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Retatrutide
Retatrutide (LY-3437943) is an experimental drug for obesity developed by American pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly and Company. It is a triple glucagon hormone receptor agonist (GLP-1, GIP, and GCGR receptors). It has been shown to achieve a more than 17.5% mean weight reduction in adults without diabetes but with obesity or preobesity (overweight) during a phase 2 trial. Free access subject to registration. In the trial, the participants who received the highest dose (12 mg) showed a mean weight reduction of 24.2% after 48 weeks. Chemistry Retatrutide is a peptide with the following amino acid sequence YA¹QGTFTSDYSIL²LDKK⁴AQA¹AFIEYLLEGGPSSGAPPPS³ where letters with superscripted numbers refer to the following chemical modifications: # "A¹" refers to 2-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib). # "L²" refers to leucine modified with an α-methyl substituent (MeL, 2-methylleucine). # "S³" refers to L-serinamide (L-serine with the carboxylic acid group replaced with a carboxamide). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Obesity
Obesity is a medical condition, considered by multiple organizations to be a disease, in which excess Adipose tissue, body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it can potentially have negative effects on health. People are classified as obese when their body mass index (BMI)—a person's weight divided by the square of the person's height—is over ; the range is defined as overweight. Some East Asian countries use lower values to calculate obesity. Obesity is a major cause of disability and is Obesity-associated morbidity, correlated with various diseases and conditions, particularly cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. Obesity has individual, socioeconomic, and environmental causes. Some known causes are Western pattern diet, diet, low physical activity, automation, urbanization, quantitative trait locus, genetic susceptibility, medications, mental disorders, Economic policy, economic pol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2-Aminoisobutyric Acid
2-Aminoisobutyric acid (also known as α-aminoisobutyric acid, AIB, α-methylalanine, or 2-methylalanine) is the non-proteinogenic amino acid with the structural formula H2N-C(CH3)2-COOH. It is rare in nature, having been only found in meteorites, and some antibiotics of fungal origin, such as alamethicin and some lantibiotics. Synthesis In the laboratory, 2-aminoisobutyric acid may be prepared from acetone cyanohydrin, by reaction with ammonia followed by hydrolysis. Industrial scale synthesis can be achieved by the selective hydroamination of methacrylic acid. Biological activity 2-Aminoisobutyric acid is not one of the proteinogenic amino acids and is rather rare in nature (''cf.'' non-proteinogenic amino acids). It is a strong helix inducer in peptides due to Thorpe–Ingold effect of its gem-dimethyl group In organic chemistry, a methyl group is an alkyl derived from methane, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms, having chemical formula (wher ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GIP Receptor Agonists
GIP or Gip may refer to: Businesses and organisations * Gaumee Itthihaad, a political party in Maldives * General Intelligence Presidency, the primary intelligence agency of Saudi Arabia * Ghetto Informant Program, of the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation * Georgia Innocence Project, an American non-profit corporation * Global Infrastructure Partners, an American private equity firm * Graduate Institute of Peace Studies, Kyung Hee University, South Korea * Groupe d'Information sur les Prisons, a French organisation in the 1970s * Global Initiative on Psychiatry * Air Guinee Express, ICAO airline code GIP Places * Gip, West Virginia, U.S. * The Great India Place, or GIP Mall, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India * Gipsy Hill railway station, London, England, National Rail station code GIP Science and technology * Gastric inhibitory polypeptide, also known as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide * Graph isomorphism problem * GSM Interworking Profile, a telecommunications sta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peptide Therapeutics
Peptide therapeutics are peptides or polypeptides (oligomers or short polymers of amino acids) which are used to for the treatment of diseases. Naturally occurring peptides may serve as hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters, ion channel ligands, and anti-infectives; peptide therapeutics mimic such functions. Peptide Therapeutics are seen as relatively safe and well-tolerated as peptides can be Metabolism, metabolized by the body. Examples The current highest selling marketed diabetic drug Liraglutide, incorporates a lipid chain to extend plasma circulation and prolong bioavailability. Liraglutide is a GLP-1 agonist drug that Self-assembly, self-assembles into an alpha-helical structure, and it requires once a day administration. Lipid conjugation of a palmitoyl chain to a lysine residue at position 26 of Liraglutide results in an extended half-life (around 13–14 hours) in the blood. This is due to the palmitoyl chain allowing non covalent binding to albumin, which delays p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, also known as GLP-1 analogs, GLP-1RAs, or incretin mimetics, are a class of anorectic drugs that reduce blood sugar and energy intake by activating the GLP-1 receptor. They mimic the actions of the endogenous incretin hormone GLP-1, which is released by the gut after eating. GLP-1 agonists were initially developed for type 2 diabetes. The 2022 American Diabetes Association standards of medical care recommend GLP-1 agonists as a first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, specifically in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or obesity. The drugs were also noted to reduce food intake and body weight significantly, and some have been approved to treat obesity and other components of the metabolic syndrome in the absence of diabetes. They are also in development for other indications, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, and diseases of the reward system such as addictions. Mechanism of a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glutamic Acid
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E; known as glutamate in its anionic form) is an α- amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins. It is a non-essential nutrient for humans, meaning that the human body can synthesize enough for its use. It is also the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. It serves as the precursor for the synthesis of the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in GABAergic neurons. Its molecular formula is . Glutamic acid exists in two optically isomeric forms; the dextrorotatory -form is usually obtained by hydrolysis of gluten or from the waste waters of beet-sugar manufacture or by fermentation.Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged, Third Edition, 1971. Its molecular structure could be idealized as HOOC−CH()−()2−COOH, with two carboxyl groups −COOH and one amino group −. However, in the solid state and mildly acidic water s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lysine
Lysine (symbol Lys or K) is an α-amino acid that is a precursor to many proteins. Lysine contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated form when the lysine is dissolved in water at physiological pH), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated form when the lysine is dissolved in water at physiological pH), and a side chain (which is partially protonated when the lysine is dissolved in water at physiological pH), and so it is classified as a basic, charged (in water at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. It is encoded by the codons AAA and AAG. Like almost all other amino acids, the α-carbon is chiral and lysine may refer to either enantiomer or a racemic mixture of both. For the purpose of this article, lysine will refer to the biologically active enantiomer L-lysine, where the α-carbon is in the ''S'' configuration. The human body cannot synthesize lysine. It is essential in humans and must therefore be obtained from the diet. In orga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amide
In organic chemistry, an amide, also known as an organic amide or a carboxamide, is a chemical compound, compound with the general formula , where R, R', and R″ represent any group, typically organyl functional group, groups or hydrogen atoms. The amide group is called a peptide bond when it is part of the Polymer backbone, main chain of a protein, and an isopeptide bond when it occurs in a side chain, as in asparagine and glutamine. It can be viewed as a Derivative (chemistry), derivative of a carboxylic acid () with the hydroxyl group () replaced by an amino group (); or, equivalently, an acyl group, acyl (alkanoyl) group () joined to an amino group. Common amides are formamide (), acetamide (), benzamide (), and dimethylformamide (). Some uncommon examples of amides are ''N''-chloroacetamide () and chloroformamide (). Amides are qualified as primary (chemistry), primary, secondary (chemistry), secondary, and tertiary (chemistry), tertiary according to the number of acyl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serine
Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α- amino group (which is in the protonated − form under biological conditions), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated − form under biological conditions), and a side chain consisting of a hydroxymethyl group, classifying it as a polar amino acid. It can be synthesized in the human body under normal physiological circumstances, making it a nonessential amino acid. It is encoded by the codons UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU and AGC. Occurrence This compound is one of the proteinogenic amino acids. Only the L- stereoisomer appears naturally in proteins. It is not essential to the human diet, since it is synthesized in the body from other metabolites, including glycine. Serine was first obtained from silk protein, a particularly rich source, in 1865 by Emil Cramer. Its name is derived from the Latin for silk, '' sericum''. Serine's structure was established in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leucine
Leucine (symbol Leu or L) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Leucine is an α-amino acid, meaning it contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH3+ form under biological conditions), an α-Carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain Isobutyl, isobutyl group, making it a Chemical polarity, non-polar Aliphatic compound, aliphatic amino acid. It is Essential amino acid, essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it; it must be obtained from the diet. Human dietary sources are foods that contain protein, such as meats, dairy products, soy products, and beans and other legumes. It is genetic code, encoded by the codons UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG. Leucine is named after the Greek language, Greek word for "white": ''λευκός'' (''leukós'', "white"), after its common appearance as a white powder, a property it shares with many ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Molecular Biology Laboratory
The European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) is an intergovernmental organization dedicated to molecular biology research and is supported by 29 member states, two prospect member states, and one associate member state. EMBL was created in 1974 and is funded by public research money from its member states. Research at EMBL is conducted by more than 110 independent research groups and service teams covering the spectrum of molecular biology. The Laboratory operates from six sites: the main laboratory in Heidelberg (Germany), and sites in Barcelona (Spain), Grenoble (France), Hamburg (Germany), Hinxton (the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), in England), and Rome (Italy). EMBL groups and laboratories perform basic research in molecular biology and molecular medicine as well as train scientists, students, and visitors. The organization aids in the development of services, new instruments and methods, and technology in its member states. Israel is the only full member stat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eli Lilly And Company
Eli Lilly and Company, Trade name, doing business as Lilly, is an American multinational Medication, pharmaceutical company headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, with offices in 18 countries. Its products are sold in approximately 125 countries. The company was founded in 1876 by Eli Lilly, a pharmaceutical chemist and Union army veteran during the American Civil War for whom the company was later named. As of October 2024, Lilly is the most valuable drug company in the world with a $842 billion market capitalization, the highest valuation ever achieved to date by a drug company. The company is ranked 127th on the Fortune 500, ''Fortune'' 500 with revenue of $34.12 billion. It is ranked 221st on the Forbes Global 2000, ''Forbes'' Global 2000 list of the world's largest publicly traded companies and 252nd on ''Forbes'' list of "America's Best Employers". Lilly is known for its Major depressive disorder, clinical depression drugs Prozac (fluoxetine) (1986), Cymbalta (duloxet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
