The lateral rectus muscle is a
muscle
Muscle is a soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissue. There are three types of muscle tissue in vertebrates: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Muscle tissue gives skeletal muscles the ability to muscle contra ...
on the lateral side of the
eye in the
orbit
In celestial mechanics, an orbit (also known as orbital revolution) is the curved trajectory of an object such as the trajectory of a planet around a star, or of a natural satellite around a planet, or of an artificial satellite around an ...
. It is one of six
extraocular muscles
The extraocular muscles, or extrinsic ocular muscles, are the seven extrinsic muscles of the eye in human eye, humans and other animals. Six of the extraocular muscles, the four recti muscles, and the superior oblique muscle, superior and inferior ...
that control the
movements of the eye. The lateral rectus muscle is responsible for lateral movement of the eyeball, specifically abduction. Abduction describes the movement of the eye away from the midline (i.a. nose), allowing the eyeball to move horizontally in the lateral direction, bringing the pupil away from the midline of the body.
Structure
The lateral rectus muscle originates at the lateral part of the
common tendinous ring, also known as the annular tendon. The common tendinous ring is a tendinous ring that surrounds the
optic nerve
In neuroanatomy, the optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, cranial nerve II, or simply CN II, is a paired cranial nerve that transmits visual system, visual information from the retina to the brain. In humans, the optic nerve i ...
and serves as the origin for five of the seven extraocular muscles, excluding the
inferior oblique muscle.
The lateral rectus muscle inserts into the temporal side of the eyeball.
This insertion is around 7 mm from the
corneal limbus.
It has a width of around 10 mm.
Nerve supply
The lateral rectus is the only muscle supplied by the
abducens nerve (CN VI). The neuron cell bodies are located in the
abducens nucleus in the
pons. These neurons project axons as the abducens nerve which exit from the pontomedullary junction of the brainstem, travels through the
cavernous sinus
The cavernous sinus within the human head is one of the dural venous sinuses creating a cavity called the lateral sellar compartment bordered by the temporal bone of the skull and the sphenoid bone, lateral to the sella turcica.
Structure
The ...
and enter the
orbit
In celestial mechanics, an orbit (also known as orbital revolution) is the curved trajectory of an object such as the trajectory of a planet around a star, or of a natural satellite around a planet, or of an artificial satellite around an ...
through the
superior orbital fissure. It then enters the medial surface of the lateral rectus to innervate it.
Relations
The insertion of the lateral rectus muscle is around 8 mm from the insertion of the
inferior rectus muscle, around 7 mm from the insertion of the
superior rectus muscle, and around 10 mm from the
corneal limbus.
Function
The lateral rectus muscle
abducts the
eye, turning the eye laterally in the
orbit
In celestial mechanics, an orbit (also known as orbital revolution) is the curved trajectory of an object such as the trajectory of a planet around a star, or of a natural satellite around a planet, or of an artificial satellite around an ...
.
Clinical significance
A
sixth nerve palsy, also known as abducens nerve palsy, is a neurological defect that results from a damaged or impaired abducens nerve. This damage can stem from stroke, trauma, tumor, inflammation, and infection. Damage to the abducens nerve by trauma can be caused by any type of trauma that causes elevated intracranial pressure; including
hydrocephalus, traumatic brain injury with intracranial bleeding, tumors, and lesions along the nerve at any point between the pons and lateral rectus muscle in orbit. This defect can result in horizontal double vision and reduced lateral movement. The lateral rectus muscle will be denervated and paralyzed and the patient will be unable to abduct the eye. For example, if the left abducens nerve is damaged, the left eye will not abduct fully. While attempting to look straight ahead, the left eye will be deviated medially towards the nose due to the unopposed action of the medial rectus of the eye. Proper function of the lateral rectus is tested clinically by asking the patient to look laterally. Depending on the underlying cause of the lateral rectus palsy, some improvement may occur naturally over time. While the prognosis for a lateral rectus palsy onset by a viral illness is generally positive, the prognosis for an onset of trauma or tumor is quite poor. Ultimately, nerves are not very good at regenerating or healing themselves, so if the damage is severe there will be permanent damage.
In addition, another disorder associated with the lateral rectus muscle is
Duane Syndrome. This syndrome occurs when the sixth cranial nerve which controls the lateral rectus muscle does not develop properly. It is believed that Duane Syndrome is a result of a disturbance of normal embryonic development due to a genetic or an environmental factor.
Additional images
File:Trochlear and frontal nerves.jpg, Lateral rectus muscle
File:Gray890.png, Dissection showing origins of right ocular muscles, and nerves entering by the superior orbital fissure.
File:Lateral orbit nerves.jpg, Lateral view of the eyeball with lateral rectus muscle visible (cut).
See also
*
Extraocular muscles
The extraocular muscles, or extrinsic ocular muscles, are the seven extrinsic muscles of the eye in human eye, humans and other animals. Six of the extraocular muscles, the four recti muscles, and the superior oblique muscle, superior and inferior ...
References
External links
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Lateral Rectus Muscle
Muscles of the head and neck
Human eye anatomy
de:Augenmuskeln#Musculus rectus lateralis