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Chilenophoberus
''Chilenophoberus'' is an extinct genus of decapod crustaceans that lived during the Oxfordian stage of the Late Jurassic period in what is now Cordillera de Domeyko, Chile. The genus contains a single species, ''Chilenophoberus atacamensis''. Discovery and naming The only known remains of ''Chilenophoberus'' were collected from Cordillera de Domeyko, Chile. The genus was erected in 1976 by Chong & Förster, with ''C. atacamensis'' as its type and only species. The generic name references its country of origin, Chile, and ''Acanthacaris'' (formerly known as ''Phoberus''), which it was once thought to be related to. The specific name refers to the Atacama Desert. Classification In their original description of ''Chilenophoberus'', Chong & Förster (1976) recognized the taxon as a relative to ''Pseudastacus'' and ''Palaeophoberus'', placing it in the family Nephropidae (which the latter two genera were also placed in at the time). This classification was followed until 1997, when ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudastacus
''Pseudastacus'' (meaning "false ''Astacus''", in comparison to the extant crayfish genus) is an extinct genus of decapod crustaceans that lived during the Jurassic period in Europe, and possibly the Cretaceous period in Lebanon. Many species have been assigned to it, though the placement of some species remain uncertain and others have been reassigned to different genera. Fossils attributable to this genus were first described by Georg zu Münster in 1839 under the name ''Bolina pustulosa'', but the generic name was changed in 1861 after Albert Oppel noted that it was preoccupied. The genus has been placed into different families by numerous authors, historically being assigned to Nephropidae or Protastacidae. Currently, it is believed to be a member of Stenochiridae. Not exceeding in total length, ''Pseudastacus'' was a small animal. Members of this genus have a crayfish-like build, possessing long antennae, a triangular rostrum and a frontmost pair of appendages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palaeophoberus
''Palaeophoberus'' is an extinct genus of decapod crustaceans that lived from the Aalenian to Tithonian stages of the Jurassic period. Its fossils have been found in Germany and France. Taxonomic history The first known fossils of ''Palaeophoberus'' were initially assigned to another genus; Friedrich August von Quenstedt named the species '' Stenochirus suevicus'' in 1867 based on remains collected from Aalenian-aged deposits in Reutlingen, Germany. 65 years later in 1932, Martin Glaessner determines that these remains differ significantly from the type specimen of ''Stenochirus'' and thus belong in a separate genus, which he named ''Palaeophoberus'', with ''P. suevicus'' as its type and only species. The generic name means "ancient ''Phoberus''", as Glaessner believed it was related to ''Acanthacaris'' (formerly known as ''Phoberus''). A second species was assigned to ''Palaeophoberus'' in 1944. Named ''P. portlandicus'', its remains were collected from Tithonian-aged deposits ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stenochirus
''Stenochirus'' is an extinct genus of decapod crustaceans that lived from the Callovian to Tithonian stages of the Jurassic period. Its fossils have been found in Germany and France. Discovery and naming Remains of ''Stenochirus'' have been described before the genus was named. Georg zu Münster established the genus ''Bolina'' in 1839 and assigned to species to it, ''B. angusta'' and ''B. pustulosa'' (the type species), both originating from the Tithonian-aged Solnhofen Limestone in Bavaria. 22 years later in 1861, Albert Oppel points out that the genus name ''Bolina'' is preoccupied by a cnidarian, and reassigns the two species into separate genera. He erects the new genera ''Stenochirus'' and ''Pseudastacus'', which ''B. angusta'' and ''B. pustulosa'' became the type species of respectively, the former now renamed as ''Stenochirus angustus''. In addition to the type species, two other species have been assigned to the genus. Oppel described a second species in 1862, which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tillocheles
''Tillocheles'' is an extinct genus of decapod crustaceans that lived during the Cretaceous period. Two species are currently placed in the genus. Fossils of the earlier type species, ''T. shannonae'', have been found in Queensland, while remains of the later species, ''T. kaoriae'', are known from Hokkaido. Discovery and naming Fossils of ''Tillocheles'' were first described in 1957, when eight specimens were collected from the late Albian-aged Tambo Formation in Currane, central Queensland, Australia. Based on these specimens, Jack T. Woods erected the genus ''Tillocheles'', with ''T. shannonae'' as its type and only species. A specimen preserving part of the carapace, abdomen and appendages (F. 3252) was designated as the holotype of this species. The specific name honors Sanna Shannon, who discovered and collected fossils of decapod crustaceans at Currane. In addition to the type species, a second species was assigned to ''Tillocheles'' in 2000. Named ''T. kaoriae'' (after ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Family (biology)
Family ( la, familia, plural ') is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between order and genus. A family may be divided into subfamilies, which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae, but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". What belongs to a family—or if a described family should be recognized at all—are proposed and determined by practicing taxonomists. There are no hard rules for describing or recognizing a family, but in plants, they can be characterized on the basis of both vegetative and reproductive features of plant species. Taxonomists often take different positions about descriptions, and there may be no broad consensus across the scientific community for some time. The publishing of new data and opi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to descendants, nor does it show how much they have changed, so many differing evolutionary trees can be consistent with the same cladogram. A cladogram uses lines that branch off in different directions ending at a clade, a group of organisms with a last common ancestor. There are many shapes of cladograms but they all have lines that branch off from other lines. The lines can be traced back to where they branch off. These branching off points represent a hypothetical ancestor (not an actual entity) which can be inferred to exhibit the traits shared among the terminal taxa above it. This hypothetical ancestor might then provide clues about the order of evolution of various features, adaptation, and other evolutionary narratives about an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Junior Synonym
The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently. * In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linnaeus was the first to give a scientific name (under the currently used system of scientific nomenclature) to the Norway spruce, which he called ''Pinus abies''. This name is no longer in use, so it is now a synonym of the current scientific name, '' Picea abies''. * In zoology, moving a species from one genus to another results in a different binomen, but the name is considered an alternative combination rather than a synonym. The concept of synonymy in zoology is reserved for two names at the same rank that refers to a taxon at that rank - for example, the name ''Papilio prorsa'' Linnaeus, 1758 is a junior synonym of ''Papilio levana'' Linnaeus, 1758, being names for different seasonal forms of the species now referred to as ''Araschnia le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paraphyletic
In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In contrast, a monophyletic group (a clade) includes a common ancestor and ''all'' of its descendants. The terms are commonly used in phylogenetics (a subfield of biology) and in the tree model of historical linguistics. Paraphyletic groups are identified by a combination of Synapomorphy and apomorphy, synapomorphies and symplesiomorphy, symplesiomorphies. If many subgroups are missing from the named group, it is said to be polyparaphyletic. The term was coined by Willi Hennig to apply to well-known taxa like Reptilia (reptiles) which, as commonly named and traditionally defined, is paraphyletic with respect to mammals and birds. Reptilia contains the last common ancestor of reptiles a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Type Genus
In biological taxonomy, the type genus is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name. Zoological nomenclature According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearing type of a nominal family-group taxon is a nominal genus called the 'type genus'; the family-group name is based upon that of the type genus." Any family-group name must have a type genus (and any genus-group name must have a type species, but any species-group name may, but need not, have one or more type specimens). The type genus for a family-group name is also the genus that provided the stem to which was added the ending -idae (for families). :Example: The family name Formicidae has as its type genus the genus '' Formica'' Linnaeus, 1758. Botanical nomenclature In botanical nomenclature, the phrase "type genus" is used, unofficially, as a term of convenience. In the '' ICN'' this phrase has no status. The code uses type specimens for ranks up to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylogenetic Analysis
In biology Biology is the scientific study of life. It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field. For instance, all organisms are made up of cells that process hereditar ..., phylogenetics (; from Greek language, Greek wikt:φυλή, φυλή/wikt:φῦλον, φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms. These relationships are determined by Computational phylogenetics, phylogenetic inference methods that focus on observed heritable traits, such as DNA sequences, Protein, protein Amino acid, amino acid sequences, or Morphology (biology), morphology. The result of such an analysis is a phylogenetic tree—a diagram containing a hypothesis of relationships that reflects the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. The tips of a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
