Sir Peter Paul Rubens - Portrait of the Artist - Google Art Project

art history Art history is the study of aesthetic objects and visual expression in historical and stylistic context. Traditionally, the discipline of art history emphasized painting, drawing, sculpture, architecture, ceramics and decorative arts; yet today, ...

, "Old Master" (or "old master")Old Masters Department
Christies.com. refers to any painter of skill who worked in Europe before about 1800, or a painting by such an artist. An "

old master print An old master print is a work of art produced by a printing process within the Western tradition. The term remains current in the art trade, and there is no easy alternative in English to distinguish the works of "fine art" produced in printmak ...

" is an original print (for example an

engraving Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard, usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it with a burin. The result may be a decorated object in itself, as when silver, gold, steel, or glass are engraved, or may provide an in ...

or etching) made by an artist in the same period. The term "old master drawing" is used in the same way. In theory, "Old Master" applies only to artists who were fully trained, were Masters of their local artists' guild, and worked independently, but in practice, paintings produced by pupils or workshops are often included in the scope of the term. Therefore, beyond a certain level of competence, date rather than quality is the criterion for using the term.

Period covered

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the term was often understood as having a starting date of perhaps 1450 or 1470; paintings made before that were "primitives", but this distinction is no longer made. The ''

Oxford English Dictionary The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'') is the first and foundational historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP). It traces the historical development of the English language, providing a c ...

'' defines the term as "A pre-eminent artist of the period before the modern; esp. a pre-eminent western European painter of the 13th to 18th centuries." The first quotation given is from 1696, in the diary of

John Evelyn John Evelyn (31 October 162027 February 1706) was an English writer, landowner, gardener, courtier and minor government official, who is now best known as a diarist. He was a founding Fellow of the Royal Society. John Evelyn's diary, or m ...

: "My L: Pembroke..shewed me divers rare Pictures of very many of the old & best Masters, especially that of M: Angelo..,& a large booke of the best drawings of the old Masters.""old master, n. and adj." ''OED Online''. Oxford University Press, December 2016. Web. The term is also used to refer to a painting or sculpture made by an Old Master, a usage datable to 1824. There are comparable terms in Dutch, French, and German; the Dutch may have been the first to make use of such a term, in the 18th century, when ''oude meester'' mostly meant painters of the Dutch Golden Age of the previous century. ''Les Maitres d'autrefois'' of 1876 by Eugene Fromentin may have helped to popularize the concept, although "vieux maitres" is also used in French. The famous collection in

Dresden Dresden (, ; Upper Saxon: ''Dräsdn''; wen, label= Upper Sorbian, Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city, after Leipzig. It is the 12th most populous city of Germany, the fourth ...

at the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister is one of the few museums to include the term in its actual name, although many more use it in the title of departments or sections. The collection in the Dresden museum essentially stops at the

Baroque The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including ...

period. The end date is necessarily vague – for example, Goya (1746–1828) is certainly an Old Master, though he was still painting and printmaking at his death in 1828. The term might also be used for John Constable (1776–1837) or

Eugène Delacroix Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix ( , ; 26 April 1798 – 13 August 1863) was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school.Noon, Patrick, et al., ''Crossing the Channel: Britis ...

(1798–1868), but usually is not. Edward Lucie-Smith gives an end date of 1800, noting "formerly used of paintings earlier than 1700". The term tends to be avoided by art historians as too vague, especially when discussing paintings, although the terms "Old Master Prints" and "Old Master drawings" are still used. It remains current in the art trade. Auction houses still usually divide their sales between, for example, "Old Master Paintings", "Nineteenth-century paintings", and "Modern paintings".

Christie's Christie's is a British auction house founded in 1766 by James Christie. Its main premises are on King Street, St James's in London, at Rockefeller Center in New York City and at Alexandra House in Hong Kong. It is owned by Groupe Artémi ...

defined the term as ranging "from the 14th to the early 19th century".Now rewritten less succinctl
to the same effect

Anonymous artists

Artists, most often from early periods, whose hand has been identified by art historians, but to whom no identity can be confidently attached, are often given names by art historians such as '' Master E.S.'' (from his monogram), '' Master of Flémalle'' (from a previous location of a work), ''Master of Mary of Burgundy'' (from a patron), ''

Master of Latin 757 The Master of Latin 757 (''fl'' c. 1380–1395), or the "Lancelot Master", is the name given to a Lombard painter of illuminated manuscripts whose work is very poorly known. He was the leading illuminator for the Visconti court in Milan.Oxf ...

'' (from the shelf mark of a manuscript he illuminated), ''

Master of the Brunswick Diptych Master or masters may refer to: Ranks or titles * Ascended master, a term used in the Theosophical religious tradition to refer to spiritually enlightened beings who in past incarnations were ordinary humans * Grandmaster (chess), National Maste ...

,'' or ''

Master of Schloss Lichtenstein The Master of Schloss Lichtenstein (fl. c. 1430 – 1450) was an Austrian late Gothic painter. Works Nothing is known about the person who is today referred to as the Master of Schloss Lichtenstein. The name derives from Lichtenstein Castle in s ...

''.

List of the most important Old Master painters

Madonna em Majestade dita Rucellai - Duccio

Gothic/Proto-Renaissance

* Cimabue (Italian, 1240–1302), frescoes in the

Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi The Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi ( it, Basilica di San Francesco d'Assisi; la, Basilica Sancti Francisci Assisiensis) is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Order of Friars Minor Conventual in Assisi, a town in the Umbria region in c ...

* Giotto di Bondone (Italian, 1267–1337), first Renaissance fresco painter *

Duccio Duccio di Buoninsegna ( , ; – ) was an Italian painter active in Siena, Tuscany, in the late 13th and early 14th century. He was hired throughout his life to complete many important works in government and religious buildings around Italy. Du ...

(Italian, 1255–1318), Sienese painter *

Simone Martini Simone Martini ( – 1344) was an Italian painter born in Siena. He was a major figure in the development of early Italian painting and greatly influenced the development of the International Gothic style. It is thought that Martini was a pupil ...

(Italian, 1285–1344), Gothic painter of the Sienese School * Ambrogio Lorenzetti (Italian, c. 1290–1348), Gothic painter *

Pietro Lorenzetti Pietro Lorenzetti (; – 1348) or Pietro Laurati was an Italian painter, active between c. 1306 and 1345. Together with his younger brother Ambrogio, he introduced naturalism into Sienese art. In their artistry and experiments with three-dimen ...

(Italian, c. 1280–1348), Sienese school * Gentile da Fabriano (Italian, 1370–1427), International gothic painter * Lorenzo Monaco (Italian, 1370–1425), International gothic style * Masolino (Italian, c. 1383–c. 1447), Goldsmith trained painter * Pisanello (Italian, c. 1395–c. 1455), International gothic painter and medallist *

Sassetta ''For the village near Livorno, see Sassetta, Tuscany'' Stefano di Giovanni di Consolo, known as il Sassetta (ca.1392–1450 or 1451) was an Tuscan painter of the Renaissance, and a significant figure of the Sienese School.Judy Metro, ''Italia ...

(Italian, c. 1392–1450), Sienese International Gothic painter

Early Renaissance

* Paolo Uccello (Italian, 1397–1475), schematic use of foreshortening * Fra Angelico (Italian, 1400–1455), noted for San Marco convent frescoes * Masaccio (Italian, 1401–1428), first to use linear perspective thereby giving sense of three-dimensionality plus developed new realism *Fra Filippo Lippi (Italian, 1406–1469), father of Filippino * Andrea del Castagno (Italian, 1410–1457) * Piero della Francesca (Italian, 1415–1492), painter who pioneered linear perspective * Benozzo Gozzoli (Italian, 1420–1497) *

Alesso Baldovinetti Alesso or Alessio Baldovinetti (14 October 1427 – 29 August 1499) was an Italian early Renaissance painter and draftsman. Biography Baldovinetti was born in Florence to a rich noble family of merchants. In 1448 he was registered as a member of ...

(Italian, 1425–1499) *

Vincenzo Foppa Vincenzo Foppa ( – ) was an Italian painter from the Renaissance period. While few of his works survive, he was an esteemed and influential painter during his time and is considered the preeminent leader of the Early Lombard School. He spent hi ...

(Italian, 1425–1515) * Antonello da Messina (Italian, 1430–1479), painter who pioneered oil painting * Cosimo Tura (Italian, 1430–1495) * Andrea Mantegna (Italian, 1431–1506), master of perspective and detail *

Antonio del Pollaiuolo Antonio del Pollaiuolo ( , , ; 17 January 1429/14334 February 1498), also known as Antonio di Jacopo Pollaiuolo or Antonio Pollaiuolo (also spelled Pollaiolo), was an Italian painter, sculptor, engraver, and goldsmith during the Italian Re ...

(Italian, 1431–1498) * Francesco Cossa (Italian, 1435–1477) * Melozzo da Forli (Italian, 1438–1494) * Luca Signorelli (Italian, 1441–1523) *

Perugino Pietro Perugino (, ; – 1523), born Pietro Vannucci, was an Italian Renaissance painter of the Umbrian school, who developed some of the qualities that found classic expression in the High Renaissance. Raphael was his most famous pupil. ...

(Italian, c. 1446–1523), Raphael was his pupil *

Verrocchio Andrea del Verrocchio (, , ; – 1488), born Andrea di Michele di Francesco de' Cioni, was a sculptor, Italian painter and goldsmith who was a master of an important workshop in Florence. He apparently became known as ''Verrocchio'' after the ...

(Italian, c. 1435–1488) * Sandro Botticelli (Italian, c. 1445–1510), great Florentine master * Domenico Ghirlandaio (Italian, 1449–1494), prolific Florentine fresco painter * Pinturicchio (Italian, 1454–1513) *

Filippino Lippi Filippino Lippi (April 1457 – 18 April 1504) was an Italian painter working in Florence, Italy during the later years of the Early Renaissance and first few years of the High Renaissance. Biography Filippino Lippi was born in Prato, Tu ...

(Italian, 1457–1504), son of Filippo * Cima da Conegliano (Italian, 1459–1517) * Piero di Cosimo (Italian, 1462–1521)

High Renaissance

* Francesco Francia (Italian, 1450–1517) *

Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. While his fame initially rested on ...

(Italian, 1452–1519), acclaimed oil painter and draughtsman * Lorenzo Costa (Italian, 1460–1535) Michelangelo, ignudo 02

* Fra Bartolommeo (Italian, 1472–1517) * Michelangelo (Italian, 1475–1564), acclaimed sculptor, painter and architect * Bernardino Luini (Italian, c. 1480–1532) *

Raphael Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino, better known as Raphael (; or ; March 28 or April 6, 1483April 6, 1520), was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual ...

(Italian, 1483–1520), acclaimed painter * Il Garofalo (Italian, 1481–1559) *

Ridolfo Ghirlandaio Ridolfo di Domenico Bigordi, better known as Ridolfo Ghirlandaio (14 February 1483 – 6 June 1561) was an Italian Renaissance painter active mainly in Florence. He was the son of Domenico Ghirlandaio. Biography He was born in Florence. Since he ...

(Italian, 1483–1561) * Andrea del Sarto (Italian; 1486–1530) * Correggio (Italian, 1490–1534), painter from

Parma Parma (; egl, Pärma, ) is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna known for its architecture, music, art, prosciutto (ham), cheese and surrounding countryside. With a population of 198,292 inhabitants, Parma is the second m ...

noted for illusionistic frescoes and altarpiece oils * Giulio Romano (Italian, c. 1499–1546)

Venetian School (Early Renaissance, High Renaissance and Mannerism)

Domenico Veneziano Domenico Veneziano (c. 1410 – May 15, 1461) was an Italian painter of the early Renaissance, active mostly in Perugia and Tuscany. Little is known of his birth, though he is thought to have been born in Venice, hence his last name. He then moved ...

(Italian, 1400–1461), Early Renaissance * Jacopo Bellini (Italian, 1400–1470), Early Renaissance * Gentile Bellini (Italian, 1429–1507), Early Renaissance, noted for historical scenes of

Venice Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 ...

and portraits of its doges * Giovanni Bellini (Italian, 1430–1516), Early and High Renaissance, pioneer of luminous oil painting *

Bartolommeo Vivarini Bartolomeo or Bartolommeo Vivarini (c. 1432c. 1499) was an Italian Renaissance painter, known to have worked from 1450 to 1499. Biography Bartolomeo's brother Antonio Vivarini, and his nephew (also possibly his pupil) Alvise Vivarini, were also ...

(Italian, 1432–1499), Early Renaissance *

Carlo Crivelli Carlo Crivelli ( Venice, c. 1430 – Ascoli Piceno, c. 1495) was an Italian Renaissance painter of conservative Late Gothic decorative sensibility, who spent his early years in the Veneto, where he absorbed influences from the Vivar ...

(Italian, 1435–1495), Early Renaissance * Alvise Vivarini (Italian, 1445–1503), Early Renaissance * Vittore Carpaccio (Italian, 1455–1526), Early Renaissance * Giorgione (Italian, 1477–1510), High Renaissance, pioneer of Venetian School of painting * Titian (Italian, c. 1488–1576), important High Renaissance-style exponent of colour painting in oils and frescoes * Palma Vecchio (Italian, 1480–1528), High Renaissance * Lorenzo Lotto (Italian, 1480–1556), High Renaissance * Sebastiano del Piombo (Italian, 1485–1547), High Renaissance *

Jacopo Bassano Jacopo Bassano (c. 1510 – 14 February 1592), known also as Jacopo dal Ponte, was an Italian painter who was born and died in Bassano del Grappa near Venice, and took the village as his surname. Trained in the workshop of his father, Francesco t ...

(Italian, 1515–1592), Mannerist painter noted for portraiture and religious genre painting * Tintoretto (Italian, 1518–1594), major Venetian Mannerist painter of monumental religious works * Domenico Beccafumi - The Annunciation - WGA01551

Domenico Beccafumi - The Annunciation - WGA01551

Paolo Veronese (Italian, c. 1528–1588), High Renaissance-style, one of Venice's leading colourists

Sienese School

* Giovanni di Paolo (Italian, 1403–1482), Early Renaissance * Matteo di Giovanni (Italian, 1430–1495), Early Renaissance * Francesco di Giorgio (Italian, 1439–1502), Early Renaissance * Il Sodoma (Italian, 1477–1549), High Renaissance *

Beccafumi Domenico di Pace Beccafumi (1486May 18, 1551) was an Italian Renaissance-Mannerist painter active predominantly in Siena. He is considered one of the last undiluted representatives of the Sienese school of painting. Biography Domenico was born ...

(Italian, 1486–1551), High Renaissance-Mannerist

Northern Renaissance

* Robert Campin (Flemish, 1375–1444), Northern Renaissance artist who painted the "

Mérode Altarpiece The Mérode Altarpiece (or ''Annunciation Triptych'') is an oil on oak panel triptych, now in The Cloisters, in New York City. It is unsigned and undated, but attributed to Early Netherlandish painter Robert Campin and an assistant. The three ...

" * Jan van Eyck (Flemish, c. 1390–1441), pioneer oil painter *

Konrad Witz Konrad Witz (1400/1410 probably in Rottweil, Germany – winter 1445/spring 1446 in Basel, in current day Switzerland) was a German painter, active mainly in Basel. His 1444 panel '' The Miraculous Draft of Fishes'' (a portion of a lost altarpiec ...

(German, c. 1400–c. 1446) * Rogier van der Weyden (Flemish, 1400–1464), Dutch artist and leading religious panel painter * Stefan Lochner (German, c. 1410–1451), German painter of the Cologne School * Petrus Christus (Flemish, c. 1410–c. 1476) *

Dirk Bouts Dieric Bouts (born c. 1415 – 6 May 1475) was an Early Netherlandish painter. Bouts may have studied under Rogier van der Weyden, and his work was influenced by van der Weyden and Jan van Eyck. He worked in Leuven from 1457 (or possibly earlier) ...

(Flemish, 1420–1475) *

Simon Marmion Simon Marmion (c. 1425 – 24 or 25 December 1489) was a French and Burgundian Early Netherlandish painter of panels and illuminated manuscripts. Marmion lived and worked in what is now France but for most of his lifetime was part of the Duchy ...

(French, 1420–1489) * Meister Francke (German, fl. 1424–1435) * Hans Memling (German born-Flemish, 1430–1494), Flemish artist of the Bruges School * Martin Schongauer (German, 1430–1491) * Michael Pacher (Austrian 1435–1498) * Hugo van der Goes (Flemish, 1440–1483), oil painter from the Netherlands * Hieronymus Bosch (Flemish, 1450–1516) * Gerard David (Flemish, 1450–1523) * Geertgen tot Sint Jans (Dutch, 1460–1490) * Hans Holbein the Elder (German, 1460–1524) * Quentin Matsys (Flemish, 1466–1530) * Jan Mabuse (Flemish, 1470–1533) The Card Players sc1065

* Matthias Grünewald (German, 1470–1528), noted for his intense expressionist religious paintings * Albrecht Dürer (German, 1471–1528), greatest painter and printmaker of the Northern Renaissance *

Lucas Cranach the Elder Lucas Cranach the Elder (german: Lucas Cranach der Ältere ; – 16 October 1553) was a German Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving. He was court painter to the Electors of Saxony for most of his career, and is kno ...

(German, 1472–1553), leading German Renaissance painter * Hans Burgkmair (German, 1473–1531) * Jean Clouet (French, 1475–1547) * Albrecht Altdorfer (German, 1480–1538), Danube School of painting * Maitre de Moulins (French, fl. 1480) * Hans Baldung Grien (German, 1484–1545), German Renaissance artist * Joachim Patenier (Flemish, 1485–1524), pioneer landscape painter of the Netherlandish Renaissance * Joos van Cleve (Flemish, 1485–1540) *

Bernard van Orley Bernard van Orley (between 1487 and 1491 – 6 January 1541), also called Barend or Barent van Orley, Bernaert van Orley or Barend van Brussel, was a versatile Flemish artist and representative of Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting, who w ...

(Flemish, 1488–1541) * Hans Springinklee (German, 1490–1540) *

Wolf Huber The wolf (''Canis lupus''; : wolves), also known as the gray wolf or grey wolf, is a large canine native to Eurasia and North America. More than thirty subspecies of ''Canis lupus'' have been recognized, and gray wolves, as popularly u ...

(Austrian, 1490–1553) * Lucas van Leyden (Dutch, 1494–1533) * Jan van Scorel (Dutch, 1495–1562) * Hans Holbein the Younger (German, 1497–1543), one of the greatest portrait painters *

Georg Pencz Georg Pencz (c. 1500 – 11 October 1550) was a German engraver, painter and printmaker. Pencz was probably born in Westheim near Bad Windsheim/Franconia. He travelled to Nuremberg in 1523 and joined Albrecht Dürer’s atelier. Like Dürer, h ...

(German, 1500–1550) *

Sebald Beham Sebald Beham (1500–1550) was a German painter and printmaker, mainly known for his very small engravings. Born in Nuremberg, he spent the later part of his career in Frankfurt. He was one of the most important of the "Little Masters", the grou ...

(German, 1500–1550) * Barthel Beham (German, 1502–1540) * Lucas Cranach the Younger (German, 1515–1586) * Pieter Bruegel the Elder (Flemish, c.1525–1569), leading artist of his day * Egidius Sadeler (Flemish, 1570–1629)

Spanish Renaissance

Bartolomé Bermejo Bartolomé Bermejo ( 1440 – c.1501) was a Spanish painter who adopted Flemish painting techniques and conventions. Born in Cordoba, he is known for his work in the Crown of Aragon, including the Principality of Catalonia and the Kingdom of V ...

(Spanish, c. 1440–c. 1501) *

Alonso Berruguete Alonso González de Berruguete (Alonso Berruguete) (c. 1488 – 1561) was a Spanish painter, sculptor and architect. He is considered to be the most important sculptor of the Spanish Renaissance, and is known for his emotive sculptures depict ...

(Spanish, c. 1488–1561) *

Luis de Morales Luis de Morales (1509 – 9 May 1586) was a Spanish painter active during the Spanish Renaissance in the 16th century. Known as "El Divino", most of his work was of religious subjects, including many representations of the Madonna and Child an ...

(Spanish, 1512–1586) * Alonso Sánchez Coello (Spanish-Portuguese, 1531–1588) * El Greco (Greek-born Spanish, 1541–1614), noted for his dazzling spiritual works and portraits

Mannerism

Dosso Dossi Giovanni di Niccolò de Luteri, better known as Dosso Dossi ( 1489–1542), was an Italian Renaissance painter who belonged to the School of Ferrara, painting in a style mainly influenced by Venetian painting, in particular Giorgione and earl ...

(Italian, 1479–1542) *

Alfonso Lombardi Alfonso Lombardi (c. 1497–1537), also known as Lombardi da Lucca, Alfonso da Ferrara and as Alfonso Lombardo, was an Italian sculptor and medalist who was born in Ferrara, Italy in 1497, and died in Bologna in 1537. He was very active in Bol ...

(Italian, 1487–1537) * Bartolommeo Bandinelli (Italian, 1493–1560) *

Pontormo Jacopo Carucci (May 24, 1494 – January 2, 1557), usually known as ''Jacopo da Pontormo'', ''Jacopo Pontormo'', or simply Pontormo, was an Italian Mannerist painter and portraitist from the Florentine School. His work represents a profound sty ...

(Italian, 1494–1556), Florentine fresco/oil painter * Rosso Fiorentino (Italian, 1494–1540) *

Maarten van Heemskerck Maarten van Heemskerck or ''Marten Jacobsz Heemskerk van Veen'' (1 June 1498 - 1 October 1574) was a Dutch portrait and religious painter, who spent most of his career in Haarlem. He was a pupil of Jan van Scorel, and adopted his teacher's Itali ...

(Dutch, 1498–1574) * Alessandro Moretto (Italian, 1498–1555) * Giulio Clovio (Croatian-born Italian, 1498–1578) * Niccolo Tribolo (Italian, 1500–1550) * Parmigianino (Italian, 1503–1540), Mannerist painter/etcher from Parma * Bronzino (Italian, 1503–1572) *

Jacob Seisenegger Jakob Seisenegger (1505–1567) was an Austrian portrait painter who was the court painter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, and also painted Ferdinand's brother Charles V. Most of his portraits are of the Austrian Habsburg family and their a ...

(Austrian, 1505–1567) * Pieter Aertsen (Dutch, 1508–1575) * François Clouet (French 1510–1572) * Giorgio Vasari (Italian, 1511–1575), known for his '' Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects'' *

Antonio Moro Anthonis Mor, also known as Anthonis Mor van Dashorst and Antonio Moro (c. 1517 – 1577), was a Netherlandish portrait painter, much in demand by the courts of Europe. He has also been referred to as Antoon, Anthonius, Anthonis or Mor van Dashor ...

(Flemish, 1519–1576) 1567 Aertsen Marktfrau am Gemuesestand anagoria

* Giovanni Battista Moroni (Italian, 1525–1578) * Federico Barocci (Italian, 1526–1612) * Giuseppe Arcimboldo (Italian, 1527–1593), best known for his bizarre Mannerist fruit and vegetable portraits * Giambologna (Italian, 1529–1608), hugely influential Mannerist sculptor * Denis Calvaert (Flemish, 1540–1619) *

Scipione Pulzone Scipione Pulzone (1544 – February 1, 1598), also known as Il Gaetano, was a Neapolitan painter of the late Italian Renaissance. His work differs in several respects from the Mannerist style predominant at the time. He was active mainly in ...

(Italian, 1542–1598) *

Bartholomeus Spranger Bartholomeus Spranger or Bartholomaeus SprangerBartholomeus Spranger
at the Karel van Mander (Flemish, 1548–1606) * Abraham Bloemaert (Dutch, 1566–1651) * Joachim Wtewael (Dutch, 1566–1638) * Adam Elsheimer (German, 1578–1610), influential German landscape and history painter who influenced Rubens

Baroque painting

* Antonio Tempesta (Italian, 1555–1630) * Ludovico Carracci (Italian, 1555–1619) * Bartolomeo Cesi (Italian, 1556–1629) * Agostino Carracci (Italian, 1557–1602) *

Lodovico Cigoli Lodovico Cardi (21 September 1559 – 8 June 1613), also known as Cigoli, was an Italian painter and architect of the late Mannerist and early Baroque period, trained and active in his early career in Florence, and spending the last nine years ...

(Italian, 1559–1613) * Bartolomeo Carducci (Italian, 1560–1610) * Annibale Carracci (Italian, 1560–1609), leader of the

academism Academic art, or academicism or academism, is a style of painting and sculpture produced under the influence of European academies of art. Specifically, academic art is the art and artists influenced by the standards of the French Académie ...

Orazio Gentileschi Orazio Lomi Gentileschi (1563–1639) was an Italian painter. Born in Tuscany, he began his career in Rome, painting in a Mannerist style, much of his work consisting of painting the figures within the decorative schemes of other artists. After ...

(Italian, 1563–1639) * Hans Rottenhammer (German, 1564–1625) * Pieter Brueghel the Younger (Flemish, 1564–1636) * Francisco Pacheco (Spanish, 1564–1654) 'Equestrian Portrait of the George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham'

'Equestrian Portrait of the George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham'

Francisco Ribalta Francesc Ribalta (2 June 1565 – 12 January 1628), also known as ''Francisco Ribaltá'' or ''de Ribalta'', was a Spanish painter of the Baroque period, mostly of religious subjects. Biography He was born in Solsona, Lleida. Although his fir ...

(Spanish, 1565–1628) *

Jan Brueghel the Elder Jan Brueghel (also Bruegel or Breughel) the Elder (, ; ; 1568 – 13 January 1625) was a Flemish painter and draughtsman. He was the son of the eminent Flemish Renaissance painter Pieter Bruegel the Elder. A close friend and frequent collaborat ...

(Flemish, 1568–1625) * Juan Martínez Montañés (Spanish, 1568–1649) * Caravaggio (Italian, 1573–1610), noted for his figurative realism and

Tenebrism Tenebrism, from Italian ' ("dark, gloomy, mysterious"), also occasionally called dramatic illumination, is a style of painting using especially pronounced chiaroscuro, where there are violent contrasts of light and dark, and where darkness becom ...

* Guido Reni (Italian, 1575–1642) *

Peter Paul Rubens Sir Peter Paul Rubens (; ; 28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) was a Flemish artist and diplomat from the Duchy of Brabant in the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium). He is considered the most influential artist of the Flemish Baroque tradit ...

(Flemish, 1577–1640), foremost Baroque history painter and portraitist * Adam Elsheimer (German, 1578–1610) * Bernardo Strozzi (Italian, 1581–1644) *

Juan Bautista Maíno Friar Juan Bautista Maíno, or Mayno (October 1581, Pastrana – 1 April 1649, Madrid) was a Spanish Baroque painter. Biography His father was a merchant who sold Milanese fabrics and his mother was a Portuguese noblewoman. Both were at th ...

(Spanish, 1581–1649) * Johann Liss (German, 1590–1631) *

Jusepe de Ribera Jusepe de Ribera (1591 – 1652) was a painter and printmaker, who along with Francisco de Zurbarán, Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, and the singular Diego Velázquez, are regarded as the major artists of Spanish Baroque painting. Referrin ...

(Spanish, 1591– 1652), Naples-based religious realist painter and printmaker * Guercino (Italian, 1591–1666) *

Artemisia Gentileschi Artemisia Lomi or Artemisia Gentileschi (, ; 8 July 1593) was an Italian Baroque painter. Gentileschi is considered among the most accomplished seventeenth-century artists, initially working in the style of Caravaggio. She was producing profess ...

(Italian, 1592–1656) * Georges de La Tour (French, 1593–1652) * Jacob Jordaens (Flemish, 1593–1678) *

Louis Le Nain The three Le Nain brothers were painters in 17th-century France: Antoine Le Nain (c.1600–1648), Louis Le Nain (c.1603–1648), and Mathieu Le Nain (1607–1677). They produced genre works, portraits and portrait miniatures. Lives and work The ...

(French, 1593–1648) * Nicolas Poussin (French, 1594–1665), main classical artist of his time * Pietro da Cortona (Italian, 1596–1669), painter and architect * Francisco de Zurbarán (Spanish, 1598–1664), master of

chiaroscuro Chiaroscuro ( , ; ), in art, is the use of strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition. It is also a technical term used by artists and art historians for the use of contrasts of light to achi ...

known for his religious paintings and still lifes * Gian Lorenzo Bernini (Italian, 1598–1680), the dominant sculptor and architect of the era * Antoine Le Nain (French, 1599–1648) * Anthony van Dyck (Flemish, 1599–1641), portraitist living in London * Diego Velázquez (Spanish, 1599–1660), regarded as the greatest artist of the Spanish Golden Age * Claude Lorrain (French, 1600–1682), landscape artist * Alonso Cano (Spanish, 1601–1667) * Jan Brueghel the Younger (Flemish, 1601–1678) *

Mathieu Le Nain The three Le Nain brothers were painters in 17th-century France: Antoine Le Nain (c.1600–1648), Louis Le Nain (c.1603–1648), and Mathieu Le Nain (1607–1677). They produced genre works, portraits and portrait miniatures. Lives and work The ...

(French, 1607–1677) * Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione (Italian, 1609–1664) * Juan Bautista Martínez del Mazo (Spanish, c. 1612–1667) * Mattia Preti (Italian, 1613–1699) * Salvator Rosa (Italian, 1613–1673) *

Juan Carreño de Miranda Juan Carreño de Miranda (25 March 1614 — 3 October 1685) was a Spanish painter of the Baroque period. Biography Born in Avilés in Asturias, son of a painter with the same name, Juan Carreño de Miranda. His family moved to Madrid in 1623, a ...

(Spanish, 1614–1685) * Carlo Dolci (Italian, 1616–1686) * Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (Spanish, 1617–1682), one of the most influential religious painters * Charles Le Brun (French, 1619–1690), leading painter in the court of

Louis XIV Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great () or the Sun King (), was List of French monarchs, King of France from 14 May 1643 until his death in 1715. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the Li ...

* Juan de Valdés Leal (Spanish, 1622–1690) * Pedro de Mena (Spanish, 1628–1688) * Luca Giordano (Italian, 1634–1705)

Dutch Golden Age and Flemish Baroque painting

Roelant Savery Roelant Savery (or ''Roeland(t) Maertensz Saverij'', or ''de Savery'', or many variants; 1576 – buried 25 February 1639) was a Flanders-born Dutch Golden Age painter. Life Savery was born in Kortrijk. Like so many other artists, he belonged ...

(Flemish, 1576–1639) * Frans Snyders (Flemish, 1578–1657), master of Baroque still life from the Antwerp School * Frans Hals (Flemish-born Dutch, 1580–1666), one of the greatest post-Renaissance portraitists * Pieter Lastman (Dutch, 1583–1633) * Hendrick Terbrugghen (Dutch, 1588–1629), Dutch Realist genre painter and a leading member of the

Utrecht Caravaggisti Utrecht Caravaggism ( nl, Utrechtse caravaggisten) refers to the work of a group of artists who were from, or had studied in, the Dutch city of Utrecht, and during their stay in Rome during the early seventeenth century had become distinctly infl ...

Gerrit van Honthorst Gerard van Honthorst (Dutch: ''Gerrit van Honthorst''; 4 November 1592 – 27 April 1656) was a Dutch Golden Age painter who became known for his depiction of artificially lit scenes, eventually receiving the nickname ''Gherardo delle Notti' ...

(Dutch, 1590–1636) *

Dirck van Baburen Dirck Jaspersz. van Baburen (c. 1595 – 21 February 1624) was a Dutch painter and one of the Utrecht Caravaggisti. Biography Dirck van Baburen was probably born in Wijk bij Duurstede, but his family moved to Utrecht when he was still young ...

(Dutch, 1595–1624) * Matthias Stom (Dutch, 1600–1652) * Adriaen Brouwer (Flemish, c. 1605–1638), noted for his tavern-based genre paintings *

Rembrandt van Rijn Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (, ; 15 July 1606 – 4 October 1669), usually simply known as Rembrandt, was a Dutch Golden Age painter, printmaker and draughtsman. An innovative and prolific master in three media, he is generally cons ...

(Dutch, 1606–1669), history painting, portraits, etchings * Jan Lievens (Dutch, 1607–1674) * Jacob Adriaensz Backer (Dutch, 1608–1651) * Ferdinand Bol (Dutch, 1616–1680) Frans Hals - Yonker Ramp and his Sweetheart - WGA11071

Frans Hals - Yonker Ramp and his Sweetheart - WGA11071

* Jan Havickszoon Steen (Dutch, 1625–1679), Leiden School, tavern genre scenes *

Jan Davidsz de Heem Jan Davidsz. de Heem or in-full ''Jan Davidszoon de Heem'', also called ''Johannes de Heem'' or ''Johannes van Antwerpen'' or ''Jan Davidsz de Hem'' (c. 17 April 1606 in Utrecht – before 26 April 1684 in Antwerp), was a still life painter wh ...

(Dutch, 1609–1683), still-life artist of the Utrecht/Antwerp School * David Teniers the Younger (Flemish, 1610–1690), Dutch Realist known for his peasant/ guardroom scenes * Adriaen van Ostade (Dutch, 1610–1685), peasant scene artist of the Haarlem School * Govert Flinck (Dutch, 1615–1660) * Gerrit Dou (Dutch, 1613–1675) * Frans van Mieris the Elder (Dutch, 1635–1681) * Gerard Terborch (Dutch, 1617–1681), Haarlem School genre painter * Willem Kalf (Dutch, 1619–1693), noted for still-life pictures * Aelbert Cuyp (Dutch, 1620–1691), Dordrecht School landscape painter * Samuel van Hoogstraten (Dutch, 1627–1678), genre painter * Jan de Bray (Dutch, 1627–1697) * Jacob van Ruisdael (Dutch, 1628–1682), Haarlem School landscape artist * Gabriel Metsu (Dutch, 1629–1667), intimate small-scale genre scenes * Pieter de Hooch (Dutch, 1629–1683), Delft School of Dutch genre painting * Johannes Vermeer (Dutch, 1632–1675), Delft School Dutch genre painter, little-known in his own lifetime * Meindert Hobbema (Dutch, 1638–1709) * Aert de Gelder (Dutch, 1645–1727) *

Adriaen van der Werff Adriaen van der Werff (21 January 1659 – 12 November 1722) was a Dutch painter of portraits and erotic, devotional and mythological scenes. His brother, Pieter van der Werff (1661–1722), was his principal pupil and assistant. Life At the a ...

(Dutch, 1659–1722) * Rachel Ruysch (Dutch, 1664–1750), important female flower painter from Amsterdam

Rococo

Capitulaciones de boda y baile campestre (Watteau)

* Giovanni Battista Piazzetta (Italian, 1682–1754), master of the fresco * Jean-Antoine Watteau (French, 1684–1721), author of the first '' fête galante'' *

Giovan Battista Pittoni Giambattista Pittoni or Giovanni Battista Pittoni (6 June 1687 – 6 November 1767) was a Venetian painter of the late Baroque or Rococo period. He was among the founders of the Academy of Fine Arts of Venice, of which in 1758 he became the s ...

(Italian, 1687–1767), known for sacred families and children * Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (Italian, 1691–1770), known for his frescoes, as in Würzburg Residence * Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin (French, 1699–1779), important 18th-century still-life artist * François Boucher (French, 1703–1770), noted for female nudes *

Charles-André van Loo Carle or Charles-André van Loo (; 15 February 1705 – 15 July 1765) was a French painter, son of the painter Louis-Abraham van Loo, a younger brother of Jean-Baptiste van Loo and grandson of Jacob van Loo. He was the most famous member of a ...

(French, 1705– 1765) painter of portraiture, religion, mythology, allegory, and genre scenes. *

Pompeo Batoni Pompeo Girolamo Batoni (25 January 1708 – 4 February 1787) was an Italian painter who displayed a solid technical knowledge in his portrait work and in his numerous allegorical and mythological pictures. The high number of foreign visitors tra ...

(Italian, 1708–1787) *

Martin Johann Schmidt Martin Johann Schmidt, called ''Kremser Schmidt'' or ''Kremserschmidt'', (25 September 1718 – 28 June 1801), was one of the outstanding Austrian painters of the late Baroque/Rococo along with Franz Anton Maulbertsch. He was born at Grafenwört ...

(Austrian, 1718–1801), important 18th-century Austrian Late Baroque painter * Jean-Baptiste Greuze (French, 1725–1805), important 18th-century painter *

François-Hubert Drouais François-Hubert Drouais (Paris, 14 December 1727 – Paris, 21 October 1775) was a leading French portrait painter during the latter years of Louis XV's reign.For a history of the Drouais family, see Prosper Dorbec (1904, 1905) and Camille Gabil ...

(French, 1727– 1775) French portraitist to the royal family, King Louis XV and Queen Marie Leczinska, and members of the nobility *

Jean-Honoré Fragonard Jean-Honoré Fragonard (; 5 April 1732 (birth/baptism certificate) – 22 August 1806) was a French painter and printmaker whose late Rococo manner was distinguished by remarkable facility, exuberance, and hedonism. One of the most prolific ...

(French, 1732–1806) * Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun (French, 1755–1842), later Neoclassical

British

* Nicholas Hilliard (English, c. 1547–1619), goldsmith, limner, and painter best known for his portrait miniatures of Elizabethan nobility * William Dobson (English, 1611–1646) * John Michael Wright (English-Scottish, c. 1617–1694) * Peter Lely (Dutch-born English, 1618–1680) * Godfrey Kneller (English, 1646–1723) * James Thornhill (English, c. 1675–1734) * William Hogarth (English, 1697–1764) * Allan Ramsay (Scottish, 1713–1784) * Joshua Reynolds (English, 1723–1792) * Thomas Gainsborough (English, 1727–1788) * Joseph Wright of Derby (English, 1734–1797) * George Romney (English, 1734–1802) * Bernardo Bellotto - Architectural Caprice with a Palace - Google Art Project

Bernardo Bellotto - Architectural Caprice with a Palace - Google Art Project

John Opie (English, 1761–1807) * Thomas Lawrence (English, 1769–1830)

Vedutism

* Canaletto (Italian, 1697–1768), famous for '' vedutas'' of Venice * Giovanni Paolo Panini (Italian, 1691–1765) * Francesco Zuccarelli (Italian, 1702–1789), known for Arcadian landscapes * Francesco Guardi (Italian, 1712–1793), view painter of Venice School * Giambattista Piranesi (Italian, 1720–1778) * Bernardo Bellotto (Italian, 1720–1780), Canaletto's nephew depicting Warsaw

Neoclassicism

* Anton Raphael Mengs (German, 1728–1779), friend of Johann Joachim Winckelmann * Johann Zoffany (German, 1733–1810) * Benjamin West (American-born British, 1738–1820) * Angelica Kauffman (Swiss-born, 1741–1807) * Jacques-Louis David (French, 1748–1825), chief artist of the

French Revolution The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are conside ...

and Napoleon * Antoine-Jean Gros (French, 1771–1835), pupil of Jacques-Louis David * Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres (French, 1780–1867)

Romanticism

* Hubert Robert (French, 1733–1808), painter noted for picturesque depictions of ruins *

Francisco Goya Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (; ; 30 March 174616 April 1828) was a Spanish Romanticism, romantic painter and Printmaking, printmaker. He is considered the most important Spanish artist of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. His p ...

(Spanish, 1746–1828) * Henry Raeburn (Scottish, 1756–1823) * William Blake (British, 1757–1827), symbolist religious painter, printmaker and book illustrator * Caspar David Friedrich (German, 1774–1840) *

J. M. W. Turner Joseph Mallord William Turner (23 April 177519 December 1851), known in his time as William Turner, was an English Romantic painter, printmaker and watercolourist. He is known for his expressive colouring, imaginative landscapes and turbul ...

(English, 1775–1851) * John Constable (English, 1776–1837) * Théodore Géricault (French, 1791–1824) *

(French, 1798–1863)

References

{{Reflist

External links

Why do we still pay attention to Old Masters paintings
a conversation between Keith Christiansen is the John Pope-Hennessy Chairman of the Department of European Paintings at New York's Metropolitan Museum and The Easel's Morgan Meis, Contributing Editor of The Easel. Paintings by movement or period Art history Classical art