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Cossack Raids
The Cossack raids largely developed as a reaction to the Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe, which began in 1441 and lasted until 1774. From onwards, the Cossacks (the Zaporozhian Cossacks of southern Ukraine and the Don Cossacks of southern Russia) conducted regular military offensives into the lands of the Crimean Khanate, the Nogai Horde, and the Ottoman Empire, where they would free History of slavery in the Muslim world, enslaved Christians before returning home with a significant amount of plunder and Slavery in medieval Europe, Muslim slaves. Though difficult to calculate, the level of devastation caused by the Cossack raids is roughly estimated to have been on par with that of the Crimean–Nogai slave raids. According to History of Ruthenians, Cossack raids during Sirko's Campaigns, Sirko's era were a hundred times more devastating than Crimean–Nogai raids. Background The first raid of the Zaporozhian Cossacks was recorded on 1 August, 1492, which was an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crimean–Nogai Slave Raids In Eastern Europe
Between 1441 and 1774, the Crimean Khanate and the Nogai Horde conducted Slave raiding, slave raids throughout lands primarily controlled by History of Russia, Russia and Polish–Lithuanian union, Poland–Lithuania. Concentrated in Eastern Europe, but also stretching to the Caucasus and parts of Central Europe, these raids were often supported by the Ottoman Empire and involved the transportation of European men, women, and children to the History of slavery in the Muslim world, Muslim world, where they were put on the market and sold as part of the Crimean slave trade and the Slavery in the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman slave trade. The regular abductions of people over the course of numerous incursions by the Crimean Tatars, Crimeans and the Nogais greatly drained Eastern Europe's human and economic resources, consequently playing an important role in the emergence of the semi-militarized Cossacks, who organized Cossack raids, retaliatory campaigns against the raiders and their Ot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moldavia
Moldavia (, or ; in Romanian Cyrillic alphabet, Romanian Cyrillic: or ) is a historical region and former principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River. An initially independent and later autonomous state, it existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it united with Wallachia () as the basis of the modern Romanian state; at various times, Moldavia included the regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak), all of Bukovina and Hertsa region , Hertsa. The region of Pokuttya was also part of it for a period of time. The Moldavia (region of Romania) , western half of Moldavia is now part of Romania, the eastern side belongs to the Moldova , Republic of Moldova, and the Chernivtsi Oblast , northern and Budjak , southeastern parts are territories of Ukraine. Name and etymology The original and short-lived reference to the region was ''Bogdania'', after Bogdan I, the founding figure of the principality. The name ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raid On Tiahynka
The Raid on Tiahynka was a naval engagement that took place in August of 1492 between the fleet of the Ottoman Empire and the Zaporozhian Cossacks led by Bohdan Glynsky near the fortress of Tiahyn (now the village of Tiahynka, Ukraine) and ended in a Cossack success. Background In 1491, the lands where the Tiagyn castle is located were reconquered by the Crimean Khanate, and the fortress was rebuilt by the crimean khan Mengli I Giray, it became one of the forposts from which the Tatars raided Ruthenian lands. Action On 1 of August 1492, the Zaporozhian Cossacks led by Bohdan Glynsky launched a campaign into the Dnieper, where they clashed with the Ottoman fleet. As a result of battle, the Cossacks captured an Ottoman ship, thus freeing the slaves from captivity. Aftermath After the battle, Khan Mengli I Geray sent a complaint to the Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander Jagiellon about the "Circassian actions against the Crimean fleet". This battle is the first recorded campai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George (Konissky)
George, secular name Grigori Osipovich Konissky (, ; born November 20, 1717 in Nizhyn, died in Mogilev) was an Orthodox archbishop, preacher, philosopher and theologian. He was the son of the mayor of Nizhyn. He graduated from the Kyiv Mohyla Academy and later became a lecturer there. He taught poetics, philosophy and theology successively, and in 1751 he assumed the duties of its rector. Three years later he was ordained Bishop of , and became Ordinary of the last Orthodox eparchy within the borders of the First Republic. Sincerely devoted to Russia, from 1762 he played a significant role in Tsarina Catherine II's policy toward the Republic, collaborating with Russian MP Nikolai Repnin in the campaign for the equality of dissidents. Defending the rights of the Orthodox population was only a pretext for the tsarina to intervene in the internal affairs of the Republic. At the same time, Bishop George acted in defense of the state of possession of the Orthodox Church in the Repub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Ruthenians
''History of Ruthenians or Little Russia'' () also known as ''History of the Rus' People'' is an anonymous historico-political treatise, most likely written at the break of the 18th and 19th centuries. It had a great influence on the formation of the Ukrainian national identity and was even named "the most prominent historical work in Ukraine". It was written and originally published in Russian and describes the history of the Ruthenians and their state, Little Russia (', in the terminology of the book), from antiquity to 1769. It mostly focuses on the history of the Zaporizhian Sich and the Cossack Hetmanate. Authorship and dating The book was written as a political essay by an unknown author at the end of the 18th or early 19th century. It could not have been written before 1792, since it mentions the Tmutarkan stone, discovered only in 1792. According to Zenon Kohut, the author of the manuscript was strongly influenced by the events that had taken place after the Third Part ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slavery In Medieval Europe
Slavery in medieval Europe was widespread. Europe and North Africa were part of an interconnected trade network across the Mediterranean Sea, and this included slave trading. During the Middle Ages, medieval period, wartime captives were commonly forced into slavery. As European kingdoms transitioned to Feudalism, feudal societies, a different legal category of unfree persons – serfdom – began to replace slavery as the main economic and agricultural engine. Throughout medieval Europe, the perspectives and societal roles of Slavery, enslaved peoples differed greatly, from some being restricted to agricultural labor to others being positioned as trusted political advisors. Early Middle Ages Slavery in the Early Middle Ages (500–1000) was initially a continuation of earlier Ancient Rome, Roman practices from late antiquity, and was continued by an influx of captives in the wake of the social chaos caused by the barbarian invasions of the Western Roman Empire. With the contin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Slavery In The Muslim World
The history of slavery in the Muslim world was throughout the history of Islam with slaves serving in various social and economic roles, from powerful emirs to harshly treated manual laborers. Slaves were widely forced to labour in irrigation, mining, and animal husbandry, but most commonly as soldiers, guards, domestic workers, and concubines. The use of slaves for hard physical labor early on in Muslim history led to several destructive slave revolts, the most notable being the Zanj Rebellion of 869–883. Many rulers also used slaves in the military and administration to such an extent that slaves could seize power, as did the Mamluks. Most slaves were imported from outside the Muslim world. Slavery in Islamic law does have a religious and not racial foundation in principle, although this was not always the case in practise. The Arab slave trade was most active in West Asia, North Africa (Trans-Saharan slave trade), and Southeast Africa ( Red Sea slave trade and India ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Southern Russia
Southern Russia or the South of Russia ( rus, Юг России, p=juk rɐˈsʲiɪ) is a Colloquialism, colloquial term for the southernmost geographic portion of European Russia. The term is generally used to refer to the region of Russia's Southern Federal District and North Caucasian Federal District. The term is informal and does not conform to any official areas of the Russia, Russian Federation as designated by the OKATO, Russian Classification on Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). History The Caucasus has been inhabited for millennia. Eastern Slavic tribes, like the Antes (people), Antes, inhabited Southern Russia at least from the 3rd century. Southern Russia played an important role in the influence of Byzantine Empire, Byzantine culture on Russia. Iran, Persian culture has also left its traces in Southern Russia. At the beginning of the second millennium, between Volga and Don, Turkic tribes established in the South of Russia Tatar states. According to histo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Southern Ukraine
Southern Ukraine (, ) refers, generally, to the territories in the South of Ukraine. The territory usually corresponds with the Soviet economical district, the Southern Economical District of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The region is completely integrated with a marine and shipbuilding industry. Southern Ukraine was invaded by the Russian military on February 24, 2022, turning parts of the region into a major theatre of the Russo-Ukrainian War. Historical background The region primarily corresponds to the former Kherson, Taurida, and most of the Yekaterinoslav Governorates which spanned across the northern coast of Black Sea after the Russian-Ottoman Wars of 1768–74 and 1787–92. The Kurgan hypothesis places the Pontic steppes of Ukraine and southern Russia as the linguistic homeland of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. The Yamnaya culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans. The region has been inhabited for centuries by various nomadic tribes, suc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cossacks
The Cossacks are a predominantly East Slavic languages, East Slavic Eastern Christian people originating in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of eastern Ukraine and southern Russia. Cossacks played an important role in defending the southern borders of Ukraine and Russia, Cossack raids, countering the Crimean-Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe, Crimean-Nogai raids, alongside economically developing steppes, steppe regions north of the Black Sea and around the Azov Sea. Historically, they were a semi-nomadic and semi-militarized people, who, while under the nominal suzerainty of various Eastern European states at the time, were allowed a great degree of self-governance in exchange for military service. Although numerous linguistic and religious groups came together to form the Cossacks, most of them coalesced and became East Slavic languages, East Slavic–speaking Eastern Orthodox Church, Orthodox Christians. The rulers of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russian Empire en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wallachia
Wallachia or Walachia (; ; : , : ) is a historical and geographical region of modern-day Romania. It is situated north of the Lower Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians. Wallachia was traditionally divided into two sections, Muntenia (Greater Wallachia) and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia). Dobruja could sometimes be considered a third section due to its proximity and brief rule over it. Wallachia as a whole is sometimes referred to as Muntenia through identification with the larger of the two traditional sections. Wallachia was founded as a principality in the early 14th century by Basarab I after a rebellion against Charles I of Hungary, although the first mention of the territory of Wallachia west of the river Olt dates to a charter given to the voivode Seneslau in 1246 by Béla IV of Hungary. In 1417, Wallachia was forced to accept the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire; this lasted until the 19th century. In 1859, Wallachia united with Moldavia to form the Un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
