransmitter transporter, transporters to regulate concentrations of extracellular monoamine neurotransmitters. The three major classes are serotonin transporters (SERTs), dopamine transporters (DATs), and norepinephrine transporters (NETs) and are responsible for the reuptake of their associated amine neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine). MATs are located just outside the synaptic cleft (peri-synaptically), transporting monoamine transmitter overflow from the synaptic cleft back to the cytoplasm of the pre-synaptic neuron. MAT regulation generally occurs through protein phosphorylation and post-translational modification. Due to their significance in neuronal signaling, MATs are commonly associated with drugs used to Psychiatric medication, treat mental disorders as well as recreational drugs. Compounds targeting MATs range from medications such as the wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Target
A biological target is anything within a living organism to which some other entity (like an endogenous ligand or a drug) is directed and/or binds, resulting in a change in its behavior or function. Examples of common classes of biological targets are proteins and nucleic acids. The definition is context-dependent, and can refer to the biological target of a pharmacologically active drug compound, the receptor target of a hormone (like insulin), or some other target of an external stimulus. Biological targets are most commonly proteins such as enzymes, ion channels, and receptors. Mechanism The external stimulus (''i.e.'', the drug or ligand) physically binds to ("hits") the biological target. The interaction between the substance and the target may be: * noncovalent – A relatively weak interaction between the stimulus and the target where no chemical bond is formed between the two interacting partners and hence the interaction is completely reversible. * reversible c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
