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Pier (bridge Structure)
The pier of a bridge is an intermediate support that holds the deck of the structure. It is a massive and permanent support, as opposed to the shoring, which is lighter and provides temporary support. History Until the advent of concrete and the use of cast iron and then steel, bridges were made of masonry. Roman bridges were sturdy, semicircular, and rested on thick piers, with a width equal to about half the span of the Vault (architecture), vault. It was only from 1750, with Jean-Rodolphe Perronet, that the thickness of the piers could be reduced. While it was considered an absolute rule to give them a thickness equal to one-fifth of the span, Perronet proposed and succeeded in having thicknesses equal to one-tenth of the span and rises varying between one-fifth and one-seventh accepted. These reductions significantly reduced the obstacle to water flow created by the structure. With a height of 92 meters, the piers of the Fades viaduct in France, inaugurated on 10 October 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shoring
Shoring is the process of temporarily supporting a building, vessel, structure, or trench with shores (Jack post, props) when in danger of collapse or during repairs or alterations. ''Shoring'' comes from ''shore'', a timber or metal prop. Shoring may be vertical, angled, or horizontal. Methods Buildings Raking shores In this method, inclined members called rakers are used to give temporary lateral support to an unsafe wall. One or more timbers slope between the face of the structure to be supported and the ground. The most effective support is given if the raker meets the wall at an angle of 60 to 70 degrees. A wall-plate is typically used to increase the area of support. Foundations Shoring is commonly used when installing the Foundation (engineering), foundation of a building. A shoring system such as piles and lagging or shotcrete will support the surrounding loads until the underground levels of the building are constructed. Commonly used shoring equipment includes post s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Formwork
Formwork is Molding (process), molds into which concrete or similar materials are either precast concrete, precast or cast-in-place concrete, cast-in-place. In the context of concrete construction, the falsework supports the shuttering molds. In specialty applications formwork may be permanently incorporated into the final structure, adding insulation or helping reinforce the finished structure. Types Formwork may be made of wood, metal, plastic, or composite materials: #''Traditional timber formwork''. The formwork is built on site out of timber and plywood or moisture-resistant particleboard. It is easy to produce but time-consuming for larger structures, and the plywood facing has a relatively short lifespan. It is still used extensively where the labour costs are lower than the costs for procuring reusable formwork. It is also the most flexible type of formwork, so even where other systems are in use, complicated sections may use it. #''Engineered Formwork System''. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italia Viaduct
Italia Viaduct is a viaduct near Laino Borgo, Calabria, Italy. It is the highest bridge in Italy, and was the second highest bridge in the world when it opened in 1974. , it is among the forty highest bridges in the world. The bridge is located on Autostrada A2 Salerno-Reggio Calabria Motorway between Laino Borgo and Mormanno and crosses the Lao River Gorge. See also * List of highest bridges in the world *Fabrizio de Miranda Fabrizio de Miranda (30 October 1926 – 21 January 2015) was an Italian bridges and structural engineer and university professor. Career He graduated with a degree in civil engineering in 1950 from the University of Naples. Beginning in 19 ... External links * Viaducts in Italy Bridges completed in 1974 {{Italy-bridge-struct-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brenner Autobahn
The Brenner Autobahn ( or , ) refers to a major European truck route that connects Innsbruck in Austria to Verona in northern Italy. Numbered as the A13 in the Austrian section, the motorway is relatively short and entirely located within the state of Tyrol. Upon reaching the Italy-Austria border at the Brenner Pass (), the motorway becomes A22 in Italy and runs to Verona and then to Modena, where it connects to the A1 motorway between Milan and Rome. It is part of the major European route E45. The historic Brenner Pass is one of the lowest among the Central Eastern Alps; this favourable location was therefore suitable for building the first motorway crossing among the Alpine main chains. Unlike other higher passes across the Alps, the Brenner Pass remains open all year round. Construction of the motorway began in 1959 and the ''Brenner Autobahn'', including the Bridge of Europe (Europe's highest motorway bridge then), was partially open in 1963. Route Austria The A13 beg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Europe Bridge
Europe bridge is the name of several bridges in Europe : *In Austria as ''Europabrücke'' **Europabrücke, a bridge over the Wipp valley (1963), highest bridge in Europe until 2004 and Millau Viaduct achievement *In Belgium as ''Pont de l'Europe'' ** Pont de l'Europe in Huy, over the Meuse (1980see * In Bulgaria and Romania ** New Europe Bridge, over the Danube between Vidin in Bulgaria and Calafat in Romania (2013) *In France as ''Pont de l'Europe'' ** Pont de l'Europe in Orléans, over the Loire (built in 2000) ; ** Pont de l'Europe in Vichy, a dam-bridge over the Allier (1963see ** Pont de l'Europe in Avignon over the Rhône (1975see ** Pont de l'Europe between Strasbourg (France) and Kehl (Germany) over the Rhine (1953) *In Germany as ''Europabrücke'' ** Europabrücke in Koblenz over the Moselle (1974) ; ** Europabrücke in Frankfurt am Main carrying Bundesautobahn 5 over the Main (1978) ; ** Europabrücke in Hamburg over the Süderelbe (1983) ; ** Europabrücke in Kehl and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morano Calabro
Morano Calabro (Northern Calabrian, Moranese: ) is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Cosenza in the Calabria region of southern Italy. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). It was the birthplace of mathematician Gaetano Scorza and Economist Oswaldo Caffaro Faillace, a condecorated telegraphist in WWII, who saved numerous lives by advising of the unexpected approach of bombarders. Geography The municipality borders with Castrovillari (the nearest town), Mormanno, Rotonda, Basilicata, Rotonda, San Basile, Saracena, Terranova di Pollino and Viggianello, Basilicata, Viggianello. Campotenese Its ''frazione'' (civil parish), the village of Campotenese, is located on a mountain pass at 1,015 Above mean sea level, amsl. A tourist site, the village is best known for the Battle of Campo Tenese (1806) between the First French Empire and the Kingdom of Naples. Sister cities * Porto Alegre, Brazil See also *Battle of Campo Tenese Ref ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Box Girder Bridge
A box girder bridge, or box section bridge, is a bridge in which the main beam (structure), beams comprise girders in the shape of a hollow box. The box girder normally comprises prestressed concrete, structural steel, or a composite material, composite of steel and reinforced concrete. The box is typically rectangle, rectangular or trapezoidal in cross section (geometry), cross-section. Box girder bridges are commonly used for highway overpass, flyovers and for modern elevated structures of light rail transport. Although the box girder bridge is normally a form of beam bridge, box girders may also be used on cable-stayed bridge, cable-stayed and other bridges. Development of steel box girders In 1919, Major (United Kingdom), Major Giffard Le Quesne Martel, Gifford Martel was appointed head of the Experimental Bridging Establishment at Christchurch, Hampshire, which researched the possibilities of using tanks for battlefield engineering purposes such as bridge-laying and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lavant Viaduct
The Lavant Viaduct () is a motorway bridge crossing the Lavant River on the A2 motorway in Carinthia, Austria. With a length of 1,097 m and height of 165 m, it is also the second-highest bridge in Austria. The first (left) bridge was opened on 26 July 1986. Due to cost-cutting reasons, the second (right) bridge was not built, and the section from Bad Sankt Leonhard im Lavanttal Bad Sankt Leonhard im Lavanttal () is a spa town in the district of Wolfsberg (district), Wolfsberg in the Austrian state of Carinthia (state), Carinthia. Geography The municipality lies in the upper Lavant (river), Lavant valley (''Lavanttal'') ... to Wolfsberg was open only on the left side. Construction of the right side of the bridge started in 2004 and was finished in 2007. References Bridges in Austria Bridges completed in 1986 {{Austria-bridge-struct-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kocher
The Kocher () is a -longincluding its source river Schwarzer Kocher right tributary of the Neckar in the north-eastern part of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The name "Kocher" originates from its Celtic name "cochan" and probably means winding, meandering river. Its total drainage area is . The Kocher rises in the eastern foothills of the Swabian Alb from two karst springs, the Schwarzer (black) Kocher and the Weißer (white) Kocher, that join in Unterkochen near Aalen. The Schwarzer Kocher is approximately long. Its source discharge varies between 50 L/s and 4,000 L/s with an average of 680 L/s. The long Weißer Kocher has an average discharge of 400 L/s. Course The Schwarzer Kocher rises south of Oberkochen. The second source, the Weißer Kocher rises west of Unterkochen village, located in district Ostalbkreis, municipality in Baden-Wuerttemberg state, from many small sources. The name Weißer Kocher comes from the white foam on the water when it quickly rushes ove ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Girder Bridge
A girder bridge is a bridge that uses girders as the means of supporting its deck. The two most common types of modern steel girder bridges are plate and box. The term "girder" is often used interchangeably with "beam" in reference to bridge design. However, some authors define beam bridges slightly differently from girder bridges. A girder may be made of concrete or steel. Many shorter bridges, especially in rural areas where they may be exposed to water overtopping and corrosion, utilize concrete box girder. The term "girder" is typically used to refer to a steel beam. In a beam or girder bridge, the beams themselves are the primary support for the deck, and are responsible for transferring the load down to the foundation. Material type, shape, and weight all affect how much weight a beam can hold. Due to the properties of the second moment of area, the height of a girder is the most significant factor to affect its load capacity. Longer spans, more traffic, or wider spacin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Millau
Millau (; ) is a commune in Occitania, France. Located at the confluence of the Tarn and Dourbie rivers, the town is a subprefecture of the Aveyron department. Millau is known for its Viaduct, glove industry and several nearby natural landmarks such as the Gorges du Tarn. The surrounding Causses are renowned for their pastoral traditions and cheese production, including Roquefort. In this regard, the region has been part of the Causses and Cévennes World Heritage Site since 2011. History The town dates back nearly 3000 years when it was situated on the Granède hills which dominate the town. In the second or first century B.C, it would move to the alluvial plain on the left bank of the Tarn. The plain gave the town its Gallic name of Condatomagus (Contado meaning ''confluence'' and magus for the ''market''). The site of Condatomagus was identified in the 19th century by Dieudonné Rey; it was close to the major earthenware centre in the Roman Empire, La Graufe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cable-stayed Bridge
A cable-stayed bridge has one or more ''towers'' (or ''pylons''), from which wire rope, cables support the bridge deck. A distinctive feature are the cables or wikt:stay#Etymology 3, stays, which run directly from the tower to the deck, normally forming a fan-like pattern or a series of parallel lines. This is in contrast to the modern suspension bridge, where the cables supporting the deck are suspended vertically from the main cable, anchored at both ends of the bridge and running between the towers. The cable-stayed bridge is optimal for spans longer than cantilever bridges and shorter than suspension bridges. This is the range within which cantilever bridges would rapidly grow heavier, and suspension bridge cabling would be more costly. Cable-stayed bridges found wide use in the late 19th century. Early examples, including the Brooklyn Bridge, often combined features from both the cable-stayed and suspension designs. Cable-stayed designs fell from favor in the early 20th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
