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Bacillus Pumilus
''Bacillus pumilus'' is a Gram-positive, Aerobic organism, aerobic, spore-forming bacillus commonly found in soil. ''Bacillus pumilus'' spores—with the exception of mutant strain ATCC 7061—generally show high resistance to environmental stresses, including UV light exposure, desiccation, and the presence of oxidizers such as hydrogen peroxide. Strains of ''B. pumilus'' found at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory were found to be particularly resistant to hydrogen peroxide. A strain of ''B. pumilus'' isolated from black tiger shrimp (''Penaeus monodon'') was found to have high salt tolerance and to inhibit the growth of marine pathogens, including ''Vibrio alginolyticus'', when cultured together. Genome and cell structure ''Bacillus pumilus'' contains one circular chromosome including about 4000 genes and 3600-3900 proteins with varying length in the range of 3.7 to 3.8 Mbp. 41% of the DNA base pairs in ''B. pumilus'' are G-C. The cellular structure of ''B. pumilus'' is si ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gram-positive
In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall. The Gram stain is used by microbiologists to place bacteria into two main categories, gram-positive (+) and gram-negative bacteria, gram-negative (−). Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan within the cell wall, and gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan. Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet stain used in the test, resulting in a purple color when observed through an optical microscope. The thick layer of peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall retains the Stain (biology), stain after it has been fixed in place by iodine. During the decolorization step, the decolorizer removes crystal violet from all other cells. Conversely, gram-negative bacteria cannot retain the violet stain after the decolorization ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fusarium
''Fusarium'' (; ) is a large genus of filamentous fungi, part of a group often referred to as hyphomycetes, widely distributed in soil and associated with plants. Most species are harmless saprobes, and are relatively abundant members of the soil microbial community. Some species produce mycotoxins in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health if they enter the food chain. The main toxins produced by these ''Fusarium'' species are fumonisins and trichothecenes. Despite most species apparently being harmless (some existing on the skin as commensal members of the skin flora), some ''Fusarium'' species and subspecific groups are among the most important fungal pathogens of plants and animals. The name of ''Fusarium'' comes from Latin ''fusus'', meaning a spindle. Taxonomy The taxonomy of the genus is complex. A number of different schemes have been used, and up to 1,000 species have been identified at times, with approaches varying between wide and narrow concep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Food Microbiology
Food microbiology is the study of the microorganisms that inhabit, create, or contaminate food. This includes the study of microorganisms causing food spoilage; pathogens that may cause disease (especially if food is improperly cooked or stored); microbes used to produce fermented foods such as cheese, yogurt, bread, beer, and wine; and microbes with other useful roles, such as producing probiotics. Subgroups of bacteria that affect food In the study of bacteria in food, important groups have been subdivided based on certain characteristics. These groupings are not of taxonomic significance: * Lactic acid bacteria are bacteria that use carbohydrates to produce lactic acid. The main genera are '' Lactococcus'', '' Leuconostoc'', '' Pediococcus'', ''Lactobacillus'' and ''Streptococcus thermophilus''. * Acetic acid bacteria like ''Acetobacter aceti'' produce acetic acid. * Bacteria such as ''Propionibacterium freudenreichii'' that produce propionic acid are used to ferment dairy pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacillus
''Bacillus'', from Latin "bacillus", meaning "little staff, wand", is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, a member of the phylum ''Bacillota'', with 266 named species. The term is also used to describe the shape (rod) of other so-shaped bacteria; and the plural ''Bacilli'' is the name of the class of bacteria to which this genus belongs. ''Bacillus'' species can be either obligate aerobes which are dependent on oxygen, or facultative anaerobes which can survive in the absence of oxygen. Cultured ''Bacillus'' species test positive for the enzyme catalase if oxygen has been used or is present. ''Bacillus'' can reduce themselves to oval endospores and can remain in this dormant state for years. The endospore of one species from Morocco is reported to have survived being heated to 420 °C. Endospore formation is usually triggered by a lack of nutrients: the bacterium divides within its cell wall, and one side then engulfs the other. They are not true spores (i.e. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacillus Oleronius
''Bacillus oleronius'' is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the genus ''Bacillus''. However, ''Bacillus oleronius'' has Gram-positive cell wall components shared among all bacillus species (Lacey N, 2007). It was first described in 1995 and was found in the hindgut of the termite ''Reticulitermes flavipes''. It is also found in the human skin parasitic mite ''Demodex folliculorum'', and may be related to the development of a type of rosacea. This species has been recently transferred into the genus ''Heyndrickxia ''Heyndrickxia'' is a genus of gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria (except for ''Heyndrickxia'' ''sporothermodurans'', which stains gram-negative) in the family ''Bacillaceae'' within the order ''Bacillales''. The type species for this genus is '' ....'' The correct nomenclature is ''Heyndrickxia oleronia.'' See also *'' Bacillus marinus'' *'' Bacillus lentimorbus'' References External linksType strain of ''Bacillus oleronius'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacteri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacillus Lentimorbus
''Bacillus lentimorbus'' is a Gram-positive bacterium used as a soil or plant inoculant in agriculture and horticulture. It is the causative agent of Milky disease in some scarab beetle larvae.Karen E. Rippere, Monique T. Tran, Allan A. Yousten, Khidir H. Hilu and Michael G. KleinBacillus popilliae and Bacillus lentimorbus, bacteria causing milky disease in Japanese beetles and related scarab larvae International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1998), 48, 395-402 See also *'' Bacillus oleronius'' *''Bacillus pumilus ''Bacillus pumilus'' is a Gram-positive, Aerobic organism, aerobic, spore-forming bacillus commonly found in soil. ''Bacillus pumilus'' spores—with the exception of mutant strain ATCC 7061—generally show high resistance to environmental stre ...'' *'' Bacillus marinus'' References Further reading * * lentimorbus {{Bacilli-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacillus Marinus
''Jeotgalibacillus marinus'' is a bacterium used as a soil inoculant in agriculture and horticulture Horticulture (from ) is the art and science of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, trees, shrubs and ornamental plants. Horticulture is commonly associated with the more professional and technical aspects of plant cultivation on a smaller and mo .... References Bacillales Bacteria described in 2010 {{Bacilli-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bioburden
Bioburden is normally defined as the number of bacteria living on a surface that has not been sterilized. The term is most often used in the context of bioburden testing, also known as microbial limit testing, which is performed on pharmaceutical products and medical products for quality control purposes. Products or components used in the pharmaceutical or medical field require control of microbial levels during processing and handling. Bioburden or microbial limit testing on these products proves that these requirements have been met. Bioburden testing for medical devices made or used in the USA is governed by Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations and worldwide by ISO 11737. The aim of bioburden testing is to measure the total number of viable micro-organisms (total microbial count) on a medical device prior to its final sterilization before implantation or use. 21 C.F.R. 211.110 (a)(6) states that bioburden in-process testing must be conducted pursuant to written proce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
D-value (microbiology)
In microbiology, in the context of a sterilization (microbiology), sterilization procedure, the D-value or decimal reduction time (or decimal reduction dose) is the time (or dose of an antimicrobial drug) required, at a given condition (e.g. temperature) or set of conditions, to achieve a one-log reduction, that is, to kill 90% of relevant microorganisms. A D-value is denoted with the capital letter "D". Thus, after an exposure time of 1 D, only 10% of the organisms originally present in a microbial colony would remain. The term originated in assessments of microbes' thermal resistance and in thermal death time analysis; however, it now has analogous uses in other microbial resistance and death rate applications, such as for ethylene oxide and radiation processing. Details Use of D-values is based on the assumption that the procedure in question causes the number of living microorganisms to Exponential decay, decay exponentially. From this perspective, D-values can be understood a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deinococcus Radiodurans
''Deinococcus radiodurans'' is a bacterium, an extremophile and one of the most radiation-resistant organisms known. It can survive cold, dehydration, vacuum, and acid, and therefore is known as a polyextremophile. ''The Guinness Book Of World Records'' listed it in January 1998 as the world's most radiation-resistant bacterium or lifeform. Several bacteria of comparable radioresistance are known, including some species of the genus '' Chroococcidiopsis'' (phylum cyanobacteria) and some species of '' Rubrobacter'' (phylum Actinomycetota); among the archaea, the species '' Thermococcus gammatolerans'' shows comparable radioresistance. Name and classification The name ''Deinococcus radiodurans'' derives from the Ancient Greek δεινός () and κόκκος () meaning "terrible grain/berry" and the Latin and , meaning "radiation-surviving". The species was formerly called ''Micrococcus radiodurans''. As a consequence of its hardiness, it has been nicknamed “Conan the Bacteri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Indicator
A bioindicator is any species (an indicator species) or group of species whose function, population, or status can reveal the qualitative status of the environment. The most common indicator species are animals. For example, copepods and other small water crustaceans that are present in many water bodies can be monitored for changes (biochemical, physiological, or behavioural) that may indicate a problem within their ecosystem. Bioindicators can tell us about the cumulative effects of different pollutants in the ecosystem and about how long a problem may have been present, which physical and chemical testing cannot. A biological monitor or biomonitor is an organism that provides quantitative information on the quality of the environment around it. Therefore, a good biomonitor will indicate the presence of the pollutant and can also be used in an attempt to provide additional information about the amount and intensity of the exposure. A biological indicator is also the name given ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States Environmental Protection Agency
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is an independent agency of the United States government tasked with environmental protection matters. President Richard Nixon proposed the establishment of EPA on July 9, 1970; it began operation on December 2, 1970, after Nixon signed an executive order. The order establishing the EPA was ratified by committee hearings in the House and Senate. The agency is led by its administrator, who is appointed by the president and approved by the Senate. The current administrator is Lee Zeldin. The EPA is not a Cabinet department, but the administrator is normally given cabinet rank. The EPA has its headquarters in Washington, D.C. There are regional offices for each of the agency's ten regions, as well as 27 laboratories around the country. The agency conducts environmental assessment, research, and education. It has the responsibility of maintaining and enforcing national standards under a variety of environmental laws, in consultat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
