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Pier (bridge Structure)
The pier of a bridge is an intermediate support that holds the deck of the structure. It is a massive and permanent support, as opposed to the shoring, which is lighter and provides temporary support. History Until the advent of concrete and the use of cast iron and then steel, bridges were made of masonry. Roman bridges were sturdy, semicircular, and rested on thick piers, with a width equal to about half the span of the Vault (architecture), vault. It was only from 1750, with Jean-Rodolphe Perronet, that the thickness of the piers could be reduced. While it was considered an absolute rule to give them a thickness equal to one-fifth of the span, Perronet proposed and succeeded in having thicknesses equal to one-tenth of the span and rises varying between one-fifth and one-seventh accepted. These reductions significantly reduced the obstacle to water flow created by the structure. With a height of 92 meters, the piers of the Fades viaduct in France, inaugurated on 10 October 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shoring
Shoring is the process of temporarily supporting a building, vessel, structure, or trench with shores (Jack post, props) when in danger of collapse or during repairs or alterations. ''Shoring'' comes from ''shore'', a timber or metal prop. Shoring may be vertical, angled, or horizontal. Methods Buildings Raking shores In this method, inclined members called rakers are used to give temporary lateral support to an unsafe wall. One or more timbers slope between the face of the structure to be supported and the ground. The most effective support is given if the raker meets the wall at an angle of 60 to 70 degrees. A wall-plate is typically used to increase the area of support. Foundations Shoring is commonly used when installing the Foundation (engineering), foundation of a building. A shoring system such as piles and lagging or shotcrete will support the surrounding loads until the underground levels of the building are constructed. Commonly used shoring equipment includes post s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Formwork
Formwork is Molding (process), molds into which concrete or similar materials are either precast concrete, precast or cast-in-place concrete, cast-in-place. In the context of concrete construction, the falsework supports the shuttering molds. In specialty applications formwork may be permanently incorporated into the final structure, adding insulation or helping reinforce the finished structure. Types Formwork may be made of wood, metal, plastic, or composite materials: #''Traditional timber formwork''. The formwork is built on site out of timber and plywood or moisture-resistant particleboard. It is easy to produce but time-consuming for larger structures, and the plywood facing has a relatively short lifespan. It is still used extensively where the labour costs are lower than the costs for procuring reusable formwork. It is also the most flexible type of formwork, so even where other systems are in use, complicated sections may use it. #''Engineered Formwork System''. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italia Viaduct
Italia Viaduct is a viaduct near Laino Borgo, Calabria, Italy. It is the highest bridge in Italy, and was the second highest bridge in the world when it opened in 1974. , it is among the forty highest bridges in the world. The bridge is located on Autostrada A2 Salerno-Reggio Calabria Motorway between Laino Borgo and Mormanno and crosses the Lao River Gorge. See also * List of highest bridges in the world *Fabrizio de Miranda Fabrizio de Miranda (30 October 1926 – 21 January 2015) was an Italian bridges and structural engineer and university professor. Career He graduated with a degree in civil engineering in 1950 from the University of Naples. Beginning in 19 ... External links * Viaducts in Italy Bridges completed in 1974 {{Italy-bridge-struct-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brenner Autobahn
The Brenner Autobahn ( or , ) refers to a major European truck route that connects Innsbruck in Austria to Verona in northern Italy. Numbered as the A13 in the Austrian section, the motorway is relatively short and entirely located within the state of Tyrol. Upon reaching the Italy-Austria border at the Brenner Pass (), the motorway becomes A22 in Italy and runs to Verona and then to Modena, where it connects to the A1 motorway between Milan and Rome. It is part of the major European route E45. The historic Brenner Pass is one of the lowest among the Central Eastern Alps; this favourable location was therefore suitable for building the first motorway crossing among the Alpine main chains. Unlike other higher passes across the Alps, the Brenner Pass remains open all year round. Construction of the motorway began in 1959 and the ''Brenner Autobahn'', including the Bridge of Europe (Europe's highest motorway bridge then), was partially open in 1963. Route Austria The A13 beg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Europe Bridge
Europe bridge is the name of several bridges in Europe : *In Austria as ''Europabrücke'' **Europabrücke, a bridge over the Wipp valley (1963), highest bridge in Europe until 2004 and Millau Viaduct achievement *In Belgium as ''Pont de l'Europe'' ** Pont de l'Europe in Huy, over the Meuse (1980see * In Bulgaria and Romania ** New Europe Bridge, over the Danube between Vidin in Bulgaria and Calafat in Romania (2013) *In France as ''Pont de l'Europe'' ** Pont de l'Europe in Orléans, over the Loire (built in 2000) ; ** Pont de l'Europe in Vichy, a dam-bridge over the Allier (1963see ** Pont de l'Europe in Avignon over the Rhône (1975see ** Pont de l'Europe between Strasbourg (France) and Kehl (Germany) over the Rhine (1953) *In Germany as ''Europabrücke'' ** Europabrücke in Koblenz over the Moselle (1974) ; ** Europabrücke in Frankfurt am Main carrying Bundesautobahn 5 over the Main (1978) ; ** Europabrücke in Hamburg over the Süderelbe (1983) ; ** Europabrücke in Kehl and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morano Calabro
Morano Calabro (Northern Calabrian, Moranese: ) is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Cosenza in the Calabria region of southern Italy. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). It was the birthplace of mathematician Gaetano Scorza and Economist Oswaldo Caffaro Faillace, a condecorated telegraphist in WWII, who saved numerous lives by advising of the unexpected approach of bombarders. Geography The municipality borders with Castrovillari (the nearest town), Mormanno, Rotonda, Basilicata, Rotonda, San Basile, Saracena, Terranova di Pollino and Viggianello, Basilicata, Viggianello. Campotenese Its ''frazione'' (civil parish), the village of Campotenese, is located on a mountain pass at 1,015 Above mean sea level, amsl. A tourist site, the village is best known for the Battle of Campo Tenese (1806) between the First French Empire and the Kingdom of Naples. Sister cities * Porto Alegre, Brazil See also *Battle of Campo Tenese Ref ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
