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Hesperocyoninae
The extinct Hesperocyoninae are one of three subfamilies found within the canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Borophaginae and extant Caninae. Taxonomic history Hesperocyoninae are basal canids that gave rise to the other two canid subfamilies, the Borophaginae and Caninae. This subfamily was endemic to North America, living from the Duchesnean stage of the Late Eocene through to the early Barstovian stage of the Miocene, lasting around 20 million years. It comprises 10 recognized genera and 26 recognized species. Four major lineages can be defined based on shared characteristics: *''Mesocyon''-''Enhydrocyon'' clade (includes '' Cynodesmus, Sunkahetanka, Philotrox'') *''Osbornodon'' clade *''Paraenhydrocyon'' *''Ectopocynus clade'' The genus '' Caedocyon'', which is only known from a single partial cranium that shows some ''Paraenhydrocyon'' affinities, probably represents another independent lineage. ''Hesperocyon'', which lacks the shared derived ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Canidae
Canidae (; from Latin, '' canis'', " dog") is a biological family of dog-like carnivorans, colloquially referred to as dogs, and constitutes a clade. A member of this family is also called a canid (). There are three subfamilies found within the canid family, which are the extinct Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae, and the extant Caninae. The Caninae are known as canines, and include domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, jackals and other extant and extinct species. Canids are found on all continents except Antarctica, having arrived independently or accompanied human beings over extended periods of time. Canids vary in size from the gray wolf to the fennec fox. The body forms of canids are similar, typically having long muzzles, upright ears, teeth adapted for cracking bones and slicing flesh, long legs, and bushy tails. They are mostly social animals, living together in family units or small groups and behaving cooperatively. Typically, only the dominant pair in a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Borophagine
The extinct Borophaginae form one of three subfamilies found within the canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Hesperocyoninae and extant Caninae. Borophaginae, called "bone-crushing dogs", were endemic to North America during the Oligocene to Pliocene and lived roughly 34—2.5 million years ago, existing for about . Origin The Borophaginae descended from the subfamily Hesperocyoninae. The earliest and most primitive borophagine is the genus ''Archaeocyon'', which is a small fox-sized animal mostly found in the fossil beds in western North America. The borophagines soon diversified into several major groups. They evolved to become considerably larger than their predecessors, and filled a wide range of niches in late Cenozoic North America, from small omnivores to powerful, bear-sized carnivores, such as ''Epicyon''. Species There are 66 identified borophagine species, including 18 new ones that range from the Orellan to Blancan ages. A phylogeneti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hesperocyon
''Hesperocyon'' is an extinct genus of canids (subfamily Hesperocyoninae, family Canidae) that was endemic to North America, ranging from southern Canada to Colorado. It appeared during the Uintan age, – Bridgerian age (NALMA) of the Mid-Eocene– 42.5 Ma to 31.0 Ma. ( AEO). ''Hesperocyon'' existed for approximately . Taxonomy ''Hesperocyon'' was assigned to Borophagini by Wang et al. in 1999 and was the earliest of the canids to evolve after the Caniformia-Feliformia split some 42 million years ago. Fossil evidence dates ''Hesperocyon gregarius'' to at least 37 mya, but the oldest ''Hesperocyon'' has been dated at 39.74 mya from the Duchesnean North American land mammal age. The Canidae subfamily Hesperocyoninae probably arose out of ''Hesperocyon'' to become the first of the three great dogs groups: Hesperocyoninae (~40–30 Ma), Borophaginae (~36–2 Ma), and the Caninae lineage that led to the present-day canids (including grey wolves, foxes, coyotes, jackals and dogs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Borophaginae
The extinct Borophaginae form one of three subfamilies found within the canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Hesperocyoninae and extant Caninae. Borophaginae, called "bone-crushing dogs", were endemic to North America during the Oligocene to Pliocene and lived roughly 34—2.5 million years ago, existing for about . Origin The Borophaginae descended from the subfamily Hesperocyoninae. The earliest and most primitive borophagine is the genus ''Archaeocyon'', which is a small fox-sized animal mostly found in the fossil beds in western North America. The borophagines soon diversified into several major groups. They evolved to become considerably larger than their predecessors, and filled a wide range of niches in late Cenozoic North America, from small omnivores to powerful, bear-sized carnivores, such as ''Epicyon''. Species There are 66 identified borophagine species, including 18 new ones that range from the Orellan to Blancan ages. A phylogenetic analy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caninae
The Caninae, known as canines, are one of three subfamilies found within the canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae. The Caninae includes all living canids and their most recent fossil relatives. Their fossils were first found in North America and dated to the Oligocene era, then spreading to Asia at the end of the Miocene era, some 7 million to 8 million years ago. Taxonomy and lineage The genus ''Leptocyon'' (Greek: ''leptos'' slender + ''cyon'' dog) includes 11 species and was the first primitive canine. They were small and weighed around 2 kg. They first appeared in Sioux County, Nebraska in the Orellan era 34-32 million years ago, which was the beginning of the Oligocene. This was the same time as the appearance of the Borophaginae with whom they share features, indicating that these were two sister groups. Borophaginae skull and dentition were designed for a powerful killing bite compared ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sunkahetanka
''Sunkahetanka'' is an extinct monospecific genus of the Hesperocyoninae subfamily of early canids native to North America. It lived during the Oligocene, 30.8—26.3 Ma, existing for approximately . ''Sunkahetanka'' In form, it was intermediate between the small '' Cynodesmus'' and the later '' Enhydrocyon
''Enhydrocyon'' is an extinct genus of bone crushing canid which inhabited North America during the Oligocene and Early Miocene, 30.8—20.4 Ma, existing for approximately .
''Enhydrocyon'' dentition suggests this animal was a hypercarnivo ... '', the first hypercarnivorous, "bone-cracking" ...
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Caedocyon
''Caedocyon'' ("fit for cutting dog") is an extinct monospecific genus of bone crushing canid which inhabited western North America during the Oligocene 30.8—20.6 Ma, existing for approximately . ''Caedocyon'' at Fossilworks Like other members of the subfamily , ''Caedocyon'' is a very primitive or apomorphic canid form, and its evolutionary position is not clear. It is, however, identified by having shortened upper premolars, enlarged caniniform upper third s, as well as reduced upper |
Cynodesmus
''Cynodesmus'' ("dog link") is an extinct genus of omnivorous canine which inhabited North America during the Oligocene living from 33.3—-26.3 Ma and existed for approximately . ''Cynodesmus'' was one of the first canids to truly look dog-like. At around in length, it was about the same size as a modern coyote, but had a shorter skull, heavier tail, and longer rump. The shape of its limbs suggests that ''Cynodesmus'' was not a very good runner compared to most other canids; it probably attacked prey from an ambush. Unlike modern dogs, it had five toes on each foot, bearing partially retractable claws. Taxonomy ''Cynodesmus'' once included numerous species of Oligocene and Miocene canid with highly carnivorous ( hypercarnivorous) dentitions. A revision of the genus by Wang (1994) indicates that most species previously placed in ''Cynodesmus'' are unrelated to the type species, ''C. thooides''. These other species have been placed the genera '' Carpocyon'', '' Desmocyon'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philotrox
''Philotrox'' is an extinct monospecific genus of the Hesperocyoninae subfamily of early canids native to North America. It lived during the Oligocene, 30.8—26.3 Ma, existing for approximately . ''Philotrox'' In form, it was intermediate between the small '''' and the later '' Enhydrocyon
''Enhydrocyon'' is an extinct genus of bone crushing canid which inhabited North America during the Oligocene and Early Miocene, 30.8—20.4 Ma, existing for approximately .
''Enhydrocyon'' dentition suggests this animal was a hypercarnivo ... '', the first hyperc ...
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Mesocyon
''Mesocyon'' ("middle dog") is an extinct genus of the Hesperocyoninae subfamily of early canid Canidae (; from Latin, ''canis'', "dog") is a biological family of dog-like carnivorans, colloquially referred to as dogs, and constitutes a clade. A member of this family is also called a canid (). There are three subfamilies found within the ...s native to North America. It lived from the Oligocene to Early Miocene, 30.3—20.3 Ma, existing for approximately . Fossils are known from Oregon, southern California and the northern Great Plains. It was roughly coyote-sized, and the first known canid to have a primarily meat-based diet. References Hesperocyonines Oligocene canids Aquitanian genus extinctions Miocene carnivorans White River Fauna Prehistoric carnivoran genera Rupelian genus first appearances {{canid-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Osbornodon
''Osbornodon'' (" Osborn's tooth") is an extinct genus of canid that were endemic to North America and which lived from the Oligocene to the Early Miocene, 33.9—15.97 Ma ( AEO), existing for approximately . It was the last surviving genus of the hesperocyonine subfamily, the oldest subfamily of canids. Species Seven known species of ''Osbornodon'' existed: *''Osbornodon brachypus'' Cope 1881 *''Osbornodon fricki'' Wang 1994 (18 Ma) *''Osbornodon iamonensis
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Enhydrocyon
''Enhydrocyon'' is an extinct genus of bone crushing canid which inhabited North America during the Oligocene and Early Miocene, 30.8—20.4 Ma, existing for approximately . ''Enhydrocyon'' dentition suggests this animal was a hypercarnivore or mesocarnivore A mesocarnivore is an animal whose diet consists of 50–70% meat with the balance consisting of non-vertebrate foods which may include insects, fungi, fruits, other plant material and any food that is available to them. Mesocarnivores are from .... Species of ''Enhydrocyon'' were relatively large, powerfully built carnivores with a short snout and deep jaws reminiscent of a jaguar.David Macdonald. The Velvet Claw: A Natural History of the Carnivores. BBC Books: London; 1992. p83. These features give the skull a shape resembling that of the extant sea otter (''Enhydra''), prompting the scientific name. With an estimated weight of about , this was the earliest genus of canid adapted to be specialized predators. Spe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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