Pyrenean Bronze

The Pyrenean Bronze (also known as Northeastern Bronze) is a regional European Bronze Age culture, known from archaeological facies, that spread through the Spanish provinces of Girona, Barcelona, Lleida and the eastern half of Huesca; also it spread through the French departments of the Pyrenees-Orientales and Aude.

From the Bell Beaker culture (2750-2300 BC), two regional styles appeared in Catalonia, one being the Pyrenean and the other the Salomó (from which the North-East Group was derived). These two styles coexisted at the same time in the provinces of Barcelona and the south of Lleida. From 1650 A.C. the Pyrenean ceramic style gave way to carinated cups, to pots with smooth or digitated cords, as well as to vessels with button appendages on the handle.

Few settlements are known: Lo Lladre (Llo, Pyrenees-Orientales), Collet de Brics (Ardèvol, Lleida), Institut A. Pous (Manlleu, Barcelona), Roques del Sarró (Lleida), Cedre (Santa Coloma, Andorra).

Advanced bronze metallurgy was developed: flat axes, needles, rivet daggers, arrowheads, as well as a diadem and two spiral bracelets found in the Montanissell cave. Possibly many of the techniques used had a North Italian origin in the Polada culture (2200–1600 BC).

Several funeral formats were used:

*pits such as Mas d’en Boixos (Pacs, Barcelona), Bosc del Quer (Sant Julià de Vilatorta, Barcelona), Can Bonastre (Martorell, Barcelona).
*reuse of silos, such as Camp Cinzano (1950-1650 BC).
*reuse of Chalcolithic hypogea: Carrer Paris (Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona).
*hypogean pits (wells with a side chamber), for collective use: Mas d’en Boixos (Pacs, Barcelona), Bosc del Quer (Sant Julià de Vilatorta, Barcelona), Can Bonastre (Martorell, Barcelona).
* cists like Camp Cinzano (Vilafranca del Penedès, Barcelona), or Vall de Miarnau (Llardecans, Lleida).
*caves with collective burials: (Montmajor, Barcelona), Cova M del Cingle Blanc (Arbolí, Tarragona), Cova de la Pesseta (Torrelles de Foix, Barcelona), Galls Carboners (Mont-ral, Tarragona), (Sitges, Barcelona), Montanissell cave (Call de Nargó, Lleida).
*paradolmens or cave-dolmens such in Girona, Masia (Torrelles de Foix, Barcelona), Tafania (Ventalló, Girona), (Sallent, Barcelona), Cova Verda (Sitges, Barcelona), etc.
*dolmens (Pyrenean chambers or simple chambers) with stone mounds: Creu de la Llosa, Serrat d'en Jacques, Santes Masses (Solsona, Lleida), (Saldes, Barcelona), Castelltallat (Sant Mateu de Bages, Barcelona), Serra de Clarena (Castellfollit del Boix, Barcelona), Maioles (Rubió, Barcelona), etc.

With regard to the megalithic traditions of the Pyrenean Bronze Age, the menhir and cromlech of Mas Baleta (La Jonquera, Girona) also must be included.

Genetic profile

Some individuals who lived in the Pyrenean Bronze area were geneticaly tested. From the collective funerary cave known as Grotte Basse de la Vigne Perdue, near Narbonne, an individual was assigned to Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b-Z195 (being its ancestor Haplogroup R-DF27). Also from another collective funerary cave, the Cova del Gegant (Sitges, Barcelona), a male from the middle of the second millennium was assigned to Y-chromosome R1b-P310. Another individual from the Can Roqueta II necropolis in Sabadell (Barcelona), was from the subclade R1b-P312. A male buried in the collective inhumation hypogeum found in Miquel Vives street (Terrassa, Barcelona), also was assigned to R1b-P310.{{cite journal , last1=Villalba-Mouco , first1=Vanessa , last2=Oliart , first2=Camila , last3=Rihuete-Herrada , first3=Cristina , last4=Childebayeva , first4=Ainash , last5=Rohrlach , first5=Adam B. , last6=Fregeiro , first6=María Inés , last7=Celdrán Beltrán , first7=Eva , last8=Velasco-Felipe , first8=Carlos , last9=Aron , first9=Franziska , last10=Himmel , first10=Marie , last11=Freund , first11=Caecilia , last12=Alt , first12=Kurt W. , last13=Salazar-García , first13=Domingo C. , last14=García Atiénzar , first14=Gabriel , last15=de Miguel Ibáñez , first15=Ma. Paz , last16=Hernández Pérez , first16=Mauro S. , last17=Barciela , first17=Virginia , last18=Romero , first18=Alejandro , last19=Ponce , first19=Juana , last20=Martínez , first20=Andrés , last21=Lomba , first21=Joaquín , last22=Soler , first22=Jorge , last23=Martínez , first23=Ana Pujante , last24=Avilés Fernández , first24=Azucena , last25=Haber-Uriarte , first25=María , last26=Roca de Togores Muñoz , first26=Consuelo , last27=Olalde , first27=Iñigo , last28=Lalueza-Fox , first28=Carles , last29=Reich , first29=David , last30=Krause , first30=Johannes , last31=García Sanjuán , first31=Leonardo , last32=Lull , first32=Vicente , last33=Micó , first33=Rafael , last34=Risch , first34=Roberto , last35=Haak , first35=Wolfgang , title=Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age–Bronze Age transition in southern Iberia , journal=Science Advances , date=19 November 2021 , volume=7 , issue=47 , doi=10.1126/sciadv.abi7038, pmid=34788096 , hdl=10810/54399 , s2cid=244385333 , hdl-access=free

See also

* Polada culture
* Rhône culture
* Levantine bronze

References

Bronze Age cultures of Europe
Archaeological cultures in Spain
Archaeological cultures in France