|
ACSF3
Acyl-CoA synthetase family member 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ACSF3'' gene. The enzyme belongs to the Acyl-CoA synthetase, acyl-CoA synthetase family. Structure The ''ACSF3'' gene is located on the Chromosome 16, 16th chromosome, with its specific location being 16q24.3. The gene contains 17 Exon, exons. ''ACSF3'' encodes a 64.1 kDa protein that is composed of 576 Amino acid, amino acids; 20 Peptide, peptides have been observed through mass spectrometry data. Function This gene encodes a member of the Acyl-CoA synthetase, acyl-CoA synthetase family of enzymes that activate fatty acids by catalyzing the formation of a thioester linkage between Fatty acid, fatty acids and coenzyme A. The encoded protein is localized to mitochondria, has high specificity for Malonic acid, malonate and Methylmalonic acid, methylmalonate and possesses Malonate—CoA ligase, malonyl-CoA synthetase activity: :Adenosine triphosphate, ATP + Malonic acid, malonate + Coenzyme A, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malonate—CoA Ligase
In enzymology, a malonate—CoA ligase (), also known as malonyl-CoA synthetase or malonate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming), is an enzyme that catalysis, catalyzes the chemical reaction: :ATP + malonate + CoA \rightleftharpoons AMP + diphosphate + malonyl-CoA The 3 substrate (biochemistry), substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate, ATP, malonate, and coenzyme A, CoA, whereas its 3 product (chemistry), products are adenosine monophosphate, AMP, diphosphate, and malonyl-CoA. This enzyme belongs to the class of ligases, specifically those forming Carbon-sulfur bond, carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases or, more precisely, to the family of Acyl-CoA synthetase, acyl-CoA synthetases. This enzyme participates in mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis metabolism. Examples The following enzymes with malonyl-CoA synthetase activity are known: Acyl-CoA synthetase family member 3 (ACSF3) The only known malonyl-CoA synthetase in Mammal, mammals is the Mitochondrion, mitochondrial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malonyl-CoA
Malonyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of malonic acid. Biosynthesis Malonyl-CoA cannot cross membranes and there is no known malonyl-CoA import mechanism. The biosynthesis therefore takes place locally: * cytosol: Malonyl-CoA is formed by carboxylating acetyl-CoA using the highly regulated enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1). One molecule of acetyl-CoA joins with a molecule of bicarbonate, requiring energy rendered from ATP. * Mitochondrial outer membrane: Malonyl-CoA is formed by carboxylating acetyl-CoA using the highly regulated enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2). The reaction is the same as with ACC1. * mitochondrial matrix: Malonyl-CoA is formed in coordinated fashion by mtACC1, a mitochondrial isoform of ACC1, and acyl-CoA synthetase family member 3 (ACSF3), a mitochondrial malonyl-CoA synthetase. MtACC1, like cytosolic ACC1 catalyses the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA, while ACSF3 catalyses the thioesterification of malonate to coenzyme A. The latter serves ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acyl-CoA Synthetase
Acyl-CoA synthetases, also known as acyl-CoA ligases, are enzymes that "activate" fatty acids by thioesterification to coenzyme A. It represents the initial step of fatty acid metabolism so that fatty acids can participate in catabolic and anabolic pathways. Among these are, for example, the synthesis of triacylglycerol, phospholipids, plasmalogens, sphingolipids, the degradation of fatty acids for energy production, the conversion to alcohols or aldehydes, the elongation of fatty acids, the insertion and removal of double bonds or the covalent binding to proteins. The members of this family mainly activate fatty acids, but there are also members that activate other substrates instead, such as AACS, which activates the keto acid acetoacetic acid, or ACSF3, which activates the dicarboxylic acids methylmalonic acid and malonic acid. Reaction Acyl-CoA synthetases catalyze fatty acid activation, which consists of 2 steps. First, an ATP-dependent adenylation and release of pyro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Synthesis
In biochemistry, fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through the action of enzymes. Two '' de novo'' fatty acid syntheses can be distinguished: cytosolic fatty acid synthesis (FAS/FASI) and mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFAS/mtFASII). Most of the acetyl-CoA which is converted into fatty acids is derived from carbohydrates via the glycolytic pathway. The glycolytic pathway also provides the glycerol with which three fatty acids can combine (by means of ester bonds) to form triglycerides (also known as "triacylglycerols" – to distinguish them from fatty "acids" – or simply as "fat"), the final product of the lipogenic process. When only two fatty acids combine with glycerol and the third alcohol group is phosphorylated with a group such as phosphatidylcholine, a phospholipid is formed. Phospholipids form the bulk of the lipid bilayers that make up cell membranes and surrounds the organelles within the cells (such as the cell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malonic Acid
Malonic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH2(COOH)2. The ionized form of malonic acid, as well as its esters and salts, are known as malonates. For example, diethyl malonate is malonic acid's diethyl ester. The name originates from the Greek word μᾶλον (''malon'') meaning 'apple'. History Malonic acid is a naturally occurring substance found in many fruits and vegetables. There is a suggestion that citrus fruits produced in organic farming contain higher levels of malonic acid than fruits produced in conventional agriculture. Malonic acid was first prepared in 1858 by the French chemist Victor Dessaignes via the oxidation of malic acid. Hermann Kolbe and Hugo Müller independently discovered how to synthesize malonic acid from propionic acid, and decided to publish their results back-to-back in the Chemical Society journal in 1864. This led to priority dispute with Hans Hübner and Maxwell Simpson who had independently published preliminary results on rela ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methylmalonic Acid
Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a chemical compound from the group of dicarboxylic acids. It consists of the basic structure of malonic acid and also carries a methyl group. The salts of methylmalonic acid are called methylmalonates. Metabolism Methylmalonic acid is a by-product of the propionate metabolism pathway. The starting sources for this are the following with the respective approximate contributions to whole body propionate metabolism in brackets: * essential amino acids: methionine, valine, threonine and isoleucine (~ 50%) * odd-chain fatty acids (~ 30%) * propionic acid from bacterial fermentation (~ 20%) * cholesterol side chain * thymine The propionate derivative, propionyl-CoA, is converted into D- methylmalonyl-CoA by propionyl-CoA carboxylase and then converted into L-methylmalonyl-CoA by methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase. Entry into the citric acid cycle occurs through the conversion of L-methylmalonyl-CoA into succinyl-CoA by L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, whereby vi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lipoic Acid
Lipoic acid (LA), also known as α-lipoic acid, alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and thioctic acid, is an organosulfur compound derived from caprylic acid (octanoic acid). ALA, which is made in animals normally, is essential for aerobic metabolism. It is also available as a dietary supplement or pharmaceutical drug in some countries. Lipoate is the conjugate base of lipoic acid, and the most prevalent form of LA under physiological conditions. Only the (''R'')-(+)-enantiomer (RLA) exists in nature. RLA is an essential cofactor of many processes. Physical and chemical properties Lipoic acid contains two sulfur atoms connected by a disulfide bond in the 1,2-dithiolane ring. It also carries a carboxylic acid group. It is considered to be oxidized relative to its acyclic relative dihydrolipoic acid, in which each sulfur exists as a thiol. It is a yellow solid. (''R'')-(+)-lipoic acid (RLA) occurs naturally, but (''S'')-(-)-lipoic acid (SLA) has been synthesized. For use in dietary supp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chromosome 16
Chromosome 16 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 16 spans about 90 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents just under 3% of the total DNA in cells. Genes Number of genes The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 16. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project ( CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes. Gene list The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 16. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right. Diseases and disorders *Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) *Asperger synd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mass Spectrometry
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that is used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. The results are presented as a ''mass spectrum'', a plot of intensity as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio. Mass spectrometry is used in many different fields and is applied to pure samples as well as complex mixtures. A mass spectrum is a type of plot of the ion signal as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio. These spectra are used to determine the elemental or isotopic signature of a sample, the masses of particles and of molecules, and to elucidate the chemical identity or structure of molecules and other chemical compounds. In a typical MS procedure, a sample, which may be solid, liquid, or gaseous, is ionization, ionized, for example by bombarding it with a Electron ionization, beam of electrons. This may cause some of the sample's molecules to break up into positively charged fragments or simply become positively charged without fragmenting. These ions (fragmen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including Enzyme catalysis, catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, Cell signaling, responding to stimuli, providing Cytoskeleton, structure to cells and Fibrous protein, organisms, and Intracellular transport, transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the Nucleic acid sequence, nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific Protein structure, 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called pep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Precursor (chemistry)
In chemistry, a precursor is a compound that participates in a chemical reaction that produces another compound. In biochemistry Biochemistry, or biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields: structural biology, enzymology, a ..., the term "precursor" often refers more specifically to a chemical compound preceding another in a metabolic pathway, such as a protein precursor. Illicit drug precursors In 1988, the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances introduced detailed provisions and requirements relating the control of precursors used to produce drugs of abuse. In Europe the Regulation (EC) No. 273/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council on drug precursors was adopted on 11 February 2004. ( European law on drug precursors) Illicit explosives precursors On Ja ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
