Michael D. Coogan, ''A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009) 370 These laments, too, often have a set format: an address to God, description of the suffering/anguish from which one seeks relief, a petition for help and deliverance, a curse towards one's enemies, an expression of the belief of ones innocence or a confession of the lack thereof, a vow corresponding to an expected divine response, and lastly, a song of thanksgiving.
Examples of a general format of this, both in the individual and communal laments, can be seen in
Psalm 3
Psalm 3 is the third psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: "Lord, how are they increased that trouble me!". In Latin, it is known as "Domine quid multiplicati sunt". The psalm is a personal thanksgiving to G ...
and
Psalm 44
Psalm 44 is the 44th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: "We have heard with our ears, O God, our fathers have told us". In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek Septuagint version of ...
respectively.
The ''
Lament of Edward II'', if it is actually written by
Edward II of England
Edward II (25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327), also known as Edward of Caernarfon or Caernarvon, was King of England from 1307 until he was deposed in January 1327. The fourth son of Edward I, Edward became the heir to the throne follo ...
, is the sole surviving composition of his.
A heroine's lament is a conventional fixture of
baroque
The Baroque ( , , ) is a Western Style (visual arts), style of Baroque architecture, architecture, Baroque music, music, Baroque dance, dance, Baroque painting, painting, Baroque sculpture, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from ...
opera seria
''Opera seria'' (; plural: ''opere serie''; usually called ''dramma per musica'' or ''melodramma serio'') is an Italian musical term which refers to the noble and "serious" style of Italian opera that predominated in Europe from the 1710s to abou ...
, accompanied usually by strings alone, in
descending tetrachord
In music theory, the descending tetrachord is a series of four notes from a scale (music), scale, or tetrachord, arranged in order from highest to lowest, or descending order. For example, --- , as created by the Andalusian cadence. The descendi ...
s. Because of their plangent cantabile melodic lines, evocatively free, non-
strophic
Strophic form – also called verse-repeating form, chorus form, AAA song form, or one-part song form – is a song structure in which all verses or stanzas of the text are sung to the same music. Contrasting song forms include through-composed, ...
construction and
adagio
Adagio (Italian for 'slowly', ) may refer to:
Music
* Adagio, a tempo marking, indicating that music is to be played slowly, or a composition intended to be played in this manner
* Adagio (band), a French progressive metal band
Albums
* ''Adag ...
pace, operatic laments have remained vividly memorable soprano or mezzo-soprano
aria
In music, an aria (, ; : , ; ''arias'' in common usage; diminutive form: arietta, ; : ariette; in English simply air (music), air) is a self-contained piece for one voice, with or without instrument (music), instrumental or orchestral accompan ...
s even when separated from the emotional pathos of their operatic contexts. An early example is Ariadne's "Lasciatemi morire", which is the only survivor of
Claudio Monteverdi
Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi (baptized 15 May 1567 – 29 November 1643) was an Italian composer, choirmaster and string instrument, string player. A composer of both Secular music, secular and Church music, sacred music, and a pioneer ...
's lost ''Arianna''.
Francesco Cavalli
Francesco Cavalli (born Pietro Francesco Caletti-Bruni; 14 February 1602 – 14 January 1676) was a Venetian composer, organist and singer of the early Baroque period. He succeeded his teacher Claudio Monteverdi as the dominant and leading op ...
's operas extended the ''lamento'' formula, in numerous exemplars, of which Ciro's "Negatemi respiri" from ''
Ciro'' is notable.
Other examples include
Dido's Lament
Dido's Lament ("When I am laid in earth") is the closing aria from the opera ''Dido and Aeneas'' by Henry Purcell to a libretto by Nahum Tate.
It is included in many classical music textbooks to illustrate the descending chromatic fourth () in ...
("When I am laid in earth") (
Henry Purcell
Henry Purcell (, rare: ; September 1659 – 21 November 1695) was an English composer of Baroque music, most remembered for his more than 100 songs; a tragic opera, Dido and Aeneas, ''Dido and Aeneas''; and his incidental music to a version o ...
, ''
Dido and Aeneas
''Dido and Aeneas'' (Z. 626) is an opera in a prologue and three acts, written by the English Baroque music, Baroque composer Henry Purcell with a libretto by Nahum Tate. The dates of the composition and first performance of the opera are uncer ...
''), "
Lascia ch'io pianga
"" (; ), originally "" (; ), is an Italian-language soprano aria by composer George Frideric Handel that has become a popular concert piece.
History
Its melody is first found in act 3 of Handel's 1705 opera ''Almira'' as a sarabande; the score f ...
" (
George Frideric Handel
George Frideric (or Frederick) Handel ( ; baptised , ; 23 February 1685 – 14 April 1759) was a German-British Baroque composer well-known for his operas, oratorios, anthems, concerti grossi, and organ concerti.
Born in Halle, Germany, H ...
, ''
Rinaldo
Rinaldo may refer to:
*Renaud de Montauban (also spelled Renaut, Renault, Italian: Rinaldo di Montalbano, Dutch: Reinout van Montalbaen, German: Reinhold von Montalban), a legendary knight in the medieval Matter of France
* Rinaldo (''Jerusalem Lib ...
''), "Caro mio ben" (
Tomaso Tomaso is a given name, being an Italian form of the name Thomas, a variant of the more common Tommaso or Tomasso. Notable people with the name include:
* Tomaso Albinoni, 18th-century Italian composer
* Alejandro de Tomaso, racing driver and busin ...
or
Giuseppe Giordani
Giuseppe Tommaso Giovanni Giordani (December 19, 1751, Naples – January 4, 1798, Fermo) was an Italian composer, mainly of opera.
Giordani's parents were Domenico Giordani and Anna Maria Tosato. He studied music in Naples with Domenico Cima ...
). The lament continued to represent a musico-dramatic high point. In the context of
opera buffa
Opera buffa (, "comic opera"; : ''opere buffe'') is a genre of opera. It was first used as an informal description of Italian comic operas variously classified by their authors as ''commedia in musica'', ''commedia per musica'', ''dramma bernesc ...
, the Countess's lament, "
Dove sono
"" (Where are hose happy moments is an aria in Italian for lyric soprano from the third act of Mozart's 1786 opera ''Le nozze di Figaro'' (''The Marriage of Figaro''). Part of the music to the aria was "recycled" from the earlier "Agnus dei" fro ...
", comes as a surprise to the audience of
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 1756 – 5 December 1791) was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period (music), Classical period. Despite his short life, his rapid pace of composition and proficiency from an early age ...
's ''
The Marriage of Figaro
''The Marriage of Figaro'' (, ), K. 492, is a ''commedia per musica'' (opera buffa) in four acts composed in 1786 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, with an Italian libretto written by Lorenzo Da Ponte. It premiered at the Burgtheater in Vienn ...
'', and in
Gioachino Rossini
Gioachino Antonio Rossini (29 February 1792 – 13 November 1868) was an Italian composer of the late Classical period (music), Classical and early Romantic music, Romantic eras. He gained fame for his 39 operas, although he also wrote man ...
's ''
Barber of Seville
''The Barber of Seville, or The Useless Precaution'' ( ) is an ''opera buffa'' (comic opera) in two acts composed by Gioachino Rossini with an Italian libretto by Cesare Sterbini. The libretto was based on Pierre Beaumarchais's French comedy '' ...
'', Rosina's plaintive words at her apparent abandonment are followed, not by the expected lament aria, but by a vivid orchestral interlude of storm music. The heroine's lament remained a fixture in romantic opera, and the Marschallin's monologue in act 1 of ''
Der Rosenkavalier
(''The Knight of the Rose'' or ''The Rose-Bearer''), Op. 59, is a comic opera in three acts by Richard Strauss to an original German libretto by Hugo von Hofmannsthal. It is loosely adapted from Louvet de Couvrai's novel ''Les amours du cheva ...
'' can be understood as a penetrating psychological lament.
In modernity, discourses about
melancholia
Melancholia or melancholy (from ',Burton, Bk. I, p. 147 meaning black bile) is a concept found throughout ancient, medieval, and premodern medicine in Europe that describes a condition characterized by markedly depressed mood, bodily complain ...
and
trauma
Trauma most often refers to:
*Psychological trauma, in psychology and psychiatric medicine, refers to severe mental and emotional injury caused by distressing events
*Traumatic injury, sudden physical injury caused by an external force, which doe ...
take the functional place ritual laments hold in premodern societies. This entails a shift from a focus on community and convention to individuality and authenticity.
Scottish laments
The purely instrumental lament is a common form in
piobaireachd
Pibroch, or is an art music genre associated primarily with the Scottish Highlands that is characterised by extended compositions with a melodic theme and elaborate formal variations. Strictly meaning 'piping' in Scottish Gaelic, has for some ...
music for the
Scottish bagpipes. "MacCrimmon's Lament" dates to the Jacobite uprising of 1745. The tune is held to have been written by Donald Ban MacCrimmon, piper to the MacLeods of Dunvegan, who supported the Hanoverians. It is said that Donald Ban, who was killed at Moy in 1746, had an intimation that he would not return.
A well-known Gaelic
lullaby
A lullaby (), or a cradle song, is a soothing song or piece of music that is usually played for (or sung to) children (for adults see music and sleep). The purposes of lullabies vary. In some societies, they are used to pass down cultural knowl ...
is "
Griogal Cridhe" ("Beloved Gregor"). It was composed in 1570 after the execution of Gregor MacGregor by the Campbells. The grief-stricken widow, Marion Campbell, describes what happened as she sings to her child.
"" ("Lament for the Children") is a pìobaireachd composed by Padruig Mór MacCrimmon in the early 1650s. It is generally held to be based on the loss of seven of MacCrimmon's eight sons within a year to
smallpox
Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by Variola virus (often called Smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus '' Orthopoxvirus''. The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (W ...
, possibly brought to Skye by a Spanish trading vessel. Poet and writer
Angus Peter Campbell
Angus Peter Campbell (; born 1952) is a Scottish award-winning poet, novelist, journalist, broadcaster and actor. Campbell's works, which are written mainly in Scottish Gaelic, draw heavily upon both Hebridean mythology and folklore and the ma ...
, quoting poet
Sorley MacLean
Sorley MacLean (; 26 October 1911 – 24 November 1996) was a Scottish Gaelic poet, described by the Scottish Poetry Library as "one of the major Scottish poets of the modern era" because of his "mastery of his chosen medium and his engagement ...
, has called it "one of the great artistic glories of all Europe". Author Bridget MacKenzie, in ''Piping Traditions of Argyll'', suggests that it refers to the slaughter of the MacLeod's fighting Cromwell's forces at the Battle of Worcester. It may have been inspired by both.
Other Scottish laments from outside of the
piobaireachd
Pibroch, or is an art music genre associated primarily with the Scottish Highlands that is characterised by extended compositions with a melodic theme and elaborate formal variations. Strictly meaning 'piping' in Scottish Gaelic, has for some ...
tradition include "Lowlands Away", "MacPherson's Rant", and "Hector the Hero".
Lament in Ancient Greece
Ritual lament was intertwined with aspects of performance in Ancient Greece. Originally practiced as a part of funerary rites, lamentation was considered a musical and feminine form of expression that was used to appease the deceased. As lament was brought into popular culture, specifically Greek theater and literature, men participated in the tradition as well, but the act of lamentation itself was still closely associated with women.
Performed primarily by women during the próthesis step of the burial, ritual lament in the
Archaic
Archaic may refer to:
* Archaic Period (several meanings), archaeological term used to refer to a very early period differing by location
*Archaic humans, people before ''homo sapiens''
* ''Archaic'' (comics), a comic-book series created by write ...
and
Homeric
Homer (; , ; possibly born ) was an Ancient Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Despite doubts about his authorship, Homer is ...
periods was a ritualized expression of emotion imbued with musical elements. The lament involved both verbal and physical actions, such as singing, wailing, tearing of the clothes, and beating the breast, all of which contributed to the sound of lamentation. Depictions of lament can be found on vessels, funerary plaques, and other archeological remains, where the imagery of the women’s expressive actions contrast with the more static poses of the men. The gendering of ritual lamentation reflects the
gender roles
A gender role, or sex role, is a social norm deemed appropriate or desirable for individuals based on their gender or sex.
Gender roles are usually centered on conceptions of masculinity and femininity. The specifics regarding these gende ...
of the time, wherein women were perceived to be more prone to emotion in contrast to men, who were seen as creatures of logos.
In the Archaic and Homeric ages, lament was understood to be divided into two distinct parts: gôos and thrënos. Moving into the Classical period, however, gôos and thrënos were often used as interchangeably, particularly in Athenian
tragedy
A tragedy is a genre of drama based on human suffering and, mainly, the terrible or sorrowful events that befall a tragic hero, main character or cast of characters. Traditionally, the intention of tragedy is to invoke an accompanying catharsi ...
. Lamenting women appeared in works by well-known tragedians, such as Cassandra's lament in
Aeschylus
Aeschylus (, ; ; /524 – /455 BC) was an ancient Greece, ancient Greek Greek tragedy, tragedian often described as the father of tragedy. Academic knowledge of the genre begins with his work, and understanding of earlier Greek tragedy is large ...
' ''
Agamenon
In Greek mythology, Agamemnon (; ''Agamémnōn'') was a king of Mycenae who commanded the Achaeans (Homer), Achaeans during the Trojan War. He was the son (or grandson) of King Atreus and Queen Aerope, the brother of Menelaus, the husband of C ...
'', Electra's lament in
Sophocles
Sophocles ( 497/496 – winter 406/405 BC)Sommerstein (2002), p. 41. was an ancient Greek tragedian known as one of three from whom at least two plays have survived in full. His first plays were written later than, or contemporary with, those ...
' ''
Electra
Electra, also spelt Elektra (; ; ), is one of the most popular Greek mythology, mythological characters in tragedies.Evans (1970), p. 79 She is the main character in two Greek tragedies, ''Electra (Sophocles play), Electra'' by Sophocles and ''Ele ...
'', and Hecuba's lament in
Euripides
Euripides () was a Greek tragedy, tragedian of classical Athens. Along with Aeschylus and Sophocles, he is one of the three ancient Greek tragedians for whom any plays have survived in full. Some ancient scholars attributed ninety-five plays to ...
Trojan Women
''The Trojan Women'' (, lit. "The Female Trojans") is a tragedy by the Greek playwright Euripides, produced in 415 BCE. Also translated as ''The Women of Troy,'' or as its transliterated Greek title ''Troades, The Trojan Women'' presents commen ...
''. Tragedians also developed another genre of lament, kommos, that appeared exclusively in tragedies. Ritual lament also inspired male poets, who adopted the practice into more literary forms. Written laments could be addressed to the divine or personalized for a poet’s close friend.
Ritual Lament in Athens During the Age of Solon’s Laws
Athenian policymaker Solon placed restrictions on women’s participation in funerary rites. Solon’s laws set limitations on women’s dress and behavior, controlling the way that women were allowed to appear in public for funerary occasions. His laws also had an impact on the burial proceedings in relation to women’s roles, as he forbid “laceration of the flesh by mourners,” “bewailing” and the use of set lamentations. These policies could have been made to address the level of noise that accompanied the ritual lament step of funerals and to curb extravagance from the wealthy. However, Plutarch comments that Solon’s laws concerning women seemed, in general, “very absurd.” He expressed that Solon’s laws were rather unfavorable towards women, using examples such as Solon’s policies on sexual assault. Modern interpretations of these changes comment on the disruptive potential of the lament on a political level. In Athens, where logic and rationality were valued, the emotional nature of the lament was not viewed favorably by men in power.
Lament During the Festival of Adonia
The connection between lamentation and femininity is made apparent in the Athenian festival of Adonia. An event held exclusively for women, by women, the main purpose of this festival was to mourn the death of Adonis, the lover of the goddess Aphrodite. During this festival, women participated in collective lamenting. Women took to the rooftops to perform their lament and held a procession in the streets. In fragments of Sappho’s work, a lament for Adonis appears. Sappho’s work gives insight on some of the activities that may have occurred during this festival. In her poem, Sappho calls on women to engage in actions such as “beating your bosoms” and “rending your tunics.” These actions are the same activities that women would do for burial rituals. The Greek poet Bion also wrote a Lament for Adonis. His poem records the ritual laments of Adonia in hexameter, unlike Sappho, who wrote in lyric meter. Throughout his lament, he makes frequent references to Aphrodite, who also referred to by the name Cytherea. His words show the close association between Adonis and Aphrodite. Sappho and Bion’s works are also demonstrative of how the tradition lament expanded from oral to literary form.
References to the Adonia is made in Aristophanes’ Lysistrata. In the play, the male characters express a distaste for the Adonia, particularly due to the loud nature of the lamentation process. In fact, there is a scene in the ''Lysistrata'', a play by Aristophanes, where the lamentations of the women celebrating the Adonia drown out those of the male characters who are attempting to hold an Assembly. Modern interpretations of this festival have drawn upon the disruptive characteristic of the Adonia to suggest that the festival was a form of subversion. Firstly, the Adonia was not only organized strictly by women, but also was a celebration that was not associated with the state. The exclusion of men in the entirety of the festival process is demonstrates female agency. Furthermore, during the Adonia, Athenian women were allowed to be in public and to make their voices heard in a dramatic manner. The festival allowed women the opportunity to create a type of independent community as well as to present their voices and bodies in the public sphere. Athenian women were expected to remain in the household, whereas men were the ones who engaged in politics, business, and agriculture. It is argued that women embraced this festival because Adonia permitted them to subvert gender roles in a socially acceptable way.
Types of Musical Lament
*; Gôos
: Performed by the close female relatives of the deceased, gôos was a spontaneous expression of grief. Gôos involved wailing, tearing of the hair, outstretched arms, and beating of the breast.
*; Thrënos
: The gôos was accompanied by the thrënos, consisting of a set dirge, usually performed by hired musicians. In comparison to gôos, thrënos was more organized and musically polished. The singing often contained praise for the deceased.
*;
Kommos
: Kommos emerged in the Classical era on the stage of Athenian tragedy. Like ritual lament, kommos is performed by female characters in conjunction with the play’s choral mourners in an expression of dramatic grief.
[Margaret Alexiou, The Ritual Lament in Greek Tradition, second ed. (Cambridge University Press) 2002. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebook:CHS_AlexiouM.Ritual_Lament_in_Greek_Tradition.2002.]
Musical form
There is a short, free musical form appearing in the
Baroque
The Baroque ( , , ) is a Western Style (visual arts), style of Baroque architecture, architecture, Baroque music, music, Baroque dance, dance, Baroque painting, painting, Baroque sculpture, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from ...
and then again in the
Romantic periods, called lament. It is typically a set of harmonic
variations
Variation or Variations may refer to:
Science and mathematics
* Variation (astronomy), any perturbation of the mean motion or orbit of a planet or satellite, particularly of the moon
* Genetic variation, the difference in DNA among individual ...
in
homophonic
Homophony and Homophonic are from the Greek language, Greek ὁμόφωνος (''homóphōnos''), literally 'same sounding,' from ὁμός (''homós''), "same" and φωνή (''phōnē''), "sound". It may refer to:
*Homophones − words with the s ...
texture, wherein the bass (
Lament bass
In music, the lament bass is a ground bass, built from a descending perfect fourth from tonic to dominant, with each step harmonized.Brover-Lubovsky, Bella (2008). ''Tonal Space in the Music of Antonio Vivaldi'', p.151-52. . The diatonic vers ...
) descends through a tetrachord, usually one suggesting a
minor mode
In Western classical music theory, the minor scale refers to three scale patterns – the natural minor scale (or Aeolian mode), the harmonic minor scale, and the melodic minor scale (ascending or descending).
These scales contain all th ...
.
See also
*
Dirge
A dirge () is a somber song or lament expressing mourning or grief, such as may be appropriate for performance at a funeral. Often taking the form of a brief hymn, dirges are typically shorter and less meditative than elegy, elegies. Dirges are of ...
*
Death poem
The death poem is a genre of poetry that developed in the literary traditions of the Sinosphere—most prominently in Culture of Japan, Japan as well as certain periods of Chinese history, Joseon Korea, and Vietnam. They tend to offer a reflectio ...
*
Death wail
The death wail is a keening, mourning lament, generally performed in ritual fashion soon after the death of a member of a family or tribe. Examples of death wails have been found in numerous societies, including among the Celts of Europe; and vari ...
*
Elegy
An elegy is a poem of serious reflection, and in English literature usually a lament for the dead. However, according to ''The Oxford Handbook of the Elegy'', "for all of its pervasiveness ... the 'elegy' remains remarkably ill defined: sometime ...
*
Endecha – Galician lament, subgenre of the planto
*
Keening
Keening (, ) is a traditional form of vocal lament for the dead in the Gaelic Celtic tradition, known to have taken place in Ireland and Scotland. Keening, which can be seen as a form of sean-nós singing, is performed in the Irish and Scotti ...
*
Kinah
Kinah, ḳinah or qinah (plural kinoth, qinot, qinoth) is Hebrew for a dirge or lamentation. Its general meaning is a dirge or lament, especially as sung by Jewish professional mourning women. Specifically, it can refer to one of the many Hebrew ...
(plural: kinnot) – Kinnot are traditional Hebrew poems recited on
Tisha B'Av
Tisha B'Av ( ; , ) is an annual fast day in Judaism. A commemoration of a number of disasters in Jewish history, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusal ...
lamenting the destruction of the First and Second
Temples
A temple (from the Latin ) is a place of worship, a building used for spiritual rituals and activities such as prayer and sacrifice. By convention, the specially built places of worship of some religions are commonly called "temples" in Engli ...
and other historical catastrophes. (The term "kinah" also appears in the Bible, referring to lamentation).
*
Kommós
*
Lament bass
In music, the lament bass is a ground bass, built from a descending perfect fourth from tonic to dominant, with each step harmonized.Brover-Lubovsky, Bella (2008). ''Tonal Space in the Music of Antonio Vivaldi'', p.151-52. . The diatonic vers ...
*
Lithuanian laments
Lithuanian laments is an archaic genre of Lithuanian folk songs. There are two major categories of Lithuanian laments: funeral lament (laidotuvių rauda) and wedding lament (vestuvių rauda).Rimantas SliužinskasLithuanian Traditional Laments: Sim ...
*
Mawwal
In Arabic Music, the ''mawwāl'' (; plural: ''mawāwīl'', ) is a traditional and popular Arabic genre of vocal music that is very slow in beat and sentimental in nature, and is characterised by prolonging vowel syllables, emotional vocals, and ...
, Middle Eastern variant
*
Threnody
A threnody is a wailing ode, song, hymn or poem of mourning composed or performed as a memorial to a dead person. The term originates from the Greek word θρηνῳδία (''threnoidia''), from θρῆνος (''threnos'', "wailing") and ᾠ� ...
Notes
Further reading
*
H. Munro Chadwick,
Nora Kershaw Chadwick
Nora Kershaw Chadwick CBE FSA FBA (28 January 1891 – 24 April 1972) was an English philologist who specialised in Anglo-Saxon, Celtic and Old Norse studies.
Early life and education
Nora Kershaw was born in Lancashire in 1891, the first d ...
, ''The Growth of Literature'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1932–40), e.g. vol. 2 p. 229.
*Richard Church, ''The Lamendation of Military Campaigns''. PDQ: Steve Ruling, 2000.
*
Andrew Dalby
Andrew Dalby, (born 1947 in Liverpool) is an English linguist, translator and historian who has written articles and several books on a wide range of topics including food history, language, and Classical texts.
Education and early career
...
, ''Rediscovering Homer'' (New York: Norton, 2006. ) pp. 141–143.
*Gail Holst-Warhaft, ''Dangerous Voices: Women's Laments and Greek Literature''. London: Routledge, 1992. .
*Nancy C. Lee, ''Lyrics of Lament: From Tragedy to Transformation.'' Minneapolis: Fortress, 2010.
* Marcello Sorce Keller, "Expressing, Communicating, Sharing and Representing Grief and Sorrow with Organised Sound (Musings in Eight Short Segments)", in Stephen Wild, Di Roy, Aaron Corn and Ruth Lee Martin (eds), ''One Common Thread – The Musical World of Lament'' – Thematic Issue of Humanities Research. Canberra, ANU University Press, vol. XIX, no. 3. 2013, 3–14
*Claus Westermann, ''Praise and Lament in the Psalms''. Westminster: John Knox Press, 1981. .
External links
Greek laments (''Thrênoi, Moirológia'')
Andrea Fishman, "Thrênoi to Moirológia: Female Voices of Solitude, Resistance, and Solidarity" ''Oral Tradition'', 23/2 (2008): 267–295Roderick Beaton, Folk Poetry of Modern Greece, Cambridge University Press, 2004Greek lament song (Mοιρολόϊ – ''Moiroloi'')from
Mani
Mani may refer to:
People
* Mani (name), (), a given name and surname (including a list of people with the name)
** Mani (prophet) (c. 216–274), a 3rd century Iranian prophet who founded Manichaeism
** Mani (musician) (born 1962), an English ...
, performed in a funeral
Greek lament song (Mοιρολόϊ – ''Moiroloi'')from
Epirus
Epirus () is a Region#Geographical regions, geographical and historical region, historical region in southeastern Europe, now shared between Greece and Albania. It lies between the Pindus Mountains and the Ionian Sea, stretching from the Bay ...
, instrumental
{{Authority control
Social philosophy
Traditions
Genres of poetry
Death customs
Melancholia
Oral communication
Behavior
Grief
Funeral orations
Death music