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Birobidzhan
Birobidzhan ( rus, Биробиджан, p=bʲɪrəbʲɪˈdʐan; , ), also spelt Birobijan ( ), is a town and the administrative centre of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Russia, located on the Trans-Siberian Railway, near the China–Russia border. As of the 2010 Census, its population is 75,413. Birobidzhan is named after the two largest rivers in the autonomous oblast: the Bira and the Bidzhan. The Bira, which lies to the east of the Bidzhan Valley, flows through the town. Both rivers are tributaries of the Amur. History Built on the site of an earlier village called Tikhonka, Birobidzhan was planned by the Swiss architect Hannes Meyer, and established in 1931. It became the administrative centre of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in 1934, and town status was granted to it in 1937. The 36,000 km2 of Birobidzhan were approved by the Politburo on March 28, 1928. After the Bolshevik revolution, the Soviet government set up two organisations that worked with the settlement ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jewish Autonomous Oblast
The Jewish Autonomous Oblast (JAO) is a federal subject of Russia in the far east of the country, bordering Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast in Russia and Heilongjiang province in China. Its administrative center is the town of Birobidzhan. The JAO was designated by a Soviet official decree in 1928, and officially established in 1934. At its height, in the late 1940s, the Jewish population in the region peaked around 46,000–50,000, approximately 25% of its population. Since then the share of Jews steadily declined, and according to the 2021 Russian census, there were only 837 ethnic Jews left in the JAO (0.6%). Article 65 of the Constitution of Russia provides that the JAO is Russia's only autonomous oblast. It is one of two officially Jewish jurisdictions in the world, the other being Israel. It is one of the few places in the world where Yiddish is a recognized minority language. History Background Annexation of the Amur Region by Russia Prior to 1858, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Birobidzhansky District
Birobidzhansky District (, ) is an administrativeLaw #982-OZ and municipalLaw #227-OZ district (raion), one of the five in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Russia. It is located in the center of the autonomous oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Birobidzhan (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 11,907 ( 2010 Census); Geography Birobidzhansky District is located in the central of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. The main river in the district is the Bira River, which runs north-to-south through the district. About 20 km of the Amur River runs along the southern border of Birobidzhansky. The district is about 125 km west of the city of Khabarovsk, and the area measures 90 km (north-south) by 70 km (west-east). The administrative center, Birobidzhan, straddles the Bira River in the north but is not administratively part of the district. Bira River valley of the district is surrounded by foo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yiddish
Yiddish, historically Judeo-German, is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews. It originated in 9th-century Central Europe, and provided the nascent Ashkenazi community with a vernacular based on High German fused with many elements taken from Hebrew language, Hebrew (notably Mishnaic Hebrew, Mishnaic) and to some extent Aramaic. Most varieties of Yiddish include elements of Slavic languages and the vocabulary contains traces of Romance languages.Aram Yardumian"A Tale of Two Hypotheses: Genetics and the Ethnogenesis of Ashkenazi Jewry".University of Pennsylvania. 2013. Yiddish has traditionally been written using the Hebrew alphabet. Prior to World War II, there were 11–13 million speakers. 85% of the approximately 6 million Jews who were murdered in the Holocaust were Yiddish speakers,Solomon Birnbaum, ''Grammatik der jiddischen Sprache'' (4., erg. Aufl., Hamburg: Buske, 1984), p. 3. leading to a massive decline in the use of the language. Jewish ass ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organization For Jewish Colonization In Russia
The Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia (, ), commonly known by its transliterated acronym of ICOR, was a Communist-sponsored mass organization in North America devoted to supporting the settlement of Jews in new collective settlements, firstly in the newly established Ukrainian Soviet Republic and Southern Russia (Stavropol Krai), and latterly in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Siberia. The organization was founded in the United States in 1924 and soon spread to Canada. In 1934 the original ICOR organization was supplemented by a new fundraising and solidarity organization, the American Committee for the Settlement of Jews in Birobidjan (Ambidjan). The two groups merged into a unified organization in 1946. Organizational history Establishment The founding meeting was held in New York City in December 1924 and the initial mission of the organization was to raise money to fund Jewish collective farms in Crimea and to provide a humanitarian alternative for Jews facing a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
OZET
OZET ( romanised: Obshchestvo zemleustroystva yevreyskikh trudyashchikhsya, Yiddish: געזעלשאפט פאר איינארדענען ארבעטנדיקע יידן אויף ערד אין פ.ס.ס.ר romanised: ''Gezelshaft far aynordnen oyf Erd arbetnidke Yidin in F.S.S.R'') was the public Society for Settling Toiling Jews on the Land in the Soviet Union in the period from 1925 to 1938. Some English sources use the word "Working" instead of "Toiling". Background The principal sources of livelihood of the Jews in the Russian Empire were trade and small crafts. After the October Revolution, the Russian Civil War and instability and devastation that followed, these traditional occupations withered. Dictatorship of proletariat, War Communism and command economy were accompanied by persecution of those deemed class enemies or exploiters. As a result, in the early 1920s more than a third of the Jewish population of the USSR were officially counted as '' lishenets'', disenfranchi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stalin And Antisemitism
The accusation that Joseph Stalin was antisemitic is much discussed by historians. Although part of a movement that included Jews and ostensibly rejected antisemitism, he privately displayed a contemptuous attitude toward Jews on various occasions that were witnessed by his contemporaries, and are documented by historical sources. Stalin argued that the Jews possessed a national character but were not a nation and were thus unassimilable. He argued that Jewish nationalism, particularly Zionism, was hostile to socialism. In 1939, he reversed communist policy and began a cooperation with Nazi Germany that included the removal of high-profile Jews from the Kremlin. As dictator of the Soviet Union, he promoted repressive policies that conspicuously impacted Jews shortly after World War II, especially during the anti-cosmopolitan campaign. At the time of his death, Stalin was planning an even larger campaign against Jews, which included the deportation of all Jews within the Soviet Un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Birobidzhan Railway Station
Birobidzhan Railway Station is the primary passenger railway station for the city of Birobidzhan in Russia, and an important stop along the Trans-Siberian Railway. History In 1912 the first wooden railway station building was built in the village of Tikhonkaya during the construction of Amur Railway. In 1935 the construction of a stone building was completed, the architect was Hannes Meyer.Биробиджанский железнодорожный вокзал // Еврейская автономная область: энциклопедический словарь. – Хабаровск, 1999. – С. 125. Trains * Moscow — Vladivostok * Novosibirsk — Vladivostok * Moscow — Khabarovsk * Khabarovsk — Neryungri * Khabarovsk Khabarovsk ( ) is the largest city and the administrative centre of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia,Law #109 located from the China–Russia border, at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers, about north of Vladivostok. As of the 2021 Russia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bira (river)
The Bira () is a river in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Russia. The name derives from the Jurchen and Manchu word ''bira'' meaning "river". It is long, and has a drainage basin of . It is one of the largest, left tributaries of the Amur. Some of the cities that lie along the river are Birakan, Teploozyorsk, Londoko, Bira, Birobidzhan and Nadezhdinskoye. See also *List of rivers of Russia Russia can be divided into a European and an Asian part. The dividing line is generally considered to be the Ural Mountains. The European part is drained into the Arctic Ocean, Baltic Sea, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea. The Asian part is drained i ... References External links * Rivers of Jewish Autonomous Oblast {{FarEast-Russia-river-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Komzet
Komzet (, ) was the ''Committee for the Settlement of Toiling Jews on the Land'' (some English sources use the word "working" instead of "toiling") in the Soviet Union. The primary goal of the Komzet was to provide work for the unemployed agricultural Jewish population of the country. Function The Komzet was a government committee whose function was to contribute and distribute the land for new kolkhozes. A complementary public society, the OZET was established in order to assist in moving settlers to a new location, housebuilding, irrigation, training, providing them with cattle and agricultural tools, education, medical and cultural services. The funds were to be provided by private donations, charities and lotteries. History In 1924–1926, the Komzet helped to create several Jewish kolkhozes in various regions, most notably in Crimea, Ukraine and Stavropol region. In 1927, following a failed attempt to establish Jewish autonomy in Crimea, the Birsko-Bidzhansky regio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bidzhan
The Bidzhan () is a river in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Russia. Bidzhan comes from the Tungusic word "Bidzen", meaning "Permanent settlement"). The river is about long, the width wide and deep. Bidzhan is formed by the confluence of the source rivers Pravyy Bidzhan and Levyy Bidzhan in the Lesser Khingan and runs from there from north to south and ends up flowing along the larger river Amur. Birobidzhan, the administrative center of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, is partly named after the river. See also *List of rivers of Russia Russia can be divided into a European and an Asian part. The dividing line is generally considered to be the Ural Mountains. The European part is drained into the Arctic Ocean, Baltic Sea, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea. The Asian part is drained i ... References Rivers of Jewish Autonomous Oblast {{JewishAutonomousOblast-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
David Bergelson
David (or Dovid) Bergelson (, , 12 August 1884 – 12 August 1952) was a Yiddish language writer born in the Russian Empire. He lived for a time in Berlin, Germany, before moving to the Soviet Union following the Nazi rise to power in Germany. He was a victim of the post-war antisemitic " rootless cosmopolitan" campaign and one of those executed on the Night of the Murdered Poets. Youth Bergelson was born on August 12, 1884, in the shtetl of Okhrimovo (also known as Okhrymovka, now in Kiev province. His early years were characterized by pogroms throughout the Pale of Settlement, catalyzed by the assassination of Czar Alexander II by a group of five young revolutionaries that included one Jew among them. Bergelson grew up in a wealthy, religious, and Yiddish-speaking family. His father was a grain and timber merchant who spoke no Russian, maintaining his business entirely within the Jewish community. His mother came from a richer cultural background of writing and books. A mas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Autonomous Oblasts Of Russia
The federal subjects of Russia, also referred to as the subjects of the Russian Federation () or simply as the subjects of the federation (), are the constituent entities of Russia, its top-level political divisions. According to the Constitution of Russia, the federation consists of republics, krais, oblasts, cities of federal importance, an autonomous oblast, and autonomous okrugs, all of which are equal subjects of the federation. Every federal subject has its own head, a parliament, and a constitutional court. Each subject has its own constitution or charter and legislation, although the authority of these organs differ. Subjects have equal rights in relations with federal government bodies. The subjects have equal representation – two delegates each – in the Federation Council, the upper house of the Federal Assembly. They differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy; republics are offered more autonomy. Post-Soviet Russia formed during the history of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
