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Atromentin
Atromentin is a natural chemical compound found in Agaricomycetes fungi in the orders Agaricales and Thelephorales. It can also be prepared by laboratory synthesis. Chemically, it is a polyphenol and a benzoquinone. Occurrences Atromentin has been found in cultures of '' Clitocybe subilludens'' and in extracts of ''Hydnellum peckii''. The first enzymes in its biosynthesis have been characterized in '' Tapinella panuoides''. One of those is called atromentin synthetase. Biological activities A number of potential biological activities of atromentin have been studied ''in vitro''. Atromentin possesses ''in vitro'' antibacterial activity, inhibiting the enzyme enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (essential for the biosynthesis of fatty acids) in the bacteria ''Streptococcus pneumoniae''. Atromentin has been shown to be a smooth muscle stimulant. It also induces apoptosis in isolated human leukemia U937 cells. It is also an anticoagulant Anticoagulants, commonly kno ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atromentin Synthetase
Atromentin is a natural chemical compound found in Agaricomycetes fungi in the orders Agaricales and Thelephorales. It can also be prepared by laboratory synthesis. Chemically, it is a polyphenol and a benzoquinone. Occurrences Atromentin has been found in cultures of '' Clitocybe subilludens'' and in extracts of ''Hydnellum peckii''. The first enzymes in its biosynthesis have been characterized in '' Tapinella panuoides''. One of those is called atromentin synthetase. Biological activities A number of potential biological activities of atromentin have been studied ''in vitro''. Atromentin possesses ''in vitro'' antibacterial activity, inhibiting the enzyme enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (essential for the biosynthesis of fatty acids) in the bacteria ''Streptococcus pneumoniae''. Atromentin has been shown to be a smooth muscle stimulant. It also induces apoptosis in isolated human leukemia U937 cells. It is also an anticoagulant Anticoagulants, commonly known ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clitocybe Subilludens
] ''Omphalotus subilludens'' is a fungus species in the genus ''Omphalotus''. The type collection was found by Murrill on July 26, 1944, in Gainesville, Florida. It has also been recorded from Texas. Atromentin and thelephoric acid are chemical compounds found in cultures of ''O. subilludens''. Atromentin is an effective anticoagulant, and similar in biological activity to the well-known anticoagulant heparin. Atromentin also possesses antibacterial activity, inhibiting the enzyme enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (essential for the biosynthesis of fatty acids) in the bacteria ''Streptococcus pneumoniae ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'', or pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive, spherical bacteria, alpha-hemolytic (under aerobic conditions) or beta-hemolytic (under anaerobic conditions), aerotolerant anaerobic member of the genus Streptococcus. They a ...''. It also produces illudoids.Illudoids from Omphalotus olivascens and Clitocybe subilludens. Nair M. S. R., Carey S. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydnellum Peckii
''Hydnellum peckii'' is a fungus in the genus '' Hydnellum'' of the family Bankeraceae. It is a hydnoid species, producing spores on the surface of vertical spines or tooth-like projections that hang from the undersurface of the fruit bodies. It is found in North America, Europe, and was recently discovered in Iran (2008) and Korea (2010). ''Hydnellum peckii'' is a mycorrhizal species, and forms mutually beneficial relationships with a variety of coniferous trees, growing on the ground singly, scattered, or in fused masses. The fruit bodies typically have a funnel-shaped cap with a white edge, although the shape can be highly variable. Young, moist fruit bodies can "bleed" bright red guttation droplets that contain a pigment known to have anticoagulant properties similar to heparin. The unusual appearance of the young fruit bodies has earned the species several descriptive common names, including strawberries and cream, the bleeding Hydnellum, the bleeding tooth fungus, the r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enoyl-acyl Carrier Protein Reductase
Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (or ENR) (), is a key enzyme of the type II fatty acid synthesis (FAS) system. ENR is an attractive target for narrow-spectrum antibacterial drug discovery because of its essential role in metabolism and its sequence conservation across many bacterial species. In addition, the bacterial ENR sequence and structural organization are distinctly different from those of mammalian fatty acid biosynthesis enzymes. : At lower concentrations, Triclosan and Triclocarban provide a bacteriostatic effect by binding to ENR. Atromentin and leucomelone possess antibacterial activity, inhibiting the enzyme in the bacteria ''Streptococcus pneumoniae''. See also * Enoyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase (NADPH, A-specific) * Enoyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase (NADPH, B-specific) * Cis-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) In enzymology, a cis-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :acyl-CoA + NADP+ \rightleftharpoons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apoptosis
Apoptosis (from grc, ἀπόπτωσις, apóptōsis, 'falling off') is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes ( morphology) and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and mRNA decay. The average adult human loses between 50 and 70 billion cells each day due to apoptosis. For an average human child between eight and fourteen years old, approximately twenty to thirty billion cells die per day. In contrast to necrosis, which is a form of traumatic cell death that results from acute cellular injury, apoptosis is a highly regulated and controlled process that confers advantages during an organism's life cycle. For example, the separation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the digits undergo apoptosis. Unlike necrosis, apoptosis produces cell fragments called apopt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smooth Muscle
Smooth muscle is an involuntary non- striated muscle, so-called because it has no sarcomeres and therefore no striations (''bands'' or ''stripes''). It is divided into two subgroups, single-unit and multiunit smooth muscle. Within single-unit muscle, the whole bundle or sheet of smooth muscle cells contracts as a syncytium. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs, including the stomach, intestines, bladder and uterus; in the walls of passageways, such as blood, and lymph vessels, and in the tracts of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems. In the eyes, the ciliary muscles, a type of smooth muscle, dilate and contract the iris and alter the shape of the lens. In the skin, smooth muscle cells such as those of the arrector pili cause hair to stand erect in response to cold temperature or fear. Structure Gross anatomy Smooth muscle is grouped into two types: single-unit smooth muscle, also known as visceral smooth muscle, and multiunit sm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
''Streptococcus pneumoniae'', or pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive, spherical bacteria, alpha-hemolytic (under aerobic conditions) or beta-hemolytic (under anaerobic conditions), aerotolerant anaerobic member of the genus Streptococcus. They are usually found in pairs ( diplococci) and do not form spores and are non motile. As a significant human pathogenic bacterium ''S. pneumoniae'' was recognized as a major cause of pneumonia in the late 19th century, and is the subject of many humoral immunity studies. ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' resides asymptomatically in healthy carriers typically colonizing the respiratory tract, sinuses, and nasal cavity. However, in susceptible individuals with weaker immune systems, such as the elderly and young children, the bacterium may become pathogenic and spread to other locations to cause disease. It spreads by direct person-to-person contact via respiratory droplets and by auto inoculation in persons carrying the bacteria in their upp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tapinella Panuoides
''Tapinella panuoides'' is a fungus species in the genus '' Tapinella''. Atromentin Atromentin is a natural chemical compound found in Agaricomycetes fungi in the orders Agaricales and Thelephorales. It can also be prepared by laboratory synthesis. Chemically, it is a polyphenol and a benzoquinone. Occurrences Atromentin has ... is a phenolic compound. The first enzymes in its biosynthesis have been characterised in ''T. panuoides''.Characterization of the atromentin biosynthesis genes and enzymes in the homobasidiomycete ''Tapinella panuoides''. Patrick Schneider, Sarah Bouhired and Dirk Hoffmeister, Fungal Genetics and Biology, Volume 45, Issue 11, November 2008, pages 1487-1496, Despite its pleasant taste, the species is poisonous. References External links Boletales Fungi described in 1931 {{Boletales-stub Poisonous fungi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Variegatic Acid
Variegatic acid (3,3',4,4'-tetrahydroxypulvinic acid) is an orange pigment found in some mushrooms. It is responsible for the bluing reaction seen in many bolete mushrooms when they are injured. When mushroom tissue containing variegatic acid is exposed to air, the chemical is enzymatically oxidized to blue quinone methide anions, specifically chinonmethid anions. It is derived from xerocomic acid, which is preceded by atromentic acid and atromentin, and its genetic basis is unknown. In its oxidized form (due to the production of a second lactone ring) is variegatorubin, similar to xerocomorubin. It was first isolated from '' Suillus variegatus''. It has strong antioxidant properties, and a nonspecific inhibitory effect on cytochrome P450 enzymes. A total synthesis was reported in 2001 that uses a Suzuki cross coupling reaction. It was found antibiotically inactive against an array of bacteria and fungi using the disk diffusion assay at 50 μg. However, at similar concen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xerocomic Acid
Xerocomic acid is a red-orange pigment found in fungi of the order ''Boletales'' (and is named after the genus ''Xerocomus''). It is the precursor to variegatic acid, and is preceded by atromentic acid and atromentin. As an example, it is isolated from ''Serpula lacrymans''. It is soluble in methanol. An oxidase acting on xerocomic acid is responsible for the "bluing" reaction seen in mushrooms. Condensation of two units of xerocomic acid form the pigments sclerocitrin, badione A, and also norbadione A, which are found in the mushroom ''Scleroderma citrinum ''Scleroderma citrinum'', commonly known as the common earthball, pigskin poison puffball, or common earth ball, is the most common species of earthball in the UK and occurs widely in woods, heathland and in short grass from autumn to winter. '' ...'' Pers. Variants include isoxerocomic acid and ''O''-methylxerocomic acid. References {{Reflist, refs= {{cite book, last1=Gill, first1=M., last2=Steglich, first2= W., yea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agaricomycetes
The Agaricomycetes are a class of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. The taxon is roughly identical to that defined for the Homobasidiomycetes (alternatively called holobasidiomycetes) by Hibbett & Thorn, with the inclusion of Auriculariales and Sebacinales. It includes not only mushroom-forming fungi, but also most species placed in the deprecated taxa Gasteromycetes and Homobasidiomycetes. Within the subdivision Agaricomycotina, which already excludes the smut and rust fungi, the Agaricomycetes can be further defined by the exclusion of the classes Tremellomycetes and Dacrymycetes, which are generally considered to be jelly fungi. However, a few former "jelly fungi", such as ''Auricularia'', are classified in the Agaricomycetes. According to a 2008 estimate, Agaricomycetes include 17 orders, 100 families, 1147 genera, and about 21000 species. Modern molecular phylogenetic analyses have been since used to help define several new orders in the Agaricomycetes: Amyloco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
