|
Bell-Beaker People
The Bell Beaker culture, also known as the Bell Beaker complex or Bell Beaker phenomenon, is an archaeological culture named after the inverted-bell beaker drinking vessel used at the beginning of the European Bronze Age, arising from around 2800 BC. The term's English translation ''Bell Beaker'' was introduced by John Abercromby in 1904.''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology'' Bell Beaker culture lasted in Britain from BC, with the appearance of single burial graves,Armit, Ian, and David Reich, (2022)"What do we know about the Beaker Folk" in: Antiquity Journal, Youtube, min: 1:11: "So, the Beaker Complex in terms of Great Britain and Ireland is from ... around 2450 BC, when we see in Britain the appearance of single inhumation graves ...." until as late as 1800 BC, but in continental Europe only until 2300 BC, when it was succeeded by the Únětice culture. The culture was widely dispersed throughout Western Europe, being present in many regions of Iberia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chalcolithic Europe
The Chalcolithic (also Eneolithic, Copper Age) period of Prehistoric Europe lasted roughly from 5000 to 2000 BC, developing from the preceding Neolithic period and followed by the Bronze Age. It was a period of Megalithic culture, the appearance of the first significant economic stratification, and probably the earliest presence of Indo-European speakers. The economy of the Chalcolithic, even in the regions where copper was not yet used, was no longer that of peasant communities and tribes: some materials began to be produced in specific locations and distributed to wide regions. Mining of metal and stone was particularly developed in some areas, along with the processing of those materials into valuable goods. Ancient Chalcolithic From c. 5000 BC to 3000 BC, copper started being used first in Southeast Europe, then in Eastern Europe, and Central Europe. From onwards, there was an influx of people into Eastern Europe from the Pontic-Caspian steppe ( Yamnaya culture), cr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nordic Bronze Age
The Nordic Bronze Age (also Northern Bronze Age, or Scandinavian Bronze Age) is a period of Scandinavian prehistory from . The Nordic Bronze Age culture emerged about 1750 BC as a continuation of the Late Neolithic Dagger period, which is rooted in the Battle Axe culture (the Swedish-Norwegian Corded Ware variant), the Single Grave Culture (the north German and Danish Corded Ware varaiant) and Bell Beaker culture, as well as from influence that came from Central Europe. This influence most likely came from people similar to those of the Únětice culture, since they brought customs that were derived from Únětice or from local interpretations of the Únětice culture located in North Western Germany. The metallurgical influences from Central Europe are especially noticeable. The Bronze Age in Scandinavia can be said to begin shortly after 2000 BC with the introduction and use of bronze tools, followed by a more systematic adoption of bronze metalworking technology from 175 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elp Culture
The Elp culture (c. 1800—800 BCE) is a Bronze Age Europe, Bronze Age archaeological culture of the Netherlands having earthenware pottery of low quality known as "Kümmerkeramik" (also "Grobkeramik") as a marker. The initial phase is characterized by tumulus, tumuli (1800–1200 BCE), strongly tied to contemporary tumuli in Northern Germany and Scandinavia, and apparently related to the Tumulus culture (1600–1200 BCE) in Central Europe. This phase was followed by a subsequent change featuring Urnfield (cremation) burial customs (1200–800 BCE). Part of the "Nordwestblock", it is situated to the north and east of the Rhine and the IJssel (named after the village of Elp in Drenthe province), bordering the Hilversum culture to the south and the Hoogkarspel culture in West Friesland (region), West Friesland that, together with Elp, all derive from the Bell Beaker culture (2100–1800 BCE) and, forming a culture complex at the boundary between the Atlantic Bronze Age, Atlantic a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hilversum Culture
The Hilversum culture is a prehistoric material culture found in middle Bronze Age in the region of the southern Netherlands and northern Belgium. It has been associated with the Wessex culture from the same period in southern England, and is one of the material cultures of this part of northwestern continental Europe which has been proposed to have had a "''Nordwestblock''" language which was Indo-European, but neither Germanic nor Celtic. The culture was bordered to its northeast by the Elp culture, to which it may have been related, and to its north by the Hoogkarspel culture. The concept of a distinct Hilversum culture started to develop in 1950, with the excavation of grave mounds near the hamlet of and the nearby forest of Halve Mijl. An urn found there, initially classified as being of the Deverel–Rimbury type, was found to be older than was expected: radiocarbon dating pointed to 3450 BP (1770 +/-250 cal BC). This led archeologist to propose a new classificatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Helladic Chronology
Helladic chronology is a relative dating system used in archaeology and art history. It complements the Minoan chronology scheme devised by Sir Arthur Evans for the categorisation of Bronze Age artefacts from the Minoan civilization within a historical framework. Whereas Minoan chronology is specific to Crete, the cultural and geographical scope of Helladic chronology is confined to mainland Greece during the same timespan (c. 3200 – c. 1050 BC). Similarly, a Cycladic chronology system is used for artifacts found in the Aegean islands. Archaeological evidence has shown that, broadly, civilisation developed concurrently across the whole region and so the three schemes complement each other chronologically. They are grouped together as "Aegean" in terms such as Aegean art and, rather more controversially, Aegean civilization. The systems derive primarily from changes in the style of pottery, which is a benchmark for relative dating of associated artifacts such as tools and wea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cetina Culture
The Cetina culture is the name for the culture of the inhabitants of the Middle Dalmatian coast, and especially its hinterland, during the early Bronze Age (c. 1900-1600 BC), or, according to Paul Reineck's chronology (c. 2200–1500 BC). It is named after the numerous sites along the Cetina river in Central Dalmatia and Herzegovina. People of this culture were present in caves ( Škarin Samograd near Drniš, Gudnja near Ston, Ravlić cave in Drinovci) or in open settlements (Gradac in Kotorac and Krstina near Posušje). The graves are in rocky colonies. In the case of inhumation, they have the shape of a stone chest, while incinerated remains of the deceased are laid in clay pots. Heyd (2013) describes the early Cetina culture as a "syncretistic Bell Beaker culture", splitting off from the dissolving variant of the Vučedol complex, and at the same time incorporating elements of the Bell Beaker phenomenon. Area of diffusion The largest number of well-known sites of Cetin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuragic Civilization
The Nuragic civilization, also known as the Nuragic culture, formed in the Mediterranean island of Sardinia, Italy in the Bronze Age. According to the traditional theory put forward by Giovanni Lilliu in 1966, it developed after multiple migrations from the West of people related to the Beaker culture who conquered and disrupted the local Copper Age cultures; other scholars instead hypothesize an autochthonous origin. It lasted from the 18th century BC (Middle Bronze Age), up to the Iron Age or until the Roman colonization in 238 BC. Others date the culture as lasting at least until the 2nd century AD, and in some areas, namely the Barbagia, to the 6th century AD, or possibly even to the 11th century AD. Although it must be remarked that the construction of new nuraghi had already stopped by the 12th-11th century BC, during the Final Bronze Age. It was contemporary with, among others, the Mycenaean civilization in Greece, the Apennine and Terramare culture ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polada Culture
The Polada culture (22nd to 16th centuries BCE) is the name for a culture of the ancient Bronze Age which spread primarily in the territory of modern-day Lombardy, Veneto and Trentino, characterized by settlements on pile-dwellings. The name derives from the small Polada peat bog (''Stagno della Polada'') in Lombardy, between Lonato del Garda, Menasasso, and Desenzano del Garda. The first findings attributed to this culture were discovered in the years between 1870 and 1875 as a result of intense activities of reclamation in that bog, and were collected by Giovanni Rambotti. The dating of carbon-14 on the finds place them between c. 1380 BCE and c. 1270 BCE. Other major sites are found in the area between Mantua, the Lake Garda and the Lake of Pusiano. It was succeeded in the Middle Bronze Age by the facies of the pile dwellings and of the dammed settlements and the Terramare culture. Chronology The Polada culture is usually assigned to the period from 2200 to 1500 BCE ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrenean Bronze
The Pyrenean Bronze (also known as Northeastern Bronze) is a regional European Bronze Age culture, known from archaeological facies, that spread through the Spanish provinces of Girona, Barcelona, Lleida and the eastern half of Huesca; also it spread through the French departments of the Pyrenees-Orientales and Aude. From the Bell Beaker culture (2750-2300 BC), two regional styles appeared in Catalonia, one being the Pyrenean and the other the Salomó (from which the North-East Group was derived). These two styles coexisted at the same time in the provinces of Barcelona and the south of Lleida. From 1650 A.C. the Pyrenean ceramic style gave way to carinated cups, to pots with smooth or digitated cords, as well as to vessels with button appendages on the handle. Few settlements are known: Lo Lladre (Llo, Pyrenees-Orientales), Collet de Brics (Ardèvol, Lleida), Institut A. Pous (Manlleu, Barcelona), Roques del Sarró (Lleida), Cedre (Santa Coloma, Andorra). Advanced bronze met ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Levantine Bronze Age
Named after its regional range, the Levantine Bronze Age (or Bronze of Levant, or Valencian Bronze) refers to a culture extended over the actual territory of the Valencian Community, in the "Levante" or eastern side of the Iberian peninsula. Its chronological range was between 2200 BC and 1500 BC. It is considered an autonomous culture in relation to the Argaric culture by Miquel Tarradell in the sixties. The main aspects that allow the distinction of the Valencian Bronze from that of El Argar are the scarcity of metallic objects, the lack of carinated cups and ceramics, and the lack of the rite involving the inhumation of the deceased under its home floor. The economy was involved mainly in agriculture and herding. The metallurgy was much more developed in the southern part by the influence of the near Argaric culture. Oppida were defended by natural elements, tenches, walls and towers. The houses were rectangular and the walls had stone basements. Caves were used as funera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Argaric Culture
The Argaric culture, named from the type site El Argar near the town of Antas, Andalusia, Antas, in what is now the province of Almería in southeastern Spain, is an Bronze Age Europe, Early Bronze Age culture which flourished between c. 2200 Anno Domini, BC and 1550 BC.Lull et al."Emblems and spaces of power during the Argaric Bronze Age at La Almoloya, Murcia," ''Antiquity'', Cambridge University Press, 11 March 2021 The Argaric culture was characterised by its early adoption of bronze, which briefly allowed this tribe local dominance over other, Prehistoric Iberia#Chalcolithic, Copper Age peoples. El Argar also developed sophisticated pottery and ceramic techniques, which they traded with other Mediterranean tribes. The civilization of El Argar extended to all the current-day Spanish province of Almería, north onto the central Meseta Central, Meseta, to most of the region of Murcia and westward into the provinces of Granada (province), Granada and Province of Jaén (Spain), J ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bronze Age Ireland
The prehistory of Ireland has been pieced together from archaeological evidence, which has grown at an increasing rate over recent decades. It begins with the first evidence of permanent human residence in Ireland around 10,500 BC (although there is evidence of human presence as early as 31,000 BC) and finishes with the start of the historical record around 400 AD. Both the beginning and end dates of the period are later than for much of Europe and all of the Near East. The prehistoric period covers the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age societies of Ireland. For much of Europe, the historical record begins when the Romans invaded; as Ireland was not invaded by the Romans its historical record starts later, with the coming of Christianity. The two periods that have left the most spectacular groups of remains are the Neolithic, with its megalithic tombs, and the Bronze Age, which left among other things, gold jewellery from a time when Ireland was a m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
