|
1-Hydroxyanthraquinone
In organic chemistry hydroxyanthraquinones refers to compounds with the formula C12H8−n(OH)n(CO)2 where n ≥ 1. Almost all hydroxyanthraquinones are derivative of anthraquinone, 9,10-anthraquinone. Quoted by Khalafy and Bruce. Quoted by Khalafy and Bruce. Isomers One peculiarity of the hydroxyanthraquinones is the relative obscurity of the monohydroxy derivatives. Most hydroxyanthraquinones have two or more hydroxy groups. Dihydroxy Dihydroxyanthraquinones have the formula . The dyes alizarin (1,2-Dihydroxyanthraquinone) and quinizarin are prominent examples. Trihydroxy Trihydroxyanthraquinones have the formula . 1,2,4-Trihydroxyanthraquinone, commonly called purpurin, is a naturally occurring red/yellow dye. Tetrahydroxy Tetrahydroxyanthraquinones have the formula . The dye quinalizarin (1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone is one example. Hexahydroxy Dihydroxyanthraquinones have the formula .1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (rufigallol) occurs in nature. See al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quinizarin
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, also called quinizarin or Solvent Orange 86, is an organic compound derived from anthroquinone. Quinizarin is an orange or red-brown crystalline powder. It is formally derived from anthraquinone by replacement of two hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl (OH) groups. It is one of ten dihydroxyanthraquinone isomers and occurs in small amounts (as a glycoside) in the root of the Rubia, madder plant, ''Rubia tinctorum''. Production Quinizarin is produced by the reaction of phthalic anhydride and 4-Chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol followed by hydrolysis of the chloride: ] It can also be prepared less efficiently from phthalic anhydride and hydroquinone. Uses Quinizarin is an inexpensive dye that is used to colour gasoline and some heating oils. It is used as an intermediate for the synthesis of indanthrene- and alizarin-derived dyes. The OH groups can be replaced by chloride. halogenation, Chlorination and bromination afford other dyes. Amination (replacement of one OH ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the science, scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic matter, organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.Clayden, J.; Greeves, N. and Warren, S. (2012) ''Organic Chemistry''. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–15. . Study of structure determines their structural formula. Study of properties includes Physical property, physical and Chemical property, chemical properties, and evaluation of Reactivity (chemistry), chemical reactivity to understand their behavior. The study of organic reactions includes the organic synthesis, chemical synthesis of natural products, drugs, and polymers, and study of individual organic molecules in the laboratory and via theoretical (in silico) study. The range of chemicals studied chemistry includes hydrocarbons (compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen) as well as compounds based on carbon, but a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anthraquinone
Anthraquinone, also called anthracenedione or dioxoanthracene, is an aromatic hydrocarbon, aromatic organic compound with formula . Several isomers exist but these terms usually refer to 9,10-anthraquinone (IUPAC: 9,10-dioxoanthracene) wherein the ketone, keto groups are located on the central ring. It is used as a digester additive to Pulp (paper), wood pulp for papermaking. Many Anthraquinones, anthraquinone derivatives are generated by organisms or synthesised industrially for use as Anthraquinone dyes, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and Catalysis, catalysts. Anthraquinone is a yellow, highly crystalline solid, poorly solubility, soluble in water but soluble in hot organic solvents. It is almost completely insoluble in ethanol near room temperature but 2.25 g will dissolve in 100 g of boiling ethanol. It is found in nature as the rare mineral hoelite. Synthesis There are several current industrial methods to produce 9,10-anthraquinone: # The oxidation of anthracene. Chromium(VI) is the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dihydroxyanthraquinone
A dihydroxyanthraquinone is any of several isomeric organic compounds with formula , formally derived from 9,10-anthraquinone by replacing two hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl groups. Dihyroxyantraquinones have been studied since the early 1900s, and include some compounds of historical and current importance. The isomers differ in the position of the hydroxyl groups, and of the carbonyl oxygens (=O) of the underlying anthraquinone. Isomers From 9,10-anthraquinone The unqualified term "dihydroxyanthraquinone" usually means a hydroxy derivative of 9,10-anthraquinone. The dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone functional group occurs widely in natural products, and is an important feature of the anthracycline antitumour antibiotics. In particular, 1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone is the precursor for the important topical antipsoriatic drug anthralin, 1,8-dihydroxy-9-anthrone, There are 28 ways of choosing two of the 8 possible hydrogens, but because of the four-fold symmetry of the 9,10-an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alizarin
Alizarin (also known as 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone, Mordant Red 11, C.I. 58000, and Turkey Red) is an organic compound with formula that has been used throughout history as a red dye, principally for dyeing textile fabrics. Historically it was derived from the roots of plants of the madder genus.The primary madder species from which alizarin historically has been obtained is '' Rubia tinctorum''. See also In 1869, it became the first natural dye to be produced synthetically. Alizarin is the main ingredient for the manufacture of the madder lake pigments known to painters as rose madder and alizarin crimson. Alizarin in the most common usage of the term has a deep red color, but the term is also part of the name for several related non-red dyes, such as Alizarine Cyanine Green and Alizarine Brilliant Blue. A use of alizarin in modern times is as a staining agent in biological research because it stains free calcium and certain calcium compounds a red or light purple color. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1,2-Dihydroxyanthraquinone
Alizarin (also known as 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone, Mordant Red 11, Colour Index International, C.I. 58000, and Turkey Red) is an organic compound with formula that has been used throughout history as a red dye, principally for dyeing textile fabrics. Historically it was derived from the roots of plants of the Rubia, madder genus.The primary madder species from which alizarin historically has been obtained is ''Rubia tinctorum''. See also In 1869, it became the first natural dye to be produced synthetically. Alizarin is the main ingredient for the manufacture of the madder Lake pigment, lake pigments known to painters as rose madder and Alizarin crimson (color), alizarin crimson. Alizarin in the most common usage of the term has a deep red color, but the term is also part of the name for several related non-red dyes, such as Alizarine Cyanine Green and Alizarine Brilliant Blue. A use of alizarin in modern times is as a staining agent in biological research because it stains fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quinizarin
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, also called quinizarin or Solvent Orange 86, is an organic compound derived from anthroquinone. Quinizarin is an orange or red-brown crystalline powder. It is formally derived from anthraquinone by replacement of two hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl (OH) groups. It is one of ten dihydroxyanthraquinone isomers and occurs in small amounts (as a glycoside) in the root of the Rubia, madder plant, ''Rubia tinctorum''. Production Quinizarin is produced by the reaction of phthalic anhydride and 4-Chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol followed by hydrolysis of the chloride: ] It can also be prepared less efficiently from phthalic anhydride and hydroquinone. Uses Quinizarin is an inexpensive dye that is used to colour gasoline and some heating oils. It is used as an intermediate for the synthesis of indanthrene- and alizarin-derived dyes. The OH groups can be replaced by chloride. halogenation, Chlorination and bromination afford other dyes. Amination (replacement of one OH ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trihydroxyanthraquinone
A trihydroxyanthraquinone or trihydroxyanthracenedione is any of several isomeric organic compounds with formula , formally derived from anthraquinone by replacing three hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl groups. They include several historically important dyes. Wahl, Andre; Atack, F. W (1919) ''The Manufacture Of Organic Dyestuffs''. G. Bell And Sons, LimitedOnline versionaccessed on 2010-01-22. Hugh Alister McGuigan (1921), ''An introduction to chemical pharmacology; pharmacodynamics in relation to chemistry''. P. Blakiston's son, PhiladelphiaOnline versionat archive.org, accessed on 2010-01-30. The isomers may differ in the parent anthraquinone isomer and/or of the three hydroxyl groups. In general there are 56 ways of choosing three out of the 8 hydrogens. However, if the underlying core is symmetrical, some of these choices will give identical molecules. Isomers From 9,10-anthraquinone Due to the symmetry of the 9,10-anthraquinone core, there are only 14 isomers. CRC (1996 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1,2,4-Trihydroxyanthraquinone
1,2,4-Trihydroxyanthraquinone, commonly called purpurin, is an anthraquinone. It is a naturally occurring red/yellow dye. It is formally derived from 9,10-anthraquinone by replacement of three hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl (OH) groups. Purpurin is also called verantin, smoke Brown G, hydroxylizaric acid, and C.I. 58205. It is a minor component of the classical lake pigment "madder lake" or Rose Madder. History Madder root has been used for dying cloth at least since 1500 BC.Madder Root'' catalog entry at Natural Pigments website. Accessed on 2010-01-22. Purpurin and alizarin were isolated from the root by Pierre Robiquet and Colin, two French chemists, in 1826. They were identified as anthracene derivatives by Gräbe and Liebermann in 1868. They also synthesized alizarin from bromoanthraquinone, which, together with the conversion of alizarin into purpurin published previously by M. F. De Lalande, provided the first synthetic route to purpurin. The positions of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetrahydroxyanthraquinone
A tetrahydroxyanthraquinone, also called tetrahydroxyanthradione, is any of several isomeric organic compounds with formula , almost invariably derived from 9,10-anthraquinone by replacing four hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl groups. Only a few of these isomers are commercially significant.Hans-Samuel Bien, Josef Stawitz, Klaus Wunderlich “Anthraquinone Dyes and Intermediates” Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. These are 1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone (quinalizarin), 1,4,5,8-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone (Alizarine Bordeaux).Hugh Alister McGuigan (1921), ''An introduction to chemical pharmacology; pharmacodynamics in relation to chemistry''. P. Blakiston's son, PhiladelphiaOnline versionat archive.org, accessed on 2010-01-30. See also *Hydroxyanthraquinone *Tetrahydroxybenzoquinone Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone, also called tetrahydroxy-''p''-benzoquinone, tetrahydroxybenzoquinone, or tetrahydroxyquinone ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quinalizarin
Quinalizarin or 1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone is an organic compound with formula . It is one of many tetrahydroxyanthraquinone isomers, formally derived from anthraquinone by replacement of four hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl (OH) groups at the 1, 2, 5, and 8 positions. Quinalizarin is an inhibitor of the enzyme protein kinase CK2. It is more potent and selective than emodin. It is also a potent catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor. See also * 1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone (quinizarin) * Alizarin Alizarin (also known as 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone, Mordant Red 11, C.I. 58000, and Turkey Red) is an organic compound with formula that has been used throughout history as a red dye, principally for dyeing textile fabrics. Historically it wa ..., a related simpler dye References 3-Hydroxypropenals Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors Catechols Hydroquinones Tetrahydroxyanthraquinones {{Ketone-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rufigallol
Rufigallol or 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone is an organic compound with formula . It one of several hydroxyanthraquinones. It occurs naturally being derived from gallic acid. The compound is soluble in dioxane, from which it crystallizes as red needles that sublime without melting at 365 °C. It can be obtained by treating gallic acid with concentrated sulfuric acid and then with sodium hydroxide. It is prepared by acid-catalyzed condensation of a pair of gallic acid molecules. Rufigallol is particularly toxic to the malarial parasite ''Plasmodium falciparum'' and has a synergistic effect in combination with the antimalarial drug exifone, which has structural similarities to rufigallol.R. W. Winter, Kenneth A. Cornell, Linda L. Johnson, Marina Ignatushchenko, David J. Hinrichs, Michael K. Riscoe (1996), ''Potentiation of The Antimalarial Agent Rufigallol''. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Vol. 40, No. 6, Pages 1408–14Online versionaccessed on 2010-02-01. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
