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GLP1 Poly-agonist Peptides
GLP1 poly-agonist peptides are a class of drugs that activate multiple peptide hormone receptors including the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor. These drugs are developed for the same indications as GLP-1 receptor agonists—especially obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. They are expected to provide superior efficacy with fewer adverse effects compared to GLP-1 mono-agonists, which are dose-limited by gastrointestinal disturbances. The effectiveness of multi-receptor agonists could possibly equal or exceed that of bariatric surgery. The first such drug to receive approval is tirzepatide, a dual agonist of GLP-1 and GIP receptors. GLP-1 and GIP receptor dual agonists Tirzepatide, a dual agonist of GLP-1 and GIP receptors, is approved for type 2 diabetes and obesity. With an average 20 percent weight loss at a high dosage, it appears to be more effective than GLP-1 mono agonists although there have been no head to head trials as of 2023. GLP-1 and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peptide Hormone
Peptide hormones are hormones composed of peptide molecules. These hormones influence the endocrine system of animals, including humans. Most hormones are classified as either amino-acid-based hormones (amines, peptides, or proteins) or steroid hormones. Amino-acid-based hormones are water-soluble and act on target cells via second messenger systems, whereas steroid hormones, being lipid-soluble, diffuse through plasma membranes to interact directly with intracellular receptors in the cell nucleus. Like all peptides, peptide hormones are synthesized in cell (biology), cells from amino acids based on Messenger RNA, mRNA transcripts, which are derived from DNA templates inside the cell nucleus. The initial precursors, known as preprohormones, undergo processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. This includes the removal of the N-terminal signal peptide and, in some cases, glycosylation, yielding prohormones. These prohormones are then packaged into secretory vesicle (biology), vesicles, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Energy Expenditure
Energy expenditure, often estimated as the total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), is the amount of energy burned by the human body. Causes of energy expenditure Resting metabolic rate Resting metabolic rate generally composes 60 to 75 percent of TDEE. Because adipose tissue does not use much energy to maintain, fat free mass is a better predictor of metabolic rate. A taller person will typically have less fat mass than a shorter person at the same weight and therefore burn more energy. Men also carry more skeletal muscle tissue on average than women, and other sex differences in organ size account for sex differences in metabolic rate. Obese individuals burn more energy than lean individuals due to increase in the amount of calories needed to maintain adipose tissue and other organs that grow in size in response to obesity. At rest, the largest fractions of energy are burned by the skeletal muscles, brain, and liver; around 20 percent each. Increasing skeletal muscle tissue can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Insulin Icodec/semaglutide
Insulin icodec/semaglutide is an experimental fixed-dose combination of insulin icodec and semaglutide in development for type 2 diabetes by Novo Nordisk Novo Nordisk A/S is a Danish multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Bagsværd, with production facilities in nine countries and affiliates or offices in five. Novo Nordisk is controlled by majority shareholder Novo Holdings A/S .... References {{Oral hypoglycemics and insulin analogs Combination diabetes drugs GLP-1 receptor agonists Experimental diabetes drugs Peptide therapeutics Insulin analogue combinations ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cagrilintide/semaglutide
Cagrilintide/semaglutide, marketed as CagriSema, is a combination of cagrilintide, a dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist, and semaglutide, a GLP-1 agonist. It has been proposed as a follow-on to Ozempic, Mounjaro, and Wegovy in obesity and Type II diabetes treatment. History Developer Novo Nordisk concluded a US$2-billion deal with Chinese pharmaceutical company United Biotechnology to license its drug for delivery outside of China/Hong Kong/Macau/Taiwan. United Biotechnology was expected to get an initial $200 million payment followed by up to $1.8 billion and tiered royalties. Rival Eli Lilly finished its Phase III trials on its own "triple-G" drug, retatrutide, also for diabetes and obesity. Applications CagriSema is under investigation to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. Preliminary trial results found a greater weight loss compared to either semaglutide or cagrilintide alone. HbA1c was significantly improved compared to cagrilintide alone and non-significant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neuropeptide Y Receptor Y2
Neuropeptides are chemical messengers made up of small chains of amino acids that are synthesized and released by neurons. Neuropeptides typically bind to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to modulate neural activity and other tissues like the gut, muscles, and heart. Neuropeptides are synthesized from large precursor proteins which are cleaved and post-translationally processed then packaged into large dense core vesicles. Neuropeptides are often co-released with other neuropeptides and neurotransmitters in a single neuron, yielding a multitude of effects. Once released, neuropeptides can diffuse widely to affect a broad range of targets. Neuropeptides are extremely ancient and highly diverse chemical messengers. Placozoans such as ''Trichoplax'', extremely basal animals which do not possess neurons, use peptides for cell-to-cell communication in a way similar to the neuropeptides of higher animals. Examples Peptide signals play a role in information processing that is dif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neuropeptide Y Receptor Y1
Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NPY1R'' gene. Selective ligands Agonists * Neuropeptide Y (endogenous agonist, non subtype selective) * Peptide YY Peptide YY (PYY), also known as peptide tyrosine tyrosine, is a peptide that in humans is encoded by the gene. Peptide YY is a short (36-amino acid) peptide released from cells in the ileum and colon in response to feeding. In the blood, gut ... Antagonists ;Peptide * BVD-10 (selective NPY1 antagonist, CAS# 262418-00-8) * GR-231,118 (mixed NPY1 antagonist / NPY4 agonist, CAS# 158859-98-4) ;Non-peptide * BIBO-3304 (CAS# 191868-14-1) * BIBP-3226 (CAS# 159013-54-4) * PD-160,170 (CAS# 181468-88-2) Available Structures 5ZBH(Neuropeptide Y1 bound to antagonist BMS-193835) 5ZBQ(Neuropeptide Y1 bound to antagonist UR-MK299) See also * Neuropeptide Y receptor References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * * G protein-c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amylin Receptor
The amylin receptors (AMYRs) are heterodimers of the calcitonin receptor and receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs). They are bound to by amylin with high affinity and consist of AMY1, AMY2, and AMY3. Amylin mimetics that are agonists at the amylin receptors are being developed as therapies for diabetes and obesity, and one, pramlintide, has been FDA approved. The AMY1 receptor may be activated by both amylin and the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and could play a role in the effects of CGRP receptor antagonists developed for migraine. Dual agonists of the amylin and calcitonin receptors (DACRAs) are under development for obesity. Amylin and its receptors are believed to play a role in Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia. The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events. As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems wit .... Refere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dexamethasone
Dexamethasone is a fluorinated glucocorticoid medication used to treat rheumatic problems, a number of skin diseases, severe allergies, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), croup, brain swelling, eye pain following eye surgery, superior vena cava syndrome (a complication of some forms of cancer), and along with antibiotics in tuberculosis. In adrenocortical insufficiency, it may be used in combination with a mineralocorticoid medication such as fludrocortisone. In preterm labor, it may be used to improve outcomes in the baby. It may be given by mouth, as an injection into a muscle, as an injection into a vein, as a topical cream or ointment for the skin or as a topical ophthalmic solution to the eye. The effects of dexamethasone are frequently seen within a day and last for about three days. The long-term use of dexamethasone may result in thrush, bone loss, cataracts, easy bruising, or muscle weakness. It is in pregnancy category C in the United S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thyroid Hormone
File:Thyroid_system.svg, upright=1.5, The thyroid system of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine, T3 and T4 rect 376 268 820 433 Thyroid-stimulating hormone rect 411 200 849 266 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone rect 297 168 502 200 Hypothalamus rect 66 216 386 256 Anterior pituitary, Anterior pituitary gland rect 66 332 342 374 Negative feedback rect 308 436 510 475 Thyroid, Thyroid gland rect 256 539 563 635 Thyroid hormones rect 357 827 569 856 Catecholamine rect 399 716 591 750 Metabolism desc bottom-left Thyroid hormones are two hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). They are tyrosine-based hormones that are primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism. T3 and T4 are partially composed of iodine, derived from food. A deficiency of iodine leads to decreased production of T3 and T4, enlarges the thyroid, thyroid tissue and will cause the disease known as simple goitre. The major form of thyroid hormone in the blood ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Estrogen
Estrogen (also spelled oestrogen in British English; see spelling differences) is a category of sex hormone responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. There are three major endogenous estrogens that have estrogenic hormonal activity: estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). Estradiol, an estrane, is the most potent and prevalent. Another estrogen called estetrol (E4) is produced only during pregnancy. Estrogens are synthesized in all vertebrates and some insects. Quantitatively, estrogens circulate at lower levels than androgens in both men and women. While estrogen levels are significantly lower in males than in females, estrogens nevertheless have important physiological roles in males. Like all steroid hormones, estrogens readily diffuse across the cell membrane. Once inside the cell, they bind to and activate estrogen receptors (ERs) which in turn modulate the expression of many ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Retatrutide
Retatrutide (LY-3437943) is an experimental drug for obesity developed by American pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly and Company. It is a triple glucagon hormone receptor agonist (GLP-1, GIP, and GCGR receptors). It has been shown to achieve a more than 17.5% mean weight reduction in adults without diabetes but with obesity or preobesity (overweight) during a phase 2 trial. Free access subject to registration. In the trial, the participants who received the highest dose (12 mg) showed a mean weight reduction of 24.2% after 48 weeks. Chemistry Retatrutide is a peptide with the following amino acid sequence YA¹QGTFTSDYSIL²LDKK⁴AQA¹AFIEYLLEGGPSSGAPPPS³ where letters with superscripted numbers refer to the following chemical modifications: # "A¹" refers to 2-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib). # "L²" refers to leucine modified with an α-methyl substituent (MeL, 2-methylleucine). # "S³" refers to L-serinamide (L-serine with the carboxylic acid group replaced with a carboxamide). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mazdutide
Mazdutide (also known as IBI362 or LY3305677) is a dual agonist of the GLP-1 receptor and glucagon receptor. It is an analog of oxyntomodulin (OXM). The drug is developed by Eli Lilly and is currently in multiple Phase III studies. In May 2025, a result of Phase III study has shown that once-weekly mazdutide led to clinically relevant reductions in body weight in Chinese adults with overweight or obesity Obesity is a medical condition, considered by multiple organizations to be a disease, in which excess Adipose tissue, body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it can potentially have negative effects on health. People are classifi .... In June 2025, Mazdutide injection is approved for marketing in China. References Glucagon receptor agonists Drugs developed by Eli Lilly and Company GLP-1 receptor agonists Peptide therapeutics {{gastrointestinal-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
