Hollywood Golden Age

Classical Hollywood cinema is a term used in film criticism to describe both a narrative and visual style of filmmaking which became characteristic of American cinema between the 1910s (rapidly after World War I) and the 1960s. It eventually became the most powerful and pervasive style of filmmaking worldwide.

Similar or associated terms include classical Hollywood narrative, the Golden Age of Hollywood, Old Hollywood, and classical continuity.

For centuries, the only visual standard of narrative storytelling art was the theatre. Since the first narrative films in the mid-late 1890s, filmmakers have sought to capture the power of live theatre on the cinema screen. Most of these filmmakers started as directors on the late 19th-century stage, and likewise most film actors had roots in vaudeville (e.g. The Marx Brothers) or theatrical melodramas. Visually, early narrative films had adapted little from the stage, and their narratives had adapted very little from vaudeville and melodrama. Before the visual style which would become known as "classical continuity", scenes were filmed in full shot and used carefully choreographed staging to portray plot and character relationships. Editing technique was extremely limited, and mostly consisted of close-ups of writing on objects for their legibility.

The maturation of silent films (1913 – late 1920s)

Though lacking the reality inherent to the stage, film (unlike the stage) offers the freedom to manipulate apparent time and space, and thus create the illusion of realism – that is temporal linearity and spatial continuity. By the early 1910s, when the Lost Generation was coming of age, filmmaking was beginning to fulfill its artistic potential. In Sweden and Denmark, this period would later be known as the "Golden Age" of the film; in America, this artistic change is attributed to filmmakers like D. W. Griffith finally breaking the grip of the Edison Trust to make films independent of the manufacturing monopoly. Films worldwide began to noticeably adopt visual and narrative elements which would be found in classical Hollywood cinema. 1913 was a particularly fruitful year for the medium, as pioneering directors from several countries produced masterpieces such as '' The Mothering Heart'' (D. W. Griffith), ''Ingeborg Holm'' (Victor Sjöström), and ''L'enfant de Paris'' ( Léonce Perret) that set new standards for the film as a form of storytelling. It was also the year when Yevgeni Bauer (the first true film artist, according to Georges Sadoul) started his short, but prolific, career.

In the world generally and America specifically, the influence of Griffith on filmmaking was unmatched. Equally influential were his actors in adapting their performances to the new medium. Lillian Gish, the star of ''The Mothering Heart'', is particularly noted for her influence on on-screen performance techniques. Griffith's 1915 epic ''The Birth of a Nation'' was ground-breaking for film as a means of storytelling – a masterpiece of literary narrative with numerous innovative visual techniques. The film initiated so many advances in American cinema that it was rendered obsolete within a few years. Though 1913 was a global landmark for filmmaking, 1917 was primarily an American one; the era of "classical Hollywood cinema" is distinguished by a narrative and visual style which began to dominate the film medium in America by 1917.

Classical Hollywood cinema in the sound era (late 1920s – 1960s)

The narrative and visual style of classical Hollywood style developed further after the transition to sound-film production. The primary changes in American filmmaking came from the film industry itself, with the height of the studio system. This mode of production, with its reigning star system promoted by several key studios, had preceded sound by several years. By mid-1920, most of the prominent American directors and actors, who had worked independently since the early 1910s, had to become a part of the new studio system to continue to work.

The beginning of the sound era itself is ambiguously defined. To some, it began with '' The Jazz Singer'', which was released in 1927, when the Interbellum Generationers became of age and increased box-office profits for films as sound was introduced to feature films. To others, the era began in 1929, when the silent age had definitively ended. Most Hollywood pictures from the late 1920s to 1960s adhered closely to a genre — Western, slapstick comedy, musical, animated cartoon, and biopic (biographical picture) — and the same creative teams often worked on films made by the same studio. For instance, Cedric Gibbons and Herbert Stothart always worked on MGM films; Alfred Newman worked at 20th Century Fox for twenty years; Cecil B. DeMille's films were almost all made at Paramount Pictures; and director Henry King's films were mostly made for Twentieth Century Fox. Similarly, actors were mostly contract players. Film historians and critics note that it took about a decade for films to adapt to sound and return to the level of artistic quality of the silents, which they did in the late 1930s when the Greatest Generationers became of age.

Many great works of cinema that emerged from this period were of highly regimented filmmaking. One reason this was possible is that, as so many films were made, not every one had to be a big hit. A studio could gamble on a medium-budget feature with a good script and relatively unknown actors. This was the case with ''Citizen Kane'' (1941), directed by Orson Welles and regarded as one of the greatest films of all time. Other strong-willed directors, like Howard Hawks, Alfred Hitchcock and Frank Capra, battled the studios in order to achieve their artistic visions. The apogee of the studio system may have been the year 1939, which saw the release of such classics as '' The Wizard of Oz''; '' Gone with the Wind''; ''The Hunchback of Notre Dame''; ''Stagecoach''; '' Mr. Smith Goes to Washington''; '' Destry Rides Again''; '' Young Mr. Lincoln''; '' Wuthering Heights''; ''Only Angels Have Wings''; ''Ninotchka''; ''Beau Geste''; '' Babes in Arms''; ''Gunga Din''; '' The Women''; '' Goodbye, Mr. Chips''; and ''The Roaring Twenties''.

Style

The visual-narrative style of classical Hollywood cinema, as elaborated by David Bordwell, was heavily influenced by the ideas of the Renaissance and its resurgence of mankind as the focal point. It is distinguished at three general levels: devices, systems, and the relations of systems.

Devices

The devices most inherent to classical Hollywood cinema are those of continuity editing. This includes the 180-degree rule, one of the major visual-spatial elements of continuity editing. The 180-degree rule keeps with the "photographed play" style by creating an imaginary 180-degree axis between the viewer and the shot, allowing viewers to clearly orient themselves within the position and direction of action in a scene. According to the 30-degree rule, cuts in the angle that the scene is viewed from must be significant enough for the viewer to understand the purpose of a change in perspective. Cuts that do not adhere to the 30-degree rule, known as jump cuts, are disruptive to the illusion of temporal continuity between shots. The 180-degree and 30-degree rules are elementary guidelines in filmmaking that preceded the official start of the classical era by over a decade, as seen in the pioneering 1902 French film ''A Trip to the Moon''. Cutting techniques in classical continuity editing serve to help establish or maintain continuity, as in the cross cut, which establishes the concurrence of action in different locations. Jump cuts are allowed in the form of the axial cut, which does not change the angle of shooting at all, but has the clear purpose of showing a perspective closer or farther from the subject, and therefore does not interfere with temporal continuity.

Systems

Narrative logic

Classical narration progresses always through psychological motivation, i.e., by the will of a human character and its struggle with obstacles towards a defined goal. This narrative element is commonly composed of a primary narrative (e.g. a romance) intertwined with a secondary narrative or narratives. This narrative is structured with an unmistakable beginning, middle and end, and generally there is a distinct resolution. Utilizing actors, events, causal effects, main points, and secondary points are basic characteristics of this type of narrative. The characters in classical Hollywood cinema have clearly definable traits, are active, and very goal oriented. They are causal agents motivated by psychological rather than social concerns. The narrative is a chain of cause and effect with causal agents – in classical style, events do not occur randomly.

Cinematic time and space

Time in classical Hollywood is continuous, linear, and uniform, since non-linearity calls attention to the illusory workings of the medium. The only permissible manipulation of time in this format is the flashback. It is mostly used to introduce a memory sequence of a character, ''e.g.'', ''Casablanca''.

The greatest rule of classical continuity regarding space is object permanence: the viewer must believe that the scene exists outside the shot of the cinematic frame to maintain the picture's realism. The treatment of space in classical Hollywood strives to overcome or conceal the two-dimensionality of film ("invisible style") and is strongly centered upon the human body. The majority of shots in a classical film focus on gestures or facial expressions (medium-long and medium shots). André Bazin once compared classical film to a photographed play in that the events seem to exist objectively and that cameras only give us the best view of the whole play.

This treatment of space consists of four main aspects: centering, balancing, frontality, and depth. Persons or objects of significance are mostly in the center part of the picture frame and never out of focus. Balancing refers to the visual composition, i. e., characters are evenly distributed throughout the frame. The action is subtly addressed towards the spectator (frontality) and set, lighting (mostly three-point lighting, especially high-key lighting), and costumes are designed to separate foreground from the background (depth).

Relations of systems

The aspects of space and time are subordinated to the narrative element.

Legacy

The New Hollywood of the mid-1960s to early 80s was influenced by the romanticism of the classical era, as was the French New Wave.

Major figures from Classic Hollywood cinema

Names in boldface type were recognized on the American Film Institute's list ranking the top 25 male and 25 female greatest screen legends of American film history. The top stars of their respective genders are Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn, who starred together in the classic adventure 1951 film '' The African Queen''. Sophia Loren, is the only living star listed in the top 25.

*Carl Laemmle (1867–1939)
*Marie Dressler (1868–1934)
*Adolph Zukor (1873–1976)
*D. W. Griffith (1875–1948)
*Lionel Barrymore (1878–1954)
*Max Factor (1877–1938)
* Cecil B. DeMille (1881–1959)
*Samuel Goldwyn (1882–1974)
*Lon Chaney (1883–1930)
*Douglas Fairbanks (1883–1939)
*Louis B. Mayer (1884–1957)
* Henry King (1886–1982)
*Sessue Hayakawa (1886–1973)
*Chico Marx (1887–1961)
*Harpo Marx (1888–1964)
*Charlie Chaplin (1889–1977)
*Victor Fleming (1889–1949)
*Stan Laurel (1890-1965)
*Groucho Marx (1890–1977)
*Oliver Hardy (1892-1957)
*Jack L. Warner (1892–1978)
*Ernst Lubitsch (1892–1947)
*William Powell (1892–1984)
*Mary Pickford (1892–1979)
*Harold Lloyd (1893–1971)
*Mae West (1893–1980)
*Lillian Gish (1893–1993)
*Hattie McDaniel (1893–1952)
*Edward G. Robinson (1893–1973)
*Gummo Marx (1893-1977)
*Norma Talmadge (1894–1957)
*John Ford (1894–1973)
*King Vidor (1894–1982)
*Rudolph Valentino (1895–1926)
*Buster Keaton (1895–1966)
*José Mojica (1895–1974)
* Ruth Gordon (1896–1985)
*Marion Davies (1897–1961)
*Dorothy Arzner (1897-1979)
*Edith Head (1897–1981)
*Hal B. Wallis (1898–1986)
*Irene Dunne (1898–1990)
*Randolph Scott (1898–1987)
*Fred Astaire (1899–1987)
*Gloria Swanson (1899–1983)
*Irving Thalberg (1899–1936)
*James Cagney (1899–1986)
*Alfred Hitchcock (1899–1980)
*Humphrey Bogart (1899–1957)
*George Cukor (1899–1983)
*Ramon Novarro (1899–1968)
*Spencer Tracy (1900–1967)
*Jean Arthur (1900–1991)
*Helen Hayes (1900–1993)
*Mervyn LeRoy (1900–1987)
*Clark Gable (1901–1960)
*Walt Disney (1901–1966)
*Gary Cooper (1901–1961)
*Marlene Dietrich (1901–1992)
*Zeppo Marx (1901-1979)
* Darryl F. Zanuck (1902–1979)
*David O. Selznick (1902–1965)
*William Wyler (1902–1981)
*Norma Shearer (1902–1983)
*Bing Crosby (1903–1977)
*Bob Hope (1903–2003)
*Claudette Colbert (1903–1996)
*Vincente Minnelli (1903–1986)
*Joan Crawford (190?–1977)
*Cary Grant (1904–1986)
*Dolores del Rio (1904–1983)
*George Stevens (1904–1975)
*Greer Garson (1904–1996)
*Clara Bow (1905–1965)
*Henry Fonda (1905–1982)
*Greta Garbo (1905–1990)
*Myrna Loy (1905–1993)
*Anna May Wong (1905–1961)
*Gilbert Roland (1905-1994)
*Louise Brooks (1906–1985)
*Janet Gaynor (1906–1984)
*Billy Wilder (1906–2002)
*John Huston (1906–1987)
*Fred Zinnemann (1907–1997)
*Katharine Hepburn (1907–2003)
*Laurence Olivier (1907–1989)
*John Wayne (1907–1979)
*Rosalind Russell (1907–1976)
*Barbara Stanwyck (1907–1990)
*Bette Davis (1908–1989)
*Carole Lombard (1908–1942)
*David Lean (1908–1991)
*James Stewart (1908–1997)
*Lupe Vélez (1908–1944)
*Rex Harrison (1908–1990)
* Tito Guízar (1908-1999)
* Douglas Fairbanks Jr. (1909–2000)
*Errol Flynn (1909–1959)
*Carmen Miranda (1909–1955)
*Elia Kazan (1909–2003)
* Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1909–1993)
*David Niven (1910–1983)
*Luise Rainer (1910–2014)
*Vincent Price (1911–1993)
*Jean Harlow (1911–1937)
*Ginger Rogers (1911–1995)
*José Ferrer (1912-1992)
*Gene Kelly (1912–1996)
*Vivien Leigh (1913–1967)
*Loretta Young (1913–2000)
*Burt Lancaster (1913–1994)
*Tyrone Power (1914–1958)
*Hedy Lamarr (1914–2000)
*Orson Welles (1915–1985)
*Ingrid Bergman (1915–1982)
*Frank Sinatra (1915–1998)
*Anthony Quinn (1915–2001)
*Alice Faye (1915–1998)
*Betty Grable (1916–1973)
*Gregory Peck (1916–2003)
*Olivia de Havilland (1916–2020)
*Kirk Douglas (1916–2020)
*Van Johnson (1916–2008)
*Jane Wyman (1917–2007)
*Lena Horne (1917–2010)
*Susan Hayward (1917–1975)
*Robert Mitchum (1917–1997)
*Joan Fontaine (1917–2013)
*June Allyson (1917–2006)
*William Holden (1918–1981)
* Ida Lupino (1918-1995)
*Rita Hayworth (1918–1987)
*Jennifer Jones (1919–2009)
*Mickey Rooney (1920–2014)
*Maureen O'Hara (1920–2015)
* Gene Tierney (1920–1991)
*Montgomery Clift (1920–1966)
*Ricardo Montalbán (1920–2009)
*Shelley Winters (1920–2006)
*Yul Brynner (1920–1985)
*Esther Williams (1921–2013)
*Deborah Kerr (1921–2007)
*Jane Russell (1921–2011)
*Cyd Charisse (1921–2008)
*Lana Turner (1921–1995)
*Dorothy Dandridge (1922–1965)
*Doris Day (1922–2019)
*Judy Garland (1922–1969)
*Ava Gardner (1922–1990)
*Charlton Heston (1923–2008)
*Marlon Brando (1924–2004)
*Stanley Donen (1924–2019)
*Lauren Bacall (1924–2014)
*Katy Jurado (1924-2002)
*Jack Lemmon (1925–2001)
*Paul Newman (1925–2008)
*Rock Hudson (1925–1985)
* Tony Curtis (1925–2010)
*Angela Lansbury (1925–2022)
*Marilyn Monroe (1926–1962)
*Janet Leigh (1927–2004)
*Sidney Poitier (1927–2022)
*Shirley Temple (1928–2014)
*Audrey Hepburn (1929–1993)
*Grace Kelly (1929–1982)
* Jane Powell (1929–2021)
*James Dean (1931–1955)
*Elizabeth Taylor (1932–2011)
*Debbie Reynolds (1932–2016)
*Anthony Perkins (1932-1992)
*Omar Sharif (1932-2015)
*Jayne Mansfield (1933–1967)
* Sophia Loren (1934–present)
*Elvis Presley (1935-1977)
*Diahann Carroll (1935-2019)
*Natalie Wood (1938–1981)

Living actors from Classical Hollywood

Those listed in bold were either awarded or nominated for a position on the American Film Institute's list ranking the top 25 male and 25 female greatest screen legends of American film history.
See. AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars.

* Elisabeth Waldo - born 1918 (age )
* Caren Marsh Doll – born 1919 (age )
* Margia Dean – born 1922 (age )
* Janis Paige – born 1922 (age )
* Jacqueline White – born 1922 (age )
* Glynis Johns – born 1923 (age )
* Carole Cook - born 1924 (age )
* Eva Marie Saint – born 1924 (age )
* June Lockhart – born 1925 (age )
* Lee Grant – born 1925 (age )
* Miiko Taka – born 1925 (age )
* Dick Van Dyke – born 1925 (age )
* Marilyn Knowlden – born 1926 (age )
* Terry Kilburn – born 1926 (age )
* Lisa Lu- born 1927 (age )
* Phyllis Coates born 1927 (age )
* Harry Belafonte – born 1927 (age )
* Cora Sue Collins – born 1927 (age )
* Gina Lollobrigida – born 1927 (age )
* Peggy Dow – born 1928 (age )
* Nancy Olson – born 1928 (age )
* Ann Blyth – born 1928 (age )
* Earl Holliman – born 1928 (age )
* James Hong – born 1929 (age )
* Don Murray – born 1929 (age )
* Vera Miles – born 1929 (age )
* Terry Moore – born 1929 (age )
* Bob Newhart – born 1929 (age )
* Tippi Hedren – born 1930 (age )
* Gene Hackman – born 1930 (age )
* Robert Wagner – born 1930 (age )
* Joanne Woodward – born 1930 (age )
* Clint Eastwood – born 1930 (age )
* Gena Rowlands – born 1930 (age )
* Mary Costa – born 1930 (age )
* Mamie Van Doren – born 1931 (age )
* James Earl Jones – born 1931 (age )
* Claire Bloom – born 1931 (age )
* Carroll Baker – born 1931 (age )
* Leslie Caron – born 1931 (age )
* Barbara Eden - born 1931 (age )
* Mitzi Gaynor – born 1931 (age, )
* Angie Dickinson – born 1931 (age )
* Rita Moreno – born 1931 (age )
* William Shatner – born 1931 (age )
*Piper Laurie – born 1932 (age )
* Felicia Farr – born 1932 (age )
* Kim Novak – born 1933 (age )
* Joan Collins – born 1933 (age )
* Debra Paget – born 1933 (age )
* Audrey Dalton – born 1934 (age )
* Shirley MacLaine – born 1934 (age )
* Jean Marsh – born 1934 (age )
* Sophia Loren – born 1934 (age )
* Russ Tamblyn – born 1934 (age )
* Bobby Vinton - born 1935 (age )
* Julie Andrews – born 1935 (age 87)
* Warren Beatty – born 1937 (age )
* Margaret O'Brien – born 1937 (age )
* George Takei – born 1937 (age )
* Paul Collins – born 1937 (age )
* Connie Frances - born 1937 (age, )
* Jane Fonda – born 1937 (age )
* Kathryn Beaumont – born 1938 (age )
* Dolores Hart – born 1938 (age )
* Millie Perkins – born 1938 (age )
* Connie Stevens - born 1938 (age )
* Stella Stevens – born 1938 (age )
* George Hamilton – born 1939 (age )
* Raquel Welch – born 1940 (age )
* Ann-Margret – born 1941 (age )
* Fabian Forte – born 1943 (age )
* Frankie Avalon - born 1940 (age, )

List of selected notable films

The following is a chronological list of notable American films that were made during Hollywood's Golden Age.

Silent era

* '' The Mothering Heart'' (1913)
* ''The Birth of a Nation'' (1915)
* '' Intolerance'' (1916)
* ''Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm'' (1917)
* '' The Immigrant'' (1917)
* '' The Poor Little Rich Girl'' (1917)
* '' Wild and Woolly'' (1917)
* ''Broken Blossoms'' (1919)
* '' Pollyanna'' (1920)
* ''The Last of the Mohicans'' (1920)
* ''Within Our Gates'' (1920)
* ''Way Down East'' (1920)
* ''Orphans of the Storm'' (1921)
* '' The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse'' (1921)
* ''The Kid'' (1921)
* ''A Woman of Paris'' (1921)
* ''The Covered Wagon'' (1923)
* ''The Hunchback of Notre Dame'' (1923)
* ''Safety Last!'' (1923)
* ''Greed'' (1924)
* '' Sherlock Jr.'' (1924)
* '' The Thief of Bagdad'' (1924)
* '' Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ'' (1925)
* ''The Big Parade'' (1925)
* ''The Gold Rush'' (1925)
* ''Little Annie Rooney'' (1925)
* ''The Phantom of the Opera'' (1925)
* ''Flesh and the Devil'' (1926)
* ''Sparrows'' (1926)
* ''The Black Pirate'' (1926)
* '' The Canadian'' (1926)
* '' The General'' (1926)
* '' 7th Heaven'' (1927)
* '' It'' (1927)
* '' The Unknown'' (1927)
* ''Wings'' (1927)
* '' The Circus'' (1928)
* '' The Wind'' (1928)
* ''City Lights'' (1931)
* '' Tabu'' (1931)
* '' Legong: Dance of the Virgins'' (1935)
* '' Modern Times'' (1936)

Sound era

* ''A Few Moments with Eddie Cantor'' (1923)
* ''My Old Kentucky Home'' (1926)
* '' The Jazz Singer'' (1927)
* '' Lights of New York'' (1928)
* '' Interference'' (1928)
* ''In Old Arizona'' (1928)
* ''Steamboat Willie'' (1928)
* ''The Broadway Melody'' (1929)
* ''On with the Show!'' (1929)
* ''A Free Soul'' (1930)
* ''All Quiet on the Western Front'' (1930)
* ''Anna Christie'' (1930)
* ''Morocco'' (1930)
* ''King of Jazz'' (1930)
* ''Romance'' (1930)
* ''The Divorcee'' (1930)
* '' Bad Girl'' (1931)
* ''Blonde Crazy'' (1931)
* ''Dracula'' (1931)
* ''Frankenstein'' (1931)
* '' Platinum Blonde'' (1931)
* '' The Public Enemy'' (1931)
* ''A Farewell to Arms'' (1932)
* ''Flowers and Trees'' (1932)
* '' Forbidden'' (1932)
* '' Freaks'' (1932)
* '' Grand Hotel'' (1932)
* '' Red Dust'' (1932)
* '' Scarface'' (1932)
* '' Shanghai Express'' (1932)
* ''The Animal Kingdom'' (1932)
* '' Trouble in Paradise'' (1932)
* '' She Done Him Wrong'' (1933)
* '' 42nd Street'' (1933)
* '' Baby Face'' (1933)
* ''Design for Living'' (1933)
* '' Dinner at Eight'' (1933)
* '' Duck Soup'' (1933)
* ''Flying Down to Rio'' (1933)
* ''Footlight Parade'' (1933)
* ''The Invisible Man'' (1933)
* ''King Kong'' (1933)
* ''Lady for a Day'' (1933)
* '' Man's Castle'' (1933)
* '' Snow-White'' (1933)
* '' Queen Christina'' (1933)
* ''Broadway Bill'' (1934)
* '' Imitation of Life'' (1934)
* ''It Happened One Night'' (1934)
* ''Manhattan Melodrama'' (1934)
* '' No Greater Glory'' (1934)
* ''Of Human Bondage'' (1934)
* ''Poor Cinderella'' (1934)
* ''The Gay Divorcee'' (1934)
* '' The Old Fashioned Way'' (1934)
* ''The Thin Man'' (1934)
* ''Twentieth Century'' (1934)
* ''Woman Haters'' (1934)
* '' Wonder Bar'' (1934)
* ''Mutiny on the Bounty'' (1935)
* '' A Night at the Opera'' (1935)
* ''A Tale of Two Cities'' (1935)
* ''Anna Karenina'' (1935)
* '' The Band Concert'' (1935)
* ''Becky Sharp'' (1935)
* ''Gold Diggers of 1935'' (1935)
* ''Sylvia Scarlett'' (1935)
* ''Top Hat'' (1935)
* ''Disorder in the Court'' (1936)Fandor
/ref>
* '' Camille'' (1936)
* ''Follow the Fleet'' (1936)
* ''Libeled Lady'' (1936)
* '' Mr. Deeds Goes to Town'' (1936)
* ''My Man Godfrey'' (1936)
* '' Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor'' (1936)
* ''San Francisco'' (1936)
* '' Swing Time'' (1936)
* ''Theodora Goes Wild'' (1936)
* ''The Awful Truth'' (1937)
* ''Captains Courageous'' (1937)
* '' Easy Living'' (1937)
* ''Gold Diggers of 1937'' (1937)
* ''Heidi'' (1937)
* ''Lost Horizon'' (1937)
* ''Make Way for Tomorrow'' (1937)
* ''Marked Woman'' (1937)
* '' Nothing Sacred'' (1937)
* ''The Prisoner of Zenda'' (1937)
* ''Shall We Dance'' (1937)
* ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' (1937)
* ''Stage Door'' (1937)
* '' A Star Is Born'' (1937)
* '' Stella Dallas'' (1937)
* ''True Confession'' (1937)
* ''Varsity Show'' (1937)
* '' Wee Willie Winkie'' (1937)
* ''The Adventures of Robin Hood'' (1938)
* ''Algiers'' (1938)
* ''Angels with Dirty Faces'' (1938)
* ''A Yank at Oxford'' (1938)
* ''Bringing Up Baby'' (1938)
* ''Holiday'' (1938)
* ''Jezebel'' (1938)
* '' The Lady Vanishes'' (1938)
* '' Pygmalion'' (1938)
* '' You Can't Take It with You'' (1938)
* ''5th Avenue Girl'' (1939)
* '' Babes in Arms'' (1939)
* ''Beau Geste'' (1939)
* ''Dark Victory'' (1939)
* '' Destry Rides Again'' (1939)
* '' Gone with the Wind'' (1939)
* '' Goodbye, Mr. Chips'' (1939)
* ''Gulliver's Travels'' (1939)
* ''Gunga Din'' (1939)
* '' Love Affair'' (1939)
* ''Midnight'' (1939)
* '' Mr. Smith Goes to Washington'' (1939)
* ''Ninotchka'' (1939)
* ''Only Angels Have Wings'' (1939)
* ''Stagecoach'' (1939)
* ''The Hunchback of Notre Dame'' (1939)
* '' The Little Princess'' (1939)
* ''The Oklahoma Kid'' (1939)
* ''The Roaring Twenties'' (1939)
* ''The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle'' (1939)
* '' The Wizard of Oz'' (1939)
* '' The Women'' (1939)
* '' Wuthering Heights'' (1939)
* '' Young Mr. Lincoln'' (1939)
* ''All This, and Heaven Too'' (1940)
* ''Broadway Melody of 1940'' (1940)
* ''Fantasia'' (1940)
* ''Foreign Correspondent'' (1940)
* ''The Grapes of Wrath'' (1940)
* ''The Great Dictator'' (1940)
* '' His Girl Friday'' (1940)
* '' Kitty Foyle'' (1940)
* '' The Letter'' (1940)
* ''The Long Voyage Home'' (1940)
* '' The Mortal Storm'' (1940)
* ''My Favorite Wife'' (1940)
* '' The Philadelphia Story'' (1940)
* ''Pinocchio'' (1940)
* ''Pride and Prejudice'' (1940)
* '' Primrose Path'' (1940)
* ''Rebecca'' (1940)
* ''The Shop Around the Corner'' (1940)
* '' The Thief of Bagdad'' (1940)
* ''Waterloo Bridge'' (1940)
* '' 49th Parallel'' (1941)
* ''Ball of Fire'' (1941)
* ''Blossoms in the Dust'' (1941)
* ''Citizen Kane'' (1941)
* ''Dumbo'' (1941)
* ''Here Comes Mr. Jordan'' (1941)
* '' High Sierra'' (1941)
* '' Hold Back the Dawn'' (1941)
* ''How Green Was My Valley'' (1941)
* '' The Little Foxes'' (1941)
* '' The Maltese Falcon'' (1941)
* ''Meet John Doe'' (1941)
* ''Mr. Bug Goes to Town'' (1941)
* '' Mr. and Mrs. Smith'' (1941)
* ''One Foot in Heaven'' (1941)
* ''Penny Serenade'' (1941)
* ''Sergeant York'' (1941)
* ''Sullivan's Travels'' (1941)
* ''Suspicion'' (1941)
* ''The Bride Came C.O.D.'' (1941)
* ''The Lady Eve

HOME


Content is Copyleft
Website design, code, and AI is Copyrighted (c) 2014-2017 by Stephen Payne


Consider donating to Wikimedia



As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases