The APG IV system of flowering plant classification is the fourth version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy for

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s (angiosperms) being developed by the

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships disc ...

(APG). It was published in 2016, seven years after its predecessor the APG III system was published in 2009, and 18 years after the first

APG system The APG system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system) of plant classification is the first version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy. Published in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, it was replaced by the improved A ...

was published in 1998. In 2009, a linear arrangement of the system was published separately; the APG IV paper includes such an arrangement, cross-referenced to the 2009 one. Compared to the APG III system, the APG IV system recognizes five new orders (

Boraginales Boraginales is an order of flowering plants in the asterid clade. It includes the Boraginaceae and a number of other families, with a total of about 125 genera and 2,700 species. Its herbs, shrubs, trees and lianas (vines) have a worldwide distri ...

Dilleniales The Dilleniales are an order of flowering plants, potentially containing one family, Dilleniaceae. The APG III system of 2009, like the earlier APG II system of 2003, left the Dilleniaceae unplaced as to order, while noting that the name Dillenia ...

, Icacinales, Metteniusales and Vahliales), along with some new families, making a total of 64 angiosperm orders and 416 families. In general, the authors describe their philosophy as "conservative", based on making changes from APG III only where "a well-supported need" has been demonstrated. This has sometimes resulted in placements that are not compatible with published studies, but where further research is needed before the classification can be changed.

Short version

Detailed version

Key to symbols used: :* = the family has been added or its circumscription changed since the APG III system of 2009 :† = the order has been added since the APG III system

Basal angiosperms The basal angiosperms are the flowering plants which diverged from the lineage leading to most flowering plants. In particular, the most basal angiosperms were called the ANITA grade, which is made up of ''Amborella'' (a single species of shrub f ...

Amborellales ''Amborella'' is a monotypic genus of understory shrubs or small trees endemic to the main island, Grande Terre, of New Caledonia in the southwest Pacific Ocean. The genus is the only member of the family Amborellaceae and the order Ambor ...

Melikyan et al. **

Amborellaceae ''Amborella'' is a monotypic genus of understory shrubs or small trees endemic to the main island, Grande Terre, of New Caledonia in the southwest Pacific Ocean. The genus is the only member of the family Amborellaceae and the order Amborellale ...

Pichon, nom. cons. * Nymphaeales Salisb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Hydatellaceae Hydatellaceae are a family of small, aquatic flowering plants. The family consists of tiny, relatively simple plants occurring in Australasia and India. It was formerly considered to be related to the grasses and sedges (order Poales), but has b ...

U.Hamann **

Cabombaceae The Cabombaceae are a family of aquatic, herbaceous flowering plants. A common name for its species is water shield. The family is recognised as distinct in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV system (2016). The family consists of two genera of ...

Rich. ex A.Rich., nom. cons. ** Nymphaeaceae Salisb., nom. cons. *

Austrobaileyales Austrobaileyales is an order of flowering plants consisting of about 100 species of woody plants growing as trees, shrubs and lianas. The best-known species is ''Illicium verum'', commonly known as star anise. The order belongs to the group of ...

Takht. ex Reveal **

Austrobaileyaceae ''Austrobaileya'' is the sole genus consisting of a single species that constitutes the entire flowering plant family Austrobaileyaceae. The species ''Austrobaileya scandens'' grows naturally only in the Wet Tropics rainforests of northe ...

Croizat, nom. cons. **

Trimeniaceae Trimeniaceae is a family of flowering plants recognized by most taxonomists, at least for the past several decades. It is a small family of one genus, '' Trimenia'', with eight known species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016) of woody plants, bearing ess ...

Gibbs, nom. cons. **

Schisandraceae Schisandraceae is a family of flowering plants with 3 known genera and a total of 92 known species. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, at least for the past several decades. Before that, the plants concerned were assigned to f ...

Blume, nom. cons.

Magnoliids

Canellales Canellales is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants, one of the four orders of the magnoliids. It is recognized by the most recent classification of flowering plants, the APG IV system. It is defined to contain two families: Canel ...

Cronq. **

Canellaceae The Canellaceae are a family of flowering plants in the order Canellales.Walter S. Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2008. ''Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach'', Third Edition ...

Mart., nom. cons. ** Winteraceae R.Br. ex Lindl., nom. cons. *

Piperales Piperales is an order of flowering plants (4,170 recognized species). It necessarily includes the family Piperaceae but other taxa have been included or disincluded variously over time. Well-known plants which may be included in this order inclu ...

Bercht. & J.Presl **

Saururaceae Saururaceae is a plant family comprising four genera and seven species of herbaceous flowering plants native to eastern and southern Asia and North America. The family has been recognised by most taxonomists, and is sometimes known as the "lizard ...

Rich. ex T.Lestib., nom. cons. **

Piperaceae The Piperaceae (), also known as the pepper family, are a large family of flowering plants. The group contains roughly 3,600 currently accepted species in 5 genera. The vast majority of species can be found within the two main genera: ''Piper'' ...

Giseke, nom. cons. ** Aristolochiaceae Juss., nom. cons. * (including Asaraceae Vent., Hydnoraceae C.Agardh, nom. cons., Lactoridaceae Engl., nom. cons.) *

Magnoliales The Magnoliales are an order of flowering plants. Classification The Magnoliales include six families: * Annonaceae (custard apple family, over 2000 species of trees, shrubs, and lianas; mostly tropical but some temperate) * Degeneriaceae (two ...

Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Myristicaceae R.Br., nom. cons. **

Magnoliaceae The Magnoliaceae () are a flowering plant family, the magnolia family, in the order Magnoliales. It consists of two genera: ''Magnolia'' and '' Liriodendron'' (tulip trees). Unlike most angiosperms, whose flower parts are in whorls (rings), t ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Degeneriaceae ''Degeneria'' is a genus of flowering plants endemic to Fiji. It is the only genus in the family Degeneriaceae. The APG IV system of 2016 (unchanged from the APG system of 1998, the APG II system of 2003 and the APG III system of 2009), recogniz ...

I.W.Bailey & A.C.Sm., nom. cons. **

Himantandraceae Himantandraceae is a family of flowering plants recognized by the APG II system of 2003, assigned to the order Magnoliales in the clade magnoliids. The family consists of only one genus, ''Galbulimima'', of probably two species, trees and shrubs, ...

Diels, nom. cons. **

Eupomatiaceae ''Eupomatia'' is a genus of three flowering shrub species of the Australian continent, constituting the only genus in the ancient family Eupomatiaceae. The Eupomatiaceae have been recognised by most taxonomists and classified in the plant order ...

Orb., nom. cons. **

Annonaceae The Annonaceae are a family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs, or rarely lianas commonly known as the custard apple family or soursop family. With 108 accepted genera and about 2400 known species, it is the largest family in the Ma ...

Juss., nom. cons. * Laurales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Calycanthaceae The Calycanthaceae (sweetshrubs or spicebushes) are a small family of flowering plants in the order Laurales. The family contains three genera and only 10 known species , restricted to warm temperate and tropical regions: * '' Calycanthus'' (thr ...

Lindl., nom. cons. ** Siparunaceae Schodde ** Gomortegaceae Reiche, nom. cons. ** Atherospermataceae R.Br. **

Hernandiaceae The Hernandiaceae are a family of flowering plants (angiosperms) in the order Laurales. Consisting of five genera with about 58 known species, they are distributed over the world's tropical areas, some of them widely distributed in coastal areas ...

Blume, nom. cons. **

Monimiaceae The Monimiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the magnoliid order Laurales.Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Monimiaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links' ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Lauraceae Juss., nom. cons.

Independent lineage: unplaced to more inclusive clade

* Chloranthales Mart. **

Chloranthaceae Chloranthaceae is a family of flowering plants (angiosperms), the only family in the order Chloranthales. It is not closely related to any other family of flowering plants, and is among the early-diverging lineages in the angiosperms. They are ...

R.Br. ex Sims, nom. cons.

Monocots Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, ( Lilianae '' sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of ...

Acorales ''Acorus'' is a genus of monocot flowering plants. This genus was once placed within the family Araceae (aroids), but more recent classifications place it in its own family Acoraceae and order Acorales, of which it is the sole genus of the old ...

Mart. **

Acoraceae ''Acorus'' is a genus of monocot flowering plants. This genus was once placed within the family Araceae (aroids), but more recent classifications place it in its own family Acoraceae and order Acorales, of which it is the sole genus of the oldes ...

Martinov * Alismatales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Araceae The Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe (or leaf-like bract). A ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Tofieldiaceae Takht. **

Alismataceae The water-plantains (Alismataceae) are a family of flowering plants, comprising 19 genera (17 extant and 2 fossil) and 117 species. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the greatest number of species in temperate regions of the Northe ...

Vent., nom. cons. ** Butomaceae Mirb., nom. cons. **

Hydrocharitaceae Hydrocharitaceae is a flowering plant family including 16 known genera with a total of ca 135 known species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016), that including a number of species of aquatic plant, for instance the tape-grasses, the well known Canadian ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Scheuchzeriaceae F.Rudolphi, nom. cons. **

Aponogetonaceae The Aponogetonaceae (the Cape-pondweed family or aponogeton family) are a family of flowering plants in the order Alismatales. In recent decades the family has had universal recognition by taxonomists. The APG system (1998) and APG II system (20 ...

Planch., nom. cons. **

Juncaginaceae Juncaginaceae is a family of flowering plants, recognized by most taxonomists for the past few decades. It is also known as the ''arrowgrass'' family. It includes 3 genera with a total of 34 known species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ). The APG II ...

Rich., nom. cons. * ** Maundiaceae Nakai * ** Zosteraceae Dumort., nom. cons. ** Potamogetonaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons **

Posidoniaceae ''Posidonia'' is a genus of flowering plants. It contains nine species of marine plants ("seagrass"), found in the seas of the Mediterranean and around the south coast of Australia. The APG system (1998) and APG II system (2003) accept this gen ...

Vines, nom. cons. **

Ruppiaceae ''Ruppia'', also known as the widgeonweeds, ditch grasses or widgeon grass, is the only extant genus in the family Ruppiaceae, with eight known species. These are aquatic plants widespread over much of the world. The genus name honours Heinrich ...

Horan., nom. cons. **

Cymodoceaceae Cymodoceaceae is a family of flowering plants, sometimes known as the "manatee-grass family", which includes only marine species. The 2016 APG IV does recognize Cymodoceaceae and places it in the order Alismatales, in the clade monocots. The fam ...

Vines, nom. cons. *

Petrosaviales Petrosaviaceae is a family of flowering plants belonging to a monotypic order, Petrosaviales. Petrosaviales are monocots, and are grouped within the lilioid monocots. Petrosaviales are a very small order (one family, two genera and four species ...

Takht. **

Petrosaviaceae Petrosaviaceae is a family of flowering plants belonging to a monotypic order, Petrosaviales. Petrosaviales are monocots, and are grouped within the lilioid monocots. Petrosaviales are a very small order (one family, two genera and four species ...

Hutch., nom. cons. *

Dioscoreales The Dioscoreales are an order of monocotyledonous flowering plants in modern classification systems, such as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Web. Within the monocots Dioscoreales are grouped in the lilioid monocots w ...

Mart. ** Nartheciaceae Fr. ex Bjurzon **

Burmanniaceae Burmanniaceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of 99 species of herbaceous plants in eight genera. Description These plants are annual or perennial herbs, with generally unbranched stems, some lacking leaves. Some members of this fam ...

Blume, nom. cons. (not monophyletic.) **

Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreaceae () is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants, with about 715 known species in nine genera. The best-known member of the family is the yam (some species of ''Dioscorea''). The APG system (1998) and APG II system (2003) both ...

R.Br., nom. cons. * Pandanales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Triuridaceae Triuridaceae are a family of tropical and subtropical flowering plants, including nine genera with a total of approximately 55 known species. All members lack chlorophyll and are mycoheterotrophic (obtain food by digesting intracellular fungi, o ...

Gardner, nom. cons. ** Velloziaceae J.Agardh, nom. cons. ** Stemonaceae Caruel, nom. cons. **

Cyclanthaceae Cyclanthaceae is a family of flowering plants. Taxonomy Earlier systems, such as the Cronquist system and the Takhtajan system, placed it as the sole family in the order Cyclanthales. In the classification system of Dahlgren the Cyclanthaceae w ...

Poit. ex A.Rich., nom. cons. ** Pandanaceae R.Br., nom. cons. * Liliales Perleb ** Campynemataceae Dumort. ** Corsiaceae Becc., nom. cons. **

Melanthiaceae Melanthiaceae, also called the bunchflower family, is a family of flowering herbaceous perennial plants native to the Northern Hemisphere. Along with many other lilioid monocots, early authors considered members of this family to belong to t ...

Batsch ex Borkh., nom. cons. ** Petermanniaceae Hutch, nom. cons. ** Alstroemeriaceae Dumort., nom. cons. **

Colchicaceae Colchicaceae is a family of flowering plants that includes 15 genera with a total of about 285 known species according to Christenhusz and Byng in 2016. Description The family is characterized by the presence of colchicine. Taxonomy The APG III ...

DC., nom. cons. ** Philesiaceae Dumort., nom. cons. **

Ripogonaceae ''Ripogonum'' (sometimes ''Rhipogonum'') is a genus of flowering plants confined to eastern Australia, New Zealand, and New Guinea. Until recently this genus was included in the family Smilacaceae, and earlier in the family Liliaceae, but it ha ...

Conran & Clifford **

Smilacaceae Smilacaceae, the greenbriers, is a family of flowering plants. While they were often assigned to a more broadly defined family Liliaceae, most recent botanists have accepted the two as distinct families, diverging around 55 million years ago dur ...

Vent., nom. cons. ** Liliaceae Juss., nom. cons. *

Asparagales Asparagales (asparagoid lilies) is an order of plants in modern classification systems such as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Web. The order takes its name from the type family Asparagaceae and is placed in t ...

Link ** Orchidaceae Juss., nom. cons. **

Boryaceae Boryaceae is a family of highly drought-tolerant flowering plants native to Australia, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The family includes two genera, with twelve species in total in Australia. Until recently, this family was no ...

M.W.Chase et al. ** Blandfordiaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford **

Asteliaceae Asteliaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The family has only recently been recognized by taxonomists. The APG III system of 2009 (unchanged from the 1998 and 2003 versions) does recognize th ...

Dumort. ** Lanariaceae H.Huber ex R.Dahlgren **

Hypoxidaceae Hypoxidaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The APG IV system of 2016 (unchanged from the 1998, 2003, and 2009 versions) recognizes this family. The family consists of four genera totalling som ...

R.Br., nom. cons. **

Doryanthaceae ''Doryanthes'' is the sole genus in the flowering plant family Doryanthaceae. The genus consists of two species, '' D. excelsa'' (gymea lily) and '' D. palmeri'' (giant spear lily), both endemic natives of the coast of Eastern Australia., p. 312 ...

R.Dahlgren & Clifford ** Ixioliriaceae Nakai (as 'Ixiolirionaceae'; spelling corrected) ** Tecophilaeaceae Leyb., nom. cons. **

Iridaceae Iridaceae is a family of plants in order Asparagales, taking its name from the irises, meaning rainbow, referring to its many colours. There are 66 accepted genera with a total of c. 2244 species worldwide (Christenhusz & Byng 2016). It include ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Xeronemataceae ''Xeronema'' is a genus of flowering plants containing two species, '' Xeronema moorei'' from New Caledonia, and ''Xeronema callistemon'' (the Poor Knights lily) from the Poor Knights Islands and Taranga Island in New Zealand. The plants are he ...

M.W.Chase et al. **

Asphodelaceae Asphodelaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Asparagales. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, but the circumscription has varied widely. In its current circumscription in the APG IV system, it includes about 4 ...

Juss., nom. cons. prop. (including Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort., nom. cons.) ** Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons. ** Asparagaceae Juss., nom. cons. * Arecales Bromhead ** Dasypogonaceae Dumort. ** Arecaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. (=Palmae Juss., nom. cons.) *

Commelinales Commelinales is an order of flowering plants. It comprises five families: Commelinaceae, Haemodoraceae, Hanguanaceae, Philydraceae, and Pontederiaceae. All the families combined contain over 885 species in about 70 genera; the majority of sp ...

Mirb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Hanguanaceae Airy Shaw **

Commelinaceae Commelinaceae is a family of flowering plants. In less formal contexts, the group is referred to as the dayflower family or spiderwort family. It is one of five families in the order Commelinales and by far the largest of these with about 731 kno ...

Mirb., nom. cons. ** Philydraceae Link, nom. cons. ** Pontederiaceae Kunth, nom. cons. ** Haemodoraceae R.Br., nom. cons. * Zingiberales Griseb. ** Strelitziaceae Hutch., nom. cons. ** Lowiaceae Ridl., nom. cons. **

Heliconiaceae ''Heliconia'', derived from the Greek word (), is a genus of flowering plants in the monotypic family Heliconiaceae. Most of the ca 194 known species are native to the tropical Americas, but a few are indigenous to certain islands of the ...

Vines ** Musaceae Juss., nom. cons. **

Cannaceae ''Canna'' or canna lily is the only genus of flowering plants in the family Cannaceae, consisting of 10 species.The Cannaceae of the World, H. Maas-van der Kamer & P.J.M. Maas, BLUMEA 53: 247-318 Cannas are not true lilies, but have been ass ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Marantaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Costaceae Nakai **

Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae () or the ginger family is a family of flowering plants made up of about 50 genera with a total of about 1600 known species of aromatic perennial herbs with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes distributed throughout tropical Af ...

Martinov, nom. cons. *

Poales The Poales are a large order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons, and includes families of plants such as the grasses, bromeliads, and sedges. Sixteen plant families are currently recognized by botanists to be part of Poales. Descriptio ...

Small **

Typhaceae The Typhaceae () are a family of flowering plants, sometimes called the cattail family. The botanical name for the family has been recognized by most taxonomists. Description Members can be recognized as large marsh herbs with alternate two-rank ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Bromeliaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Rapateaceae Dumort., nom. cons. **

Xyridaceae The Xyridaceae are a family of flowering plants. This family has been recognized by many taxonomists and is known as the yellow-eyed grass family. The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system of 1998), also recognizes this family, ...

C.Agardh, nom. cons. **

Eriocaulaceae The Eriocaulaceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the order Poales, commonly known as the pipewort family. The family is large, with about 1207 known species described in seven genera. They are widely distributed, with the ce ...

Martinov, nom. cons. **

Mayacaceae ''Mayaca'' is a genus of flowering plants, often placed in its own family, the Mayacaceae (or Mayaceae in earlier systems). In the APG II system of 2003, it is assigned to the order Poales in the clade commelinids. The Cronquist system, of 1981, ...

Kunth, nom. cons. **

Thurniaceae The Thurniaceae are a family of flowering plants composed of two genera with four species. The botanical name has been recognized by most taxonomists. The APG II system, of 2003, also recognizes such a family, and assigns it to the order Poales ...

Engl., nom. cons. **

Juncaceae Juncaceae is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the rush family. It consists of 8 genera and about 464 known species of slow-growing, rhizomatous, herbaceous monocotyledonous plants that may superficially resemble grasses and s ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Cyperaceae Juss., nom. cons. **

Restionaceae The Restionaceae, also called restiads and restios, are a family of flowering plants native to the Southern Hemisphere; they vary from a few centimeters to 3 meters in height. Following the APG IV (2016): the family now includes the former famil ...

R.Br., nom. cons. * (including Anarthriaceae D.W.Cutler & Airy Shaw, Centrolepidaceae Endl., nom. cons.) ** Flagellariaceae Dumort., nom. cons. ** Joinvilleaceae Toml. & A.C.Sm. ** Ecdeiocoleaceae D.W.Cutler & Airy Shaw ** Poaceae Barnhart, nom. cons. (= Gramineae Juss., nom. cons.)

Probable sister of eudicots

Ceratophyllales Ceratophyllaceae is a cosmopolitan family of flowering plants including one living genus commonly found in ponds, marshes, and quiet streams in tropical and in temperate regions. It is the only extant family in the order Ceratophyllales. Species ...

Link **

Ceratophyllaceae Ceratophyllaceae is a cosmopolitan family of flowering plants including one living genus commonly found in ponds, marshes, and quiet streams in tropical and in temperate regions. It is the only extant family in the order Ceratophyllales. Species ...

Gray, nom. cons.

Eudicots

Ranunculales Ranunculales is an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Ranunculaceae, the buttercup family, because the name of the order is based on the name of a genus in that family. Ranunculales belongs to a paraphyletic group kno ...

Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Eupteleaceae K.Wilh., nom. cons. **

Papaveraceae The Papaveraceae are an economically important family of about 42 genera and approximately 775 known species of flowering plants in the order Ranunculales, informally known as the poppy family. The family is cosmopolitan, occurring in temperat ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Circaeasteraceae Hutch., nom. cons. ** Lardizabalaceae R.Br., nom. cons. **

Menispermaceae Menispermaceae (botanical Latin: 'moonseed family' from Greek ''mene'' 'crescent moon' and ''sperma'' 'seed') is a family of flowering plants. The alkaloid tubocurarine, a neuromuscular blocker and the active ingredient in the 'tube curare' form ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Berberidaceae The Berberidaceae are a family of 18 genera of flowering plants commonly called the barberry family. This family is in the order Ranunculales. The family contains about 700 known species, of which the majority are in ''Berberis''. The species ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Ranunculaceae Juss., nom. cons. * Proteales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Sabiaceae Sabiaceae is a family of flowering plants that were placed in the order Proteales according to the APG IV system. It comprises three genera, '' Meliosma'', '' Ophiocaryon'' and '' Sabia'', with 66 known species, native to tropical to warm temper ...

Blume, nom. cons. ** Nelumbonaceae A.Rich., nom. cons. **

Platanaceae Platanaceae, the "plane-tree family", is a family of flowering plants in the order Proteales. The family consists of only a single extant genus ''Platanus'', with eight known species. The plants are tall trees, native to temperate and subtropic ...

T.Lestib., nom. cons. ** Proteaceae Juss., nom. cons. * Trochodendrales Takht. ex Cronq. ** Trochodendraceae Eichler, nom. cons. * Buxales Takht. ex Reveal **

Buxaceae The Buxaceae are a small family of six genera and about 123 known species of flowering plants. They are shrubs and small trees, with a cosmopolitan distribution. A seventh genus, sometimes accepted in the past (''Notobuxus''), has been shown ...

Dumort., nom. cons. * (including Haptanthaceae C.Nelson)

Core eudicots The eudicots, Eudicotidae, or eudicotyledons are a clade of flowering plants mainly characterized by having two seed leaves upon germination. The term derives from Dicotyledons. Traditionally they were called tricolpates or non-magnoliid dicots ...

Gunnerales The Gunnerales are an order of flowering plants. In the APG III system (2009) and APG IV system (2016) it contains two genera: '' Gunnera'' (in family Gunneraceae) and ''Myrothamnus'' (in family Myrothamnaceae). In the Cronquist system (1981), ...

Takht. ex Reveal **

Myrothamnaceae ''Myrothamnus'' is a genus of flowering plants, consisting of two species of small xerophytic shrubs, in the southern parts of tropical Africa and in Madagascar. ''Myrothamnus'' is recognized as the only genus in the family Myrothamnaceae. Myr ...

Nied., nom. cons. ** Gunneraceae

Meisn. Carl Daniel Friedrich Meissner (1 November 1800 – 2 May 1874) was a Swiss botanist. Biography Born in Bern, Switzerland on 1 November 1800, he was christened Meisner but later changed the spelling of his name to Meissner. For most of his 40 ...

, nom. cons. *

DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl † **

Dilleniaceae Dilleniaceae is a family of flowering plants with 11 genera and about 430 known species. Such a family has been universally recognized by taxonomists. It is known to gardeners for the genus ''Hibbertia'', which contains many commercially valuabl ...

Salisb., nom. cons.

Superrosids The superrosids are members of a large clade (monophyletic group) of flowering plants, containing more than 88,000 species, and thus more than a quarter of all angiosperms. The clade is divided into 18 orders as defined in APG IV system. These o ...

Saxifragales The Saxifragales (saxifrages) are an order of flowering plants (Angiosperms). They are an extremely diverse group of plants which include trees, shrubs, perennial herbs, succulent and aquatic plants. The degree of diversity in terms of vegeta ...

Bercht. & J.Presl **

Peridiscaceae Peridiscaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales.Peter F. Stevens. 2001 onwards. "Peridiscaceae". At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below). Four genera comprise ...

Kuhlm., nom. cons. **

Paeoniaceae The peony or paeony is a flowering plant in the genus ''Paeonia'' , the only genus in the family Paeoniaceae . Peonies are native to Asia, Europe and Western North America. Scientists differ on the number of species that can be distinguished, ...

Raf., nom. cons. ** Altingiaceae Lindl., nom. cons. ** Hamamelidaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Cercidiphyllaceae Engl., nom. cons. **

Daphniphyllaceae ''Daphniphyllum'' is the sole genus in the flowering plant family Daphniphyllaceae and was described as a genus in 1826. The genus includes evergreen shrubs and trees mainly native to east and southeast Asia, but also found in the Indian Subconti ...

Müll.Arg., nom. cons. ** Iteaceae J.Agardh, nom. cons. ** Grossulariaceae DC., nom. cons. **

Saxifragaceae Saxifragaceae is a family of herbaceous perennial flowering plants, within the core eudicot order Saxifragales. The taxonomy of the family has been greatly revised and the scope much reduced in the era of molecular phylogenetic analysis. The fa ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Crassulaceae The Crassulaceae (from Latin ''crassus'', thick), also known as the stonecrop family or the orpine family, are a diverse family of dicotyledon flowering plants characterized by succulent leaves and a unique form of photosynthesis, known as Crass ...

J.St.-Hil., nom. cons. **

Aphanopetalaceae ''Aphanopetalum'' is a genus of twining shrubs or vines in the family Aphanopetalaceae which are endemic to Australia. The genus is placed alone in family Aphanopetalaceae, which is in turn now placed in order Saxifragales. Until recently this ...

Doweld **

Tetracarpaeaceae ''Tetracarpaea'' is the only genus in the flowering plant family Tetracarpaeaceae.Richard K. Brummitt. 2007. "Tetracarpaeaceae" pages 316-317. In: Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families ...

Nakai **

Penthoraceae ''Penthorum'' is a genus of plants in the order Saxifragales. They are erect herbaceous perennials about half a meter tall. The genus consists of two species, one from east Asia and one from eastern North America. It is variously classified i ...

Rydb. ex Britton, nom. cons. **

Haloragaceae Haloragaceae (the watermilfoil family) is a eudicot flowering plant family in the order Saxifragales, based on the phylogenetic APG system. In the Cronquist system, it was included in the order Haloragales. Description The Haloragaceae are ...

R.Br., nom. cons. **

Cynomoriaceae ''Cynomorium'' is a genus of parasitic perennial flowering plants in the family Cynomoriaceae. The genus consists of only one species, ''Cynomorium coccineum'' (although one of its subspecies is sometimes treated as a separate species). Its plac ...

Endl. ex Lindl., nom. cons.

Rosids The rosids are members of a large clade (monophyletic group) of flowering plants, containing about 70,000 species, more than a quarter of all angiosperms. The clade is divided into 16 to 20 orders, depending upon circumscription and classificati ...

* Vitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Vitaceae Juss., nom. cons. *

Zygophyllales The Zygophyllales are an order of dicotyledonous plants, comprising the following two families: * Family Zygophyllaceae * Family Krameriaceae According to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG II) both families are unplaced to order, but nevert ...

Link **

Krameriaceae ''Krameria'' is the only genus in the Krameriaceae family, of which any of the approximately 18 species are commonly known as rhatany, ratany or rattany. Rhatany is also the name given to krameria root, a botanical remedy consisting of the dried ...

Dumort., nom. cons. **

Zygophyllaceae Zygophyllaceae is a family of flowering plants that contains the bean-caper and caltrop. The family includes around 285 species in 22 genera. Plants in the family Zygophyllaceae may be trees, shrubs, or herbs. They are often found in dry habit ...

R.Br., nom. cons. *

Fabales The Fabales are an order of flowering plants included in the rosid group of the eudicots in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II classification system. In the APG II circumscription, this order includes the families Fabaceae or legumes (including ...

Bromhead ** Quillajaceae D.Don ** Fabaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Leguminosae Juss., nom. cons.) **

Surianaceae The Surianaceae are a family of plants in the order Fabales with five genera and eight known species. It has an unusual distribution: the genus '' Recchia'' is native to Mexico, and the sole member of ''Suriana'', '' S. maritima'', is a coa ...

Arn., nom. cons. **

Polygalaceae The Polygalaceae or the milkwort family are made up of flowering plants in the order Fabales. They have a near-cosmopolitan range, with about 27 genera and ''ca''. 900 known species of herbs, shrubs and trees. Over half of the species are in one ...

Hoffmanns. & Link, nom. cons. *

Rosales Rosales () is an order of flowering plants. Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Rosales". At: Trees At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below) It is sister to a clade consisting of Faga ...

Bercht. & J.Presl ** Rosaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Barbeyaceae Rendle, nom. cons. **

Dirachmaceae ''Dirachma'' is the sole genus of the family Dirachmaceae. The genus had been monotypic, its sole species being the woody plant ''Dirachma socotrana'', until a second, herbaceous, species, ''Dirachma somalensis'', was discovered in Somalia ...

Hutch. **

Elaeagnaceae The Elaeagnaceae are a plant family, the oleaster family, of the order Rosales comprising small trees and shrubs, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, south into tropical Asia and Australia. The family has about 60 species ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Rhamnaceae Juss., nom. cons. **

Ulmaceae The Ulmaceae () are a family of flowering plants that includes the elms (genus ''Ulmus''), and the zelkovas (genus ''Zelkova''). Members of the family are widely distributed throughout the north temperate zone, and have a scattered distribution ...

Mirb., nom. cons. **

Cannabaceae Cannabaceae is a small family of flowering plants, known as the hemp family. As now circumscribed, the family includes about 170 species grouped in about 11 genera, including ''Cannabis'' (hemp), '' Humulus'' (hops) and '' Celtis'' (hackberries ...

Martinov, nom. cons. **

Moraceae The Moraceae — often called the mulberry family or fig family — are a family of flowering plants comprising about 38 genera and over 1100 species. Most are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less so in temperate climates; however ...

Gaudich., nom. cons. **

Urticaceae The Urticaceae are a family, the nettle family, of flowering plants. The family name comes from the genus ''Urtica''. The Urticaceae include a number of well-known and useful plants, including nettles in the genus ''Urtica'', ramie (''Boehmeri ...

Juss., nom. cons. *

Fagales The Fagales are an order of flowering plants, including some of the best-known trees. The order name is derived from genus ''Fagus'', beeches. They belong among the rosid group of dicotyledons. The families and genera currently included are as ...

Engl. **

Nothofagaceae ''Nothofagus'', also known as the southern beeches, is a genus of 43 species of trees and shrubs native to the Southern Hemisphere in southern South America (Chile, Argentina) and Australasia (east and southeast Australia, New Zealand, New Gui ...

Kuprian. ** Fagaceae Dumort., nom. cons. **

Myricaceae The Myricaceae are a small family of dicotyledonous shrubs and small trees in the order Fagales. There are three genera in the family, although some botanists separate many species from ''Myrica'' into a fourth genus ''Morella''. About 55 speci ...

Rich. ex Kunth, nom. cons. **

Juglandaceae The Juglandaceae are a plant family known as the walnut family. They are trees, or sometimes shrubs, in the order Fagales. Members of this family are native to the Americas, Eurasia, and Southeast Asia. The nine or ten genera in the family have ...

DC. ex Perleb, nom. cons. ** Casuarinaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Ticodendraceae Gomez-Laur. & L.D.Gomez **

Betulaceae Betulaceae, the birch family, includes six genera of deciduous nut-bearing trees and shrubs, including the birches, alders, hazels, hornbeams, hazel-hornbeam, and hop-hornbeams numbering a total of 167 species. They are mostly natives of the ...

Gray, nom. cons. *

Cucurbitales The Cucurbitales are an order of flowering plants, included in the rosid group of dicotyledons. This order mostly belongs to tropical areas, with limited presence in subtropical and temperate regions. The order includes shrubs and trees, togethe ...

Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Apodanthaceae Tiegh. ex Takht. * ** Anisophylleaceae Ridl. ** Corynocarpaceae Engl., nom. cons. **

Coriariaceae ''Coriaria'' is the sole genus in the family Coriariaceae, which was described by Linnaeus in 1753. It includes 14 species of small trees, shrubs and subshrubs, with a widespread but disjunct distribution across warm temperate regions of the wor ...

DC., nom. cons. **

Cucurbitaceae The Cucurbitaceae, also called cucurbits or the gourd family, are a plant family consisting of about 965 species in around 95 genera, of which the most important to humans are: *''Cucurbita'' – squash, pumpkin, zucchini, some gourds *'' Lagen ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Tetramelaceae The Tetramelaceae are a family of plants formerly classed in the Datiscaceae family . It contains two genera, '' Octomeles'' and ''Tetrameles ''Tetrameles'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Tetramelaceae with one species, ''Tetram ...

Airy Shaw **

Datiscaceae The Datiscaceae are a family of dicotyledonous plants, containing two species of the genus ''Datisca''. Two other genera, '' Octomeles'' and '' Tetrameles'', are now classified in the family Tetramelaceae. Datiscaceae are large herbaceous plant ...

Dumort., nom. cons. **

Begoniaceae Begoniaceae is a family of flowering plants with two genera and about 2040 species occurring in the subtropics and tropics of both the New World and Old World. All but one of the species are in the genus ''Begonia''. There have been many recent d ...

C.Agardh, nom. cons.

COM clade; placement uncertain

Celastrales The Celastrales are an order of flowering plants found throughout the tropics and subtropics, with only a few species extending far into the temperate regions. The 1200"Lepidobotryaceae", "Parnassiaceae", and "Celastraceae" In: Klaus Kubitzki ( ...

Link ** Lepidobotryaceae J. Leonard, nom. cons. **

Celastraceae The Celastraceae (staff-vine or bittersweet) are a family of 97 genera and 1,350 species of herbs, vines, shrubs and small trees, belonging to the order Celastrales. The great majority of the genera are tropical, with only ''Celastrus'' (the sta ...

R.Br., nom. cons. *

Oxalidales Oxalidales is an order of flowering plants, included within the rosid subgroup of eudicots. Compound leaves are common in Oxalidales and the majority of the species in this order have five or six sepals and petals. The following families are typic ...

Bercht. & J.Presl **

Huaceae Huaceae is a family of plant in the rosids group, which has been classed in the orders Malpighiales, Malvales, and Violales or in its own order Huales. The APG II system placed it in the clade eurosids I, whereas the APG III system of 2009 and ...

A.Chev. **

Connaraceae Connaraceae is a pan-tropical plant family of 19 genera and more than 180 species of largely evergreen trees, woody shrubs and climbers. The family was first described by Robert Brown in 1816 and the name has been conserved. Distribution Connar ...

R.Br., nom. cons. ** Oxalidaceae R.Br., nom. cons. **

Cunoniaceae Cunoniaceae is a family of 27 genera and about 335 species of woody plants in the order Oxalidales, mostly found in the tropical and wet temperate regions of the Southern Hemisphere. The greatest diversity of genera are in Australia and Tasmania ...

R.Br., nom. cons. **

Elaeocarpaceae Elaeaocarpaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family contains approximately 615 species of trees and shrubs in 12 genera."Elaeocarpaceae" In: Klaus Kubitzki (ed.). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' vol. VI. Springer-Verlag: Be ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Cephalotaceae ''Cephalotus'' ( or ; Greek: ''κεφαλή'' "head", and ''οὔς''/''ὠτός'' "ear", to describe the head of the anthers) is a genus which contains one species, ''Cephalotus follicularis'' the Albany pitcher plant, a small carnivorous pi ...

Dumort., nom. cons. ** Brunelliaceae Engl., nom. cons. *

Malpighiales The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest orders of flowering plants, containing about 36 families and more than species, about 7.8% of the eudicots. The order is very diverse, containing plants as different as the willow, violet, poinsett ...

Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Pandaceae Engl. & Gilg, nom. cons. ** Irvingiaceae Exell & Mendonça, nom. cons. * (including Allantospermum Forman) ** Ctenolophonaceae Exell & Mendonça **

Rhizophoraceae The Rhizophoraceae is a family of tropical or subtropical flowering plants. It includes around 147 species distributed in 15 genera.Setoguchi, H., Kosuge, K., & Tobe, H. (1999). Molecular Phylogeny of Rhizophoraceae Based on rbcL Gene Sequences. ...

Pers., nom. cons. **

Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylaceae (the coca family) is a family of flowering trees and shrubs consisting of 4 genera and 271 species. The four genera are ''Aneulophus'' Benth., ''Erythroxylum'' P.Browne, ''Nectaropetalum'' Engl., and ''Pinacopodium'' Exell & Mend ...

Kunth, nom. cons. **

Ochnaceae Ochnaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). . In the APG III syst ...

DC., nom. cons. ** Bonnetiaceae L.Beauvis. ex Nakai **

Clusiaceae The Clusiaceae or Guttiferae Juss. (1789) (''nom. alt. et cons.'' = alternative and valid name) are a family (biology), family of plants including 13 genera and ca 750 species. Several former members of Clusiacae are now placed in Calophyllaceae ...

Lindl., nom. cons. (= Guttiferae Juss., nom. cons.) **

Calophyllaceae Calophyllaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales and is recognized by the APG III system of classification. Most of the 14 genera and 475 species included in this family were previously recognized in the tribe Caloph ...

J.Agardh **

Podostemaceae Podostemaceae (riverweed family), a family in the order Malpighiales, comprise about 50 genera and species of more or less thalloid aquatic herbs. Distribution and habitat They are found mostly in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. Ma ...

Rich. ex Kunth, nom. cons. ** Hypericaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Caryocaraceae Voigt, nom. cons. ** Lophopyxidaceae H.Pfeiff. **

Putranjivaceae Putranjivaceae is a rosid family that is composed of 218 species in 2 genera of evergreen tropical trees that are found mainly in the Old World tropics, but with a few species in tropical America. Members of this family have 2-ranked coriace ...

Meisn. **

Centroplacaceae Centroplacaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales and is recognized by the APG III system of classification. The family comprises two genera: ''Bhesa'', which was formerly recognized in the Celastraceae, and ''Centroplacus ...

Doweld & Reveal ** Elatinaceae Dumort., nom. cons. ** Malpighiaceae Juss., nom. cons. **

Balanopaceae ''Balanops'' is a group of flowering plants described as a genus in 1871. The nine species are trees or shrubs, found in New Caledonia, Fiji, Vanuatu, and northern Queensland. They are dioecious, with separate male and female plants. The genus ...

Benth. & Hook.f., nom. cons. ** Trigoniaceae A.Juss., nom. cons. **

Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalaceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of 3 genera and about 170 species.Stephens, P.F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/ Members of this family are ...

Baill., nom. cons. ** Euphroniaceae Marc.-Berti **

Chrysobalanaceae Chrysobalanaceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of trees and shrubs in 27 genera and about 700 species of pantropical distribution with a centre of diversity in the Amazon. Some of the species contain silica in their bodies for ri ...

R.Br., nom. cons. ** Humiriaceae A.Juss., nom. cons. **

Achariaceae Achariaceae is a family of flowering plants consisting of 32-33 genera with about 155 species of tropical herbs, shrubs, and trees. The APG IV system has greatly expanded the scope of the family by including many genera previously classified ...

Harms, nom. cons. ** Violaceae Batsch, nom. cons. ** Goupiaceae Miers ** Passifloraceae Juss. ex Roussel, nom. cons. ** Lacistemataceae Mart., nom. cons. **

Salicaceae The Salicaceae is the willow family of flowering plants. The traditional family (Salicaceae ''sensu stricto'') included the willows, poplar, aspen, and cottonwoods. Genetic studies summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) have greatly ...

Mirb., nom. cons. **

Peraceae Peraceae Klotzsch is a family of flowering plants in the eudicot order Malpighiales. The family was segregated from the Euphorbiaceae by Johann Friedrich Klotzsch in 1859, and its uniqueness was affirmed by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew's Eupho ...

Klotzsch * ** Rafflesiaceae Dumort., nom. cons. **

Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae, the spurge family, is a large family of flowering plants. In English, they are also commonly called euphorbias, which is also the name of a genus in the family. Most spurges, such as '' Euphorbia paralias'', are herbs, but some, ...

Juss., nom. cons. * ** Linaceae DC. ex Perleb, nom. cons. ** Ixonanthaceae Planch. ex Miq., nom. cons. * ** Picrodendraceae Small, nom. cons. **

Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthaceae is a family of flowering plants in the eudicot order Malpighiales. It is most closely related to the family Picrodendraceae.Kenneth J. Wurdack and Charles C. Davis. 2009. "Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the m ...

Martinov, nom. cons.

Rosids continued

Geraniales Geraniales is a small order of flowering plants, included within the rosid subclade of eudicots. The largest family in the order is Geraniaceae with over 800 species. In addition, the order includes the smaller Francoaceae with about 40 speci ...

Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Geraniaceae Geraniaceae is a family of flowering plants placed in the order Geraniales. The family name is derived from the genus ''Geranium''. The family includes both the genus ''Geranium'' (the cranesbills, or true geraniums) and the garden plants called ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Francoaceae The Francoaceae are a small family of flowering plants in the order Geraniales, including the genera ''Francoa'', commonly known as bridal wreaths, and ''Tetilla''. The Francoaceae are recognized as a family under various classification schemes bu ...

A.Juss., nom. cons. * (including Bersamaceae Doweld, Greyiaceae Hutch., nom. cons., Ledocarpaceae Meyen, Melianthaceae Horan., nom. cons., Rhynchothecaceae A.Juss., Vivianiaceae Klotzsch, nom. cons.) * Myrtales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Combretaceae The Combretaceae, often called the white mangrove family, are a family of flowering plants in the order Myrtales. The family includes about 530 species of trees, shrubs, and lianas in ca 10 genera. The family includes the leadwood tree, ''Combret ...

R.Br., nom. cons. ** Lythraceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons. **

Onagraceae The Onagraceae are a family of flowering plants known as the willowherb family or evening primrose family. They include about 650 species of herbs, shrubs, and treesVochysiaceae A.St.-Hil., nom. cons. ** Myrtaceae Juss., nom. cons. **

Melastomataceae Melastomataceae is a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants found mostly in the tropics (two-thirds of the genera are from the New World tropics) comprising c. 175 genera and c. 5115 known species. Melastomes are annual or perennial herbs, s ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Crypteroniaceae A.DC., nom. cons. ** Alzateaceae S.A.Graham **

Penaeaceae The Penaeaceae are a family of evergreen, leathery-leaved shrubs and small trees, native to South Africa. The family has 29 species in 9 genera.Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards)Penaeaceae.

Sweet ex Guill., nom. cons. * Crossosomatales Takht. ex Reveal **

Aphloiaceae ''Aphloia'' is a genus of flowering plants that contains a single species, ''Aphloia theiformis'', the sole species of the monogeneric family Aphloiaceae. It is a species of evergreen shrubs or small trees occurring in East Africa, Madagasca ...

Takht. **

Geissolomataceae ''Geissoloma'' is a genus of flowering plants in the monotypic family Geissolomataceae, native to the Cape Province of South Africa. The plants are xerophytic evergreen shrubs and are known to accumulate aluminum Aluminium (aluminum in A ...

A.DC., nom. cons. **

Strasburgeriaceae Strasburgeriaceae is a small family of flowering plants in the order Crossosomatales, only found in New Zealand and New Caledonia. It contains two genera, '' Strasburgeria'' and ''Ixerba''. Both genera have simple, evergreen, alternated leaves, o ...

Tiegh., nom. cons. **

Staphyleaceae Staphyleaceae is a small family of flowering plants in the order Crossosomatales, native to Europe, temperate and tropical Asia and the Americas. The largest genus ''Staphylea'', which gives the family its name, contains the "bladdernut" trees. ...

Martinov, nom. cons. ** Guamatelaceae S.H.Oh & D.Potter ** Stachyuraceae J.Agardh, nom. cons. **

Crossosomataceae Crossosomataceae is a small plant family, consisting of four genera of shrubs found only in the dry parts of the American southwest and Mexico. This family has included up to ten species in the past, although as of 2021 six species are still ...

Engl., nom. cons. *

Picramniales Picramniaceae is a small, mainly neotropical family of four genera '' Aenigmanu'', ''Alvaradoa'', '' Nothotalisia'' and '' Picramnia''. The family is the only member of the order Picramniales. Members of the family were formerly placed in the fam ...

Doweld ** Picramniaceae Fernando & Quinn *

Huerteales Huerteales is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants.Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Huerteales". In: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. In: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below) It is one of the 17 orders th ...

Doweld **

Gerrardinaceae ''Gerrardina'' is a genus of two species of trees, shrubs, and scrambling shrubs found in southeastern Africa. Until recently, the genus was placed in the polyphyletic family Flacourtiaceae, but it was abnormal there due to its apical placentatio ...

M.H.Alford ** Petenaeaceae Christenh. et al. * **

Tapisciaceae Tapisciaceae is a family of flowering plants. Until recently it had been abandoned by taxonomists, and it was not recognised in the APG II system of 2003. In the APG III system, however, it has been reinstated to encompass the two genera '' Tapis ...

Takht. ** Dipentodontaceae Merr., nom. cons. *

Sapindales Sapindales is an order of flowering plants. Well-known members of Sapindales include citrus; maples, horse-chestnuts, lychees and rambutans; mangos and cashews; frankincense and myrrh; mahogany and neem. The APG III system of 2009 includes it i ...

Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Biebersteiniaceae ''Biebersteinia'' is a genus containing five species, of herbs in the flowering plant order Sapindales. They occur from East Mediterranean to West Siberia and Central Asia. They are normally stemless and have tuberous rhizomes.Armen Takhtajan I ...

Schnizl. **

Nitrariaceae Nitrariaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Sapindales. It comprises four genera, '' Malacocarpus'', ''Nitraria'', ''Peganum'' and ''Tetradiclis'', totalling 19 species. The family's main range is in the arid and semi-arid regions ...

Lindl. **

Kirkiaceae Kirkiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Sapindales. It comprises one (or two) genera, ''Kirkia'' (and '' Pleiokirkia'' now included in ''Kirkia''), totalling six species. These two genera were previously placed in family Simarouba ...

Takht. ** Burseraceae Kunth, nom. cons. **

Anacardiaceae The Anacardiaceae, commonly known as the cashew family or sumac family, are a family of flowering plants, including about 83 genera with about 860 known species. Members of the Anacardiaceae bear fruits that are drupes and in some cases produce ...

R.Br., nom. cons. ** Sapindaceae Juss., nom. cons. (including Xanthocerataceae Buerki et al., as 'Xanthoceraceae') **

Rutaceae The Rutaceae is a family, commonly known as the rueRUTACEAE
in BoDD – Botanical Der ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Simaroubaceae The Simaroubaceae are a small, mostly tropical, family in the order Sapindales. In recent decades, it has been subject to much taxonomic debate, with several small families being split off. A molecular phylogeny of the family was published in 20 ...

DC., nom. cons. **

Meliaceae Meliaceae, the mahogany family, is a flowering plant family of mostly trees and shrubs (and a few herbaceous plants, mangroves) in the order Sapindales. They are characterised by alternate, usually pinnate leaves without stipules, and by syncar ...

Juss., nom. cons. *

Malvales The Malvales are an order of flowering plants. As circumscribed by APG II-system, the order includes about 6000 species within 9 families. The order is placed in the eurosids II, which are part of the eudicots. The plants are mostly shrubs and ...

Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Cytinaceae Cytinaceae is a family of parasitic flowering plants. It comprises two genera, ''Cytinus'' and '' Bdallophytum'', totalling ten species. These two genera were formerly placed in the family Rafflesiaceae, order Malpighiales. When they were separa ...

A.Rich. ** Muntingiaceae C.Bayer et al. ** Neuradaceae Kostel., nom. cons. ** Malvaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Sphaerosepalaceae Bullock ** Thymelaeaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Bixaceae Kunth, nom. cons. ** Cistaceae Juss., nom. cons. * (including ''Pakaraimaea'' Maguire & P.S.Ashton) ** Sarcolaenaceae Caruel, nom. cons. ** Dipterocarpaceae Blume, nom. cons. * *

Brassicales The Brassicales (or Cruciales) are an order of flowering plants, belonging to the eurosids II group of dicotyledons under the APG II system. One character common to many members of the order is the production of glucosinolate (mustard oil) compo ...

Bromhead **

Akaniaceae The Akaniaceae or turnipwood family are a family of flowering plants in the order Brassicales. It comprises two genera of trees, '' Akania'' and ''Bretschneidera'', each with a single species. These plants are native to China, Vietnam, Taiwan, an ...

Stapf, nom. cons. ** Tropaeolaceae Juss. ex DC., nom. cons. **

Moringaceae ''Moringa'' is the sole genus in the plant family Moringaceae. It contains 13 species from tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia that range in size from tiny herbs to massive trees. ''Moringa'' species grow quickly in many types of ...

Martinov, nom. cons. ** Caricaceae Dumort., nom. cons. ** Limnanthaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Setchellanthaceae Iltis ** Koeberliniaceae Engl., nom. cons. ** Bataceae Mart. ex Perleb, nom. cons. ** Salvadoraceae Lindl., nom. cons. **

Emblingiaceae ''Emblingia'' is a monospecific plant genus containing the species ''Emblingia calceoliflora'', a herbaceous prostrate subshrub endemic to Western Australia. It has no close relatives, and is now generally placed alone in family Emblingiaceae. D ...

Airy Shaw **

Tovariaceae ''Tovaria'' is a genus of herbs native to Jamaica and South America. There are two species, ''Tovaria pendula'' and ''Tovaria diffusa ''Tovaria'' is a genus of herb In general use, herbs are a widely distributed and widespread group of pla ...

Pax, nom. cons. **

Pentadiplandraceae ''Pentadiplandra brazzeana'' is an evergreen shrub or liana that is the only species assigned to the genus ''Pentadiplandra'', and has been placed in a family of its own called Pentadiplandraceae. It produces large red berries, sometimes mottled ...

Hutch. & Dalziel ** Gyrostemonaceae A.Juss., nom. cons. **

Resedaceae Resedaceae is a family of mostly herbaceous dicotyledonous plants comprising 107 known species in 8 to 12 genera: *''Borthwickia'' - 1 species, sometimes placed in its own family Borthwickiaceae *''Caylusea'' - 3 species *''Forchhammeria'' - 10 s ...

Martinov, nom. cons. * (including Borthwickiaceae J.X.Su et al., Stixidaceae Doweld as 'Stixaceae', ''Forchhammeria'' Liebm.) **

Capparaceae The Capparaceae (or Capparidaceae), commonly known as the caper family, are a family of plants in the order Brassicales. As currently circumscribed, the family contains 33 genera and about 700 species. The largest genera are ''Capparis'' (about ...

Juss., nom. cons. * **

Cleomaceae The Cleomaceae are a small family of flowering plants in the order Brassicales, comprising about 300 species in 10 genera, or about 150 species in 17 genera.Cleomaceae, Zhang Mingli (张明理)1; Gordon C. Tucker2, Harvard.edu/ref> These genera ...

Bercht. & J.Presl **

Brassicaceae Brassicaceae () or (the older) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous plants, while some are shrubs. The leav ...

Burnett, nom. cons. (= Cruciferae Juss., nom. cons.)

Superasterids

Berberidopsidales Berberidopsidales is an order of Southern Hemisphere woody flowering plants. The name is newly accepted in the APG III system of plant taxonomy. APG II system, of 2003, mentions the possibility of recognizing the order, as comprising the familie ...

Doweld ** Aextoxicaceae Engl. & Gilg, nom. cons. ** Berberidopsidaceae Takht. *

Santalales The Santalales are an order of flowering plants with a cosmopolitan distribution, but heavily concentrated in tropical and subtropical regions. It derives its name from its type genus ''Santalum'' (sandalwood). Mistletoe is the common name for a ...

R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Olacaceae Olacaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants in the order Santalales. They are woody plants, native throughout the tropical regions of the world. , the Circumscription (taxonomy), circumscription of the family varies; some sources ...

R.Br., nom. cons. (not monophyletic; including Aptandraceae Miers, Coulaceae Tiegh., Erythropalaceae Planch. ex Miq., nom. cons., Octoknemaceae Soler. nom. cons., Strombosiaceae Tiegh., Ximeniaceae Horan.) **

Opiliaceae Opiliaceae is a family of flowering plants comprising 11 genera and 33 known species. It consists of tropical woody plants. Several genera contain parasitic species. The biggest genus, in number of species and in stature of the individual plant ...

Valeton, nom. cons. **

Balanophoraceae The Balanophoraceae are a subtropical to tropical family of obligate parasitic flowering plants, notable for their unusual development and formerly obscure affinities. In the broadest circumscription, the family consists of 16 genera. Alternati ...

Rich., nom. cons. **

Santalaceae The Santalaceae, sandalwoods, are a widely distributed family of flowering plants (including small trees, shrubs, perennial herbs, and epiphytic climbersHewson & George t al.br>''Santalaceae'' taxonomy, 1984, pp. 191-194.) which, like other mem ...

R.Br., nom. cons. (not monophyletic if Balanophoraceae are embedded; including Amphorogynaceae Nickrent & Der, Cervantesiaceae Nickrent & Der, Comandraceae Nickrent & Der, Nanodeaceae Nickrent & Der, Thesiaceae Vest, Viscaceae Batsch) **

Misodendraceae ''Misodendrum'' is a genus of hemiparasites which grow as mistletoes on various species of ''Nothofagus''. Its species are all restricted to South America. The name of the genus is incorrectly spelt in a number of ways, including ''Misodendron'' ...

J.Agardh, nom. cons. **

Schoepfiaceae Schoepfiaceae is a family of flowering plants recognized in the APG III system of 2009. The family was previously only recognized by few taxonomists; the plants in question usually being assigned to family Olacaceae and Santalaceae. The genus '' ...

Blume ** Loranthaceae Juss., nom. cons. *

Caryophyllales Caryophyllales ( ) is a diverse and heterogeneous order of flowering plants that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, ice plants, beets, and many carnivorous plants. Many members are succulent, having fleshy stems or leaves. The betalai ...

Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Frankeniaceae Desv., nom. cons. **

Tamaricaceae The Tamaricaceae, the tamarisk family, are a family of plants native to drier areas of Europe, Asia, and Africa. It contains four genera: '' Tamarix'' (with 73 species), ''Reaumuria'' (25 species), ''Myricaria'' (13 species), and '' Myrtama'' (a ...

Link, nom. cons. **

Plumbaginaceae Plumbaginaceae is a family of flowering plants, with a cosmopolitan distribution. The family is sometimes referred to as the leadwort family or the plumbago family. Most species in this family are perennial herbaceous plants, but a few grow ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Polygonaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Droseraceae Salisb., nom. cons. ** Nepenthaceae Dumort, nom. cons. ** Drosophyllaceae Chrtek et al. **

Dioncophyllaceae The Dioncophyllaceae are a family (biology), family of flowering plants consisting of three species of lianas native to the rainforests of western Africa. Their closest relatives are Ancistrocladaceae. Both families lie within a clade of mostly ...

Airy Shaw, nom. cons. **

Ancistrocladaceae ''Ancistrocladus'' is a genus of woody lianas in the monotypic family ''Ancistrocladaceae''. The branches climb by twining other stems or by scrambling with hooked tips. They are found in the tropics of the Old World. Classification The APG II ...

Planch. ex Walp., nom. cons. **

Rhabdodendraceae ''Rhabdodendron'' is a genus comprising two or three species of tropical South American trees. ''Rhabdodendron'' is placed in its own family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized bir ...

Prance **

Simmondsiaceae Simmondsiaceae or the jojoba family is a family of flowering plants. The family is not recognized by all taxonomic systems, the single species, ''Simmondsia chinensis'', often being treated as belonging to family Buxaceae. The APG II system, of ...

Tiegh. ** Physenaceae Takht. ** Asteropeiaceae Takht. ex Reveal & Hoogland ** Macarthuriaceae Christenh. * ** Microteaceae Schäferhoff & Borsch * ** Caryophyllaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Achatocarpaceae Heimerl, nom. cons. ** Amaranthaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Stegnospermataceae Nakai ** Limeaceae Shipunov ex Reveal * ** Lophiocarpaceae Doweld & Reveal **

Kewaceae ''Kewa'' is a genus of flowering plants, consisting of eight species of succulent sub-woody plants, native to eastern and southern Africa, including Saint Helena and Madagascar. These are small shrubs or herbs that form cushions and have edible, ...

Christenh. * ** Barbeuiaceae Nakai **

Gisekiaceae ''Gisekia'' is a genus of flowering plants. It is the only genus in the family Gisekiaceae. The family was recognized in the APG II system (2003) and assigned to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots. This represents a change from t ...

Nakai ** Aizoaceae Martinov, nom. cons. ** Phytolaccaceae R.Br., nom. cons. * ** Petiveriaceae C.Agardh * (including Rivinaceae C.Agardh) ** Sarcobataceae Behnke **

Nyctaginaceae Nyctaginaceae, the four o'clock family, is a family of around 33 genera and 290 species of flowering plants, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, with a few representatives in temperate regions. The family has a unique fruit t ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Molluginaceae The Molluginaceae are a family of flowering plants recognized by several taxonomists. It was previously included in the larger family Aizoaceae. The APG III system of 2009 made no change in the status of the family as compared to the APG II syst ...

Bartl., nom. cons. * **

Montiaceae Montiaceae are a family of flowering plants, comprising about 14 genera with about 230 known species, ranging from small herbaceous plants to shrubs. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution. The family Montiaceae was newly adopted in the APG ...

Raf. ** Didiereaceae Radlk., nom. cons. **

Basellaceae Basellaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Caryophyllales, in the clade core eudicots, according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. The family comprises 19 known species of herbaceous plants in four genera: * '' Anredera'' – 12 s ...

Raf., nom. cons. **

Halophytaceae ''Halophytum ameghinoi'' is a species of herbaceous plant endemic to Patagonia. It is the only species in the genus ''Halophytum''. It is a succulent annual plant, with simple, fleshy, alternate leaves. The plants are monoecious, with solit ...

S.Soriano ** Talinaceae Doweld **

Portulacaceae The Portulacaceae are a family of flowering plants, comprising 115 species in a single genus '' Portulaca''. Formerly some 20 genera with about 500 species, were placed there, but it is now restricted to encompass only one genus, the other genera ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Anacampserotaceae The Anacampserotaceae are a family of plants proposed in the February 2010 issue of the journal ''Taxon''. The family was described by Urs Eggli and Reto Nyffeler in their analysis of the polyphyly in the suborder Portulacineae (order Caryophyl ...

Eggli & Nyffeler **

Cactaceae A cactus (, or less commonly, cactus) is a member of the plant family Cactaceae, a family comprising about 127 genera with some 1750 known species of the order Caryophyllales. The word ''cactus'' derives, through Latin, from the Ancient Gree ...

Juss., nom. cons.

Asterids

Cornales The Cornales are an order of flowering plants, early diverging among the asterids, containing about 600 species. Plants within the Cornales usually have four-parted flowers, drupaceous fruits, and inferior to half-inferior gynoecia topped with ...

Link **

Nyssaceae Nyssaceae is a family of flowering trees sometimes included in the dogwood family (Cornaceae). Nyssaceae is composed of 37 known species in the following five genera:Averyanov, L. V. & Hiep, N. T. (2002). ''Diplopanax vietnamensis'', a New Specie ...

Juss. ex Dumort., nom. cons. **

Hydrostachyaceae ''Hydrostachys'' is a genus of about 22 species of flowering plants native to Madagascar and southern and central Africa. It is the only genus in the family Hydrostachyaceae. All species of ''Hydrostachys'' are aquatic, growing on rocks in fast-m ...

Engl., nom. cons. **

Hydrangeaceae Hydrangeaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Cornales, with a wide distribution in Asia and North America, and locally in southeastern Europe. Description The genera are characterised by leaves in opposite pairs (rarely whorled ...

Dumort., nom. cons. **

Loasaceae Loasaceae is a family of 15–20 genera and about 200–260 species of flowering plants in the order Cornales, native to the Americas and Africa. Members of the family include annual, biennial and perennial herbaceous plants, and a few shrubs ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Curtisiaceae ''Curtisia dentata'' (commonly known as the Assegai tree or Cape lancewood, af, Assegaai, xh, Umgxina, zu, Umagunda) is a flowering tree from Southern Africa. It is the sole species in genus ''Curtisia'', which was originally classed as a typ ...

Takht. **

Grubbiaceae The Grubbiaceae are a family of flowering plants endemic to the Cape floristic region of South Africa. The family includes five species of leathery-leaved shrubs in two genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biologica ...

Endl. ex Meisn., nom. cons. ** Cornaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. *

Ericales The Ericales are a large and diverse order of dicotyledons. Species in this order have considerable commercial importance including for tea, persimmon, blueberry, kiwifruit, Brazil nuts, argan, and azalea. The order includes trees, bushes, lia ...

Bercht. & J.Presl ** Balsaminaceae A.Rich., nom. cons. **

Marcgraviaceae The Marcgraviaceae are a neotropical angiosperm family in the order Ericales. The members of the family are shrubs, woody epiphytes, and lianas, with alternate, pinnately nerved leaves. The flowers are arranged in racemes. The flowers are accomp ...

Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. **

Tetrameristaceae Tetrameristaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family consists of five species, of trees or shrubs, in three genera: * ''Pelliciera'' in Central and South America * ''Pentamerista'' in the Guyanas * ''Tetramerista'' in Southeast Asia The ...

Hutch. ** Fouquieriaceae DC., nom. cons. ** Polemoniaceae Juss., nom. cons. **

Lecythidaceae The Lecythidaceae comprise a family of about 20 genera and 250–300 species of woody plants native to tropical South America, Africa (including Madagascar), Asia and Australia. The most important member of the family in world trade is the B ...

A.Rich., nom. cons. ** Sladeniaceae Airy Shaw **

Pentaphylacaceae The Pentaphylacaceae are a small family of plants within the order Ericales. In the APG III system of 2009, it includes the former family Ternstroemiaceae. Genera In 2014, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website included 14 genera in the family: Plant ...

Engl., nom. cons. **

Sapotaceae 240px, '' Madhuca longifolia'' var. ''latifolia'' in Narsapur, Medak district, India The Sapotaceae are a family (biology), family of flowering plants belonging to the order (biology), order Ericales. The family includes about 800 species of ev ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Ebenaceae Gürke, nom. cons. **

Primulaceae The Primulaceae , commonly known as the primrose family (but not related to the evening primrose family), are a family of herbaceous and woody flowering plants including some favourite garden plants and wildflowers. Most are perennial though som ...

Batsch ex Borkh., nom. cons. **

Theaceae Theaceae (), the tea family, is a family of flowering plants comprising shrubs and trees, including the economically important tea plant, and the ornamental camellias. It can be described as having from seven to 40 genera, depending on the sour ...

Mirb., nom. cons. ** Symplocaceae Desf., nom. cons. ** Diapensiaceae Lindl., nom. cons. ** Styracaceae DC. & Spreng., nom. cons. **

Sarraceniaceae Sarraceniaceae are a family of pitcher plants, belonging to order Ericales (previously Nepenthales). The family comprises three extant genera: ''Sarracenia'' (North American pitcher plants), '' Darlingtonia'' (the cobra lily or California pitc ...

Dumort., nom. cons. ** Roridulaceae Martinov, nom. cons. **

Actinidiaceae The Actinidiaceae are a small family of flowering plants. The family has three genera and about 360 species and is a member of the order Ericales. Distribution They are temperate and subtropical woody vines, shrubs, and trees, native to As ...

Gilg & Werderm., nom. cons. **

Clethraceae The Clethraceae are a small family of flowering plants in the order Ericales, composed of two genera, ''Clethra'' and '' Purdiaea'', with approximately 75 species. They are native to warm temperate to tropical regions of Asia and the Americas, w ...

Klotzsch, nom. cons. **

Cyrillaceae The Cyrillaceae are a small family (biology), family of flowering plants in the order Ericales, native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the Americas. The family comprises two genera, ''Cliftonia'' and ''Cyrilla'', each containing a single ...

Lindl., nom. cons. **

Ericaceae The Ericaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the heath or heather family, found most commonly in acidic and infertile growing conditions. The family is large, with c.4250 known species spread across 124 genera, making it th ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Mitrastemonaceae ''Mitrastemon'' is a genus of two widely disjunct species of parasitic plants. It is the only genus within the family Mitrastemonaceae. ''Mitrastemon'' species are root endoparasites, which grow on Fagaceae. It is also a non-photosynthetic plant ...

Makino, nom. cons. (placement in order unclear) * Icacinales Tiegh. † ** Oncothecaceae Kobuski ex Airy Shaw **

Icacinaceae The Icacinaceae, also called the white pear family, are a family of flowering plants,"Icacinaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website (see ''External links'' below). consisting of trees, shrubs, and lianas, pri ...

Miers, nom. cons. * * Metteniusales Takht. † **

Metteniusaceae Metteniusaceae are a family of flowering plants, the only family in the order Metteniusales. It consists of about 10 genera and 50 species of trees, shrubs, and lianas, primarily of the tropics. The family was formerly restricted to just '' Mette ...

H.Karst. ex Schnizl. * * Garryales Mart. ** Eucommiaceae Engl., nom. cons. **

Garryaceae Garryaceae is a small family of plants known commonly as the silktassels.Garryaceae.
Flora o ...

Lindl., nom. cons. *

Gentianales Gentianales is an order of flowering plants, included within the asterid clade of eudicots. It comprises more than 20,000 species in about 1,200 genera in 5 families. More than 80% of the species in this order belong to the family Rubiaceae. Man ...

Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Rubiaceae The Rubiaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs that are recognizable by simple, opposite leaves with interpetiolar stipules a ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Gentianaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Loganiaceae R.Br. ex Mart., nom. cons. ** Gelsemiaceae L.Struwe & V.A.Albert * (including Pteleocarpaceae Brummitt) ** Apocynaceae Juss., nom. cons. *

Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl † ** Boraginaceae Juss., nom. cons. (including Codonaceae Weigend & Hilger) * Vahliales Doweld † ** Vahliaceae Dandy * Solanales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Convolvulaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Solanaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Montiniaceae Nakai, nom. cons. ** Sphenocleaceae T.Baskerv., nom. cons. ** Hydroleaceae R.Br. * Lamiales Bromhead ** Plocospermataceae Hutch. ** Carlemanniaceae Airy Shaw ** Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link, nom. cons. ** Tetrachondraceae Wettst. ** Calceolariaceae Olmstead ** Gesneriaceae Rich. & Juss., nom. cons. * (the position of ''Peltanthera'' Benth. is problematic and here considered unplaced to family) ** Plantaginaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Scrophulariaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Stilbaceae Kunth, nom. cons. ** Linderniaceae Borsch et al. ** Byblidaceae Domin, nom. cons. ** Martyniaceae Horan., nom. cons. ** Pedaliaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Acanthaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Bignoniaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Lentibulariaceae Rich., nom. cons. ** Schlegeliaceae Reveal ** Thomandersiaceae Sreem. ** Verbenaceae J.St.Hil., nom. cons. ** Lamiaceae Martinov, nom. cons. (= Labiatae Juss., nom. cons.) ** Mazaceae Reveal ** Phrymaceae Schauer, nom. cons. * ** Paulowniaceae Nakai ** Orobanchaceae Vent., nom. cons. * (including Lindenbergiaceae Doweld, Rehmanniaceae Reveal) * Aquifoliales Senft ** Stemonuraceae Kårehed ** Cardiopteridaceae Blume, nom. cons. ** Phyllonomaceae Small ** Helwingiaceae Decne. ** Aquifoliaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. * Asterales Link ** Rousseaceae DC. ** Campanulaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Pentaphragmataceae J.Agardh, nom. cons. ** Stylidiaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Alseuosmiaceae Airy Shaw ** Phellinaceae Takht. ** Argophyllaceae Takht. ** Menyanthaceae Dumort., nom. cons. ** Goodeniaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Calyceraceae R.Br. ex Rich., nom. cons. ** Asteraceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. (= Compositae Giseke, nom. cons.) * Escalloniales Link ** Escalloniaceae R.Br. ex Dumort., nom. cons. * Bruniales Dumort. ** Columelliaceae D.Don, nom. cons. ** Bruniaceae R.Br. ex DC., nom. cons. * Paracryphiales Takht. ex Reveal ** Paracryphiaceae Airy Shaw * Dipsacales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Adoxaceae E.Mey., nom. cons. (= Viburnaceae Raf., nom. cons. prop.) ** Caprifoliaceae Juss., nom. cons. * Apiales Nakai ** Pennantiaceae J.Agardh ** Torricelliaceae Hu ** Griseliniaceae Takht., nom. cons. prop. ** Pittosporaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Araliaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Myodocarpaceae Doweld ** Apiaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Umbelliferae Juss., nom. cons.)

Phylogeny

Like the earlier APG systems, the APG IV revision is based on a phylogenetic tree for the angiosperms, as shown below.

References

Bibliography

* * * * * {{List of systems of plant taxonomy Systems of plant taxonomy, APG 04 2016 in science 2016 introductions Angiosperm Phylogeny Group,