Liberalism and radicalism are important political movements in Romania. Many

political parties A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular area's elections. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific ideological or p ...

from these traditions have had important historical roles and substantial support, including representation in the

Parliament of Romania The Parliament of Romania () is the national Bicameralism, bicameral legislature of Romania, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania), Chamber of Deputies () and the Senate of Romania, Senate (). It meets at the Palace of the Parliament i ...

. Not all Romanian political parties relevant to this tradition have explicitly described themselves as

liberal Liberal or liberalism may refer to: Politics * Generally, a supporter of the political philosophy liberalism. Liberals may be politically left or right but tend to be centrist. * An adherent of a Liberal Party (See also Liberal parties by country ...

radical Radical (from Latin: ', root) may refer to: Politics and ideology Politics *Classical radicalism, the Radical Movement that began in late 18th century Britain and spread to continental Europe and Latin America in the 19th century *Radical politics ...

Background

Liberalism has been one of the major political forces in

Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to ...

since the

Wallachian Revolution of 1848 The Wallachian Revolution of 1848 was a Romanian liberal and nationalist uprising in the Principality of Wallachia. Part of the Revolutions of 1848, and closely connected with the unsuccessful revolt in the Principality of Moldavia, it sough ...

. The first Romanian National Liberal Party (PNL) was active from 1875 until both its major factions were quashed in 1947 and 1950 by the communist government. The contemporary National Liberal Party (also PNL) was re-founded in 1990 after the

Romanian Revolution The Romanian revolution () was a period of violent Civil disorder, civil unrest in Socialist Republic of Romania, Romania during December 1989 as a part of the revolutions of 1989 that occurred in several countries around the world, primarily ...

. The

centre-right Centre-right politics is the set of right-wing politics, right-wing political ideologies that lean closer to the political centre. It is commonly associated with conservatism, Christian democracy, liberal conservatism, and conservative liberalis ...

PNL has had notable factions, splits and mergers, including the re-absorption of breakaway parties. For example, the

right-wing Right-wing politics is the range of political ideologies that view certain social orders and hierarchies as inevitable, natural, normal, or desirable, typically supporting this position based on natural law, economics, authority, property ...

and pro-German

National Liberal Party–Brătianu The National Liberal Party–Brătianu (, PNL; also known as Georgiști - "Georgists", from the name of their leader, Gheorghe I. Brătianu) was a right-wing political party in Romania, formed as a splinter group from the main liberal faction, ...

reunited with the rest of the party in 1938 after splitting off in 1930. More recently, the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (ALDE) split from the PNL and was a junior partner in a

coalition government A coalition government, or coalition cabinet, is a government by political parties that enter into a power-sharing arrangement of the executive. Coalition governments usually occur when no single party has achieved an absolute majority after an ...

with the

Social Democratic Party The name Social Democratic Party or Social Democrats has been used by many political parties in various countries around the world. Such parties are most commonly aligned to social democracy as their political ideology. Active parties Form ...

(PSD) between 2017 and 2019, before merging again with the PNL in early 2022.

Timeline of parties and movements

Note: The sign ⇒ denotes another party in this scheme.

Precursors

*1822:

Ionică Tăutu Ionică Tăutu (usual rendition of Ion Tăutu; 1798–1828) was a Moldavian low-ranking boyar, Enlightenment-inspired pamphleteer, and craftsman ("an engineer by trade", according to Alecu Russo).Russo, VI Constitutional project The last in a ...

, representing a group of low-ranking

boyars A boyar or bolyar was a member of the highest rank of the Feudalism, feudal nobility in many Eastern European states, including First Bulgarian Empire, Bulgaria, Kievan Rus' (and later Russian nobility, Russia), Boyars of Moldavia and Wallach ...

Moldavia Moldavia (, or ; in Romanian Cyrillic alphabet, Romanian Cyrillic: or ) is a historical region and former principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River. An initially in ...

, proposed a constitutional project with republican and liberal principles *1834: Ion Câmpineanu leads the liberal opposition to

Russian influence The Russian government conducted foreign electoral interference in the 2016 United States elections with the goals of sabotaging the presidential campaign of Hillary Clinton, boosting the presidential campaign of Donald Trump, and increa ...

Wallachia Wallachia or Walachia (; ; : , : ) is a historical and geographical region of modern-day Romania. It is situated north of the Lower Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians. Wallachia was traditionally divided into two sections, Munteni ...

National Assembly In politics, a national assembly is either a unicameral legislature, the lower house of a bicameral legislature, or both houses of a bicameral legislature together. In the English language it generally means "an assembly composed of the repr ...

*1840:

Mitică Filipescu Mitică () is a fictional character who appears in several sketch stories by Romanian writer Ion Luca Caragiale. The character's name is a common hypocoristic form of ''Dumitru'' or ''Dimitrie'' ( Romanian for ''Demetrius''). He is one of the be ...

led a radical, ''

carbonari The Carbonari () was an informal network of Secret society, secret revolutionary societies active in Italy from about 1800 to 1831. The Carbonari may have further influenced other revolutionary groups in France, Portugal, Spain, Brazil, Urugua ...

''-inspired

conspiracy A conspiracy, also known as a plot, ploy, or scheme, is a secret plan or agreement between people (called conspirers or conspirators) for an unlawful or harmful purpose, such as murder, treason, or corruption, especially with a political motivat ...

in Wallachia *1840:

Mihail Kogălniceanu Mihail Kogălniceanu (; also known as Mihail Cogâlniceanu, Michel de Kogalnitchan; September 6, 1817 – July 1, 1891) was a Romanian Liberalism, liberal statesman, lawyer, historian and publicist; he became Prime Minister of Romania on Octo ...

published the short-lived '' Dacia Literară'', a

Romantic nationalist Romantic nationalism (also national romanticism, organic nationalism, identity nationalism) is the form of nationalism in which the state claims its political legitimacy as an organic consequence of the unity of those it governs. This includes ...

and liberal magazine, engendering a

literary society A literary society is a group of people interested in literature. In the modern sense, this refers to a society that wants to promote one genre of writing or a specific author. Modern literary societies typically promote research, publish newslet ...

*1843:

Nicolae Bălcescu Nicolae Bălcescu () (29 June 181929 November 1852) was a Romanian Wallachian soldier, historian, journalist, and leader of the 1848 Wallachian Revolution. Early life Born in Bucharest to a family of low-ranking nobility, he used his mother ...

and others led the ''Frăţia'' radical conspiracy in Wallachia *1845: Radical students from both Wallachia and Moldavia founded ''Societatea Studenţilor Români'' (the "Society of Romanian Students") in Paris *1848: The unsuccessful Moldavian revolution, during which Moldavian liberals issued a ''Petition-Proclamation'' *1848: The liberal-minded

Blaj Assemblies Blaj (; archaically spelled as ''Blaș''; ; ; Transylvanian Saxon: ''Blußendref'') is a city in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania. It has a population of 17,816 inhabitants as of 2021. The city administers eight villages: Deleni-Obârșie (''O ...

Transylvania Transylvania ( or ; ; or ; Transylvanian Saxon dialect, Transylvanian Saxon: ''Siweberjen'') is a List of historical regions of Central Europe, historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and ...

, in the context of revolutions inside the Austrian Empire *1848: The Wallachian revolution – liberals formed a Provisional Government in

Bucharest Bucharest ( , ; ) is the capital and largest city of Romania. The metropolis stands on the River Dâmbovița (river), Dâmbovița in south-eastern Romania. Its population is officially estimated at 1.76 million residents within a greater Buc ...

, and were divided over the issue of

land reform Land reform (also known as agrarian reform) involves the changing of laws, regulations, or customs regarding land ownership, land use, and land transfers. The reforms may be initiated by governments, by interested groups, or by revolution. Lan ...

, with a radical current forming around Bălcescu *1856: The liberal current formed the majority in ''

Partida Naţională The Partida Națională () was a Romanian political party which existed in both Danubian Principalities from ca. 1700 to 1859, comprising those boyars who opposed foreign interference. It was a loose group which helped to popularize Romanian nation ...

'', a loose group supporting the union of the

Danubian Principalities The Danubian Principalities (, ) was a conventional name given to the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which emerged in the early 14th century. The term was coined in the Habsburg monarchy after the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774) ...

*1859: After the union, liberals formed a distinct faction in the

*1864: ''

Domnitor ''Prince Domnitor'', in full ''Principe Domnitor'' (Romanian pl. ''Principi Domnitori'') was the official title of the ruler of Romania between 1862 and 1881. It was usually translated as "prince regnant" in English and most other languages, ...

Alexandru Ioan Cuza Alexandru Ioan Cuza (, or Alexandru Ioan I, also Anglicised as Alexander John Cuza; 20 March 1820 – 15 May 1873) was the first ''domnitor'' (prince) of the Romanian Principalities through his double election as List of monarchs of Moldavia ...

established a personal regime, in order to pass liberal legislation against mounting opposition *1866: Mainstream liberals supported Cuza's removal from the throne; a faction of the liberal current opposed to the new constitution formed the Moldavian-based ''

Fracţiunea liberă şi independentă The Free and Independent Faction or Free and Independent Fraction (, sometimes ''Fracțiunea Liberală și Independentă'', "Independent Liberal Faction","Condeie", in ''România Liberă'', December 6 (18), 1886, p. 2Academicus, "Fapte și idei. S ...

'', influenced by

Simion Bărnuțiu Simion Bărnuțiu (; 21 July 1808 – 28 May 1864) was a Romanian historian, academic, philosopher, jurist, and liberal politician. A leader of the 1848 revolutionary movement of Transylvanian Romanians, he represented its Eastern Rite Catholi ...

and led by

Nicolae Ionescu Nicolae Ionescu (1820 in Bradu, Neamț County – January 24, 1905 in Bradu) was a Romanian politician, jurist and publicist, brother of the agronomist Ion Ionescu de la Brad. He was leader of the Free and Independent Faction, serving se ...

National Liberal Party (PNL)

* 1875: The liberal current organised itself in the National Liberal Party (''Partidul Naţional-Liberal''), led by

Ion Brătianu An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convent ...

* 1884: A faction formed the Radical Party, led by C.A. Rosetti and

George Panu George Panu (March 9, 1848 – November 6, 1910) was a Moldavian, later Romanian memoirist, literary critic, journalist and politician. A native of Iași, educated there as well as in Paris and Brussels, he worked as a schoolteacher and lawyer, b ...

* 1899: The National Liberal Party absorbs the right-wing of the Romanian Social-Democratic Workers' Party * 1918: The Peasants' Party absorbs a left-wing tendency in the National Liberal Party formed around

Constantin Stere Constantin G. Stere or Constantin Sterea (Romanian language, Romanian; , ''Konstantin Yegorovich Stere'' or Константин Георгиевич Стере, ''Konstantin Georgiyevich Stere''; also known under his pen name ''Șărcăleanu''; ...

* 1929: A faction formed the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Brătianu * 1931: A faction formed the Liberal Democratic Party, which remained unsuccessful. The same year a majority of the Brătianu party returned in the National Liberal Party * 1938: The rest of the Brătianu party returned in the National Liberal Party * 1938: The party is banned by

King King is a royal title given to a male monarch. A king is an Absolute monarchy, absolute monarch if he holds unrestricted Government, governmental power or exercises full sovereignty over a nation. Conversely, he is a Constitutional monarchy, ...

Carol II Carol II (4 April 1953) was King of Romania from 8 June 1930, until his forced abdication on 6 September 1940. As the eldest son of Ferdinand I of Romania, King Ferdinand I, he became crown prince upon the death of his grand-uncle, King Carol I, ...

* 1944: The party resumed its activities * 1944: A faction formed the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Tătărescu * 1947: The Brătianu faction dissolves itself * 1990: A party claiming the National Liberal legacy is founded by

Radu Câmpeanu Radu-Anton Câmpeanu (; 28 February 1922 – 19 October 2016) was a Romanian politician who was also jurist and economist by profession, after graduating from the University of Bucharest (UB) in November 1945, specializing in constitutional righ ...

* 1990: A youth faction of the National Liberal Party formed the ⇒ Liberal Party Youth Wing * 1991: A faction formed the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention * 1995: The ⇒ Liberal party 1993 merged into the National Liberal Party, the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu seceded from the party * 1998: The party absorbed the ⇒ Civic Alliance Party * 2002: The Alliance for Romania (''Alianţa pentru România'') merged into the National Liberal Party * 2003: The Union of Right-Wing Forces (''Uniunea Forţelor de Dreapta'') and the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu merged into the party

National Liberal Party-Brătianu (PNL-B)

* 1929: A breakaway faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL) formed the

(), supporting Gheorghe I. Brătianu as its president; * 1931: Most of the party returned to the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL); * 1938: The party reunited with the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL).

National Liberal Party–Tătărescu (PNL-T)

* 1944: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL) formed the

National Liberal Party–Tătărescu The National Liberal Party–Tătărescu (, PNL-Tătărescu) was a Liberalism, liberal and Social liberalism, social liberal List of political parties in Romania, political party in the Kingdom of Romania and then in the Socialist Republic of Roma ...

(, PNL-T) which was presided initially by former Prime Minister and PNL member

Gheorghe Tătărescu Gheorghe I. Tătărescu (also known as ''Guță Tătărescu'', with a slightly antiquated pet form of his given name; 2 November 1886 – 28 March 1957) was a Romanian politician who served twice as Prime Minister of Romania (1934–1937; 1939– ...

(who was also previously a member of the

National Renaissance Front The National Renaissance Front (, FRN; also translated as ''Front of National Regeneration'', ''Front of National Rebirth'', ''Front of National Resurrection'', or ''Front of National Renaissance'') was a Romanian political party created by King Ca ...

, FRN) and then, subsequently, by

Petre Bejan Petre Bejan (January 2, 1896 – September 6, 1978) was a Romanian engineer and politician. Biography Background and early career Born in Ploiești, Bejan was descended from a family of educators from Monor village in Transylvania’s Bistr ...

towards the end of its political existence; * 1946: The party ran in that year's Romanian general election with the

Romanian Communist Party The Romanian Communist Party ( ; PCR) was a communist party in Romania. The successor to the pro-Bolshevik wing of the Socialist Party of Romania, it gave an ideological endorsement to a communist revolution that would replace the social system ...

(PCR) and the

Ploughmen's Front The Ploughmen's Front () was a Romanian Left-wing politics, left-wing Agrarianism, agrarian-inspired political organisation of ploughmen, founded at Deva, Romania, Deva in 1933 and led by Petru Groza. At its peak in 1946, the Front had over 1 m ...

(FP), being part of the People's Democratic Front (, FDP) which at that time ran as the ''Bloc of Democratic Parties'' (, BPD). The election was fraudulently won by the Communists. The party was briefly part of the Communist-dominated governmental coalition led by

Petru Groza Petru Groza (7 December 1884 – 7 January 1958) was a Romanian politician, best known as the first Prime Minister of Romania, Prime Minister of the Romanian Communist Party, Communist Party-dominated government under Soviet Union, Soviet Sovie ...

between 1946 until 1947; * 1948: The party decided to ran separately in that year's Romanian legislative election, in opposition towards the Bloc of Democratic Parties (BPD). It entered the

unicameral Unicameralism (from ''uni''- "one" + Latin ''camera'' "chamber") is a type of legislature consisting of one house or assembly that legislates and votes as one. Unicameralism has become an increasingly common type of legislature, making up nearly ...

Parliament In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: Representation (politics), representing the Election#Suffrage, electorate, making laws, and overseeing ...

(or, as it was now back then, the ''Great National Assembly'') with a very feeble number of elected representatives, more specifically 7. For that year's legislative election, the party leadership switched from Tătărescu to Bejan and remained as such during the upcoming years; * 1950: The party ceased its political activity, being banned (or dissolved) by the Romanian Communist Party (PCR).

From National Liberal Party Youth Wing (PNL-AT) to Liberal Party 1993 (PL '93)

* 1990: A youth faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL) formed the National Liberal Party Youth Wing (, PNL-AT) in opposition to then leadership of the party which was presided by

; * 1992: The party was renamed ''Liberal Party'' () and was led by Horia Rusu; * 1993: The Liberal Party merged with the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention (PNL-CD) and the ''Group for Moral and Political Reforms'' into the

Liberal Party 1993 The Liberal Party 1993 (, or ''PL '93'' for short) was a liberal political party in Romania which was active between 1993 and 1997, formed in 1993 after the merger of PNL-AT with a faction of the PNL-CD (which was led by Niculae Cerveni).

(, PL '93), joined by a faction of the ⇒ Civic Alliance Party (PAC); * 1995: The party merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL).

Civic Alliance Party (PAC)

* 1991: A section of the Civic Alliance (PAC) non-governmental organization established the

Civic Alliance Party Civic is something related to a city or municipality. It also can refer to multiple other things: Civic or CIVIC can also refer to: General *Honda Civic, a car produced by the Honda Motor Co. *Civics, the science of comparative government *Civic e ...

(), led by

Nicolae Manolescu Nicolae Manolescu (; 27 November 1939 – 23 March 2024) was a Romanian literary critic. Elected a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy in 1997, he was upgraded to titular member in 2013. Life and career Manolescu was born in Râmnicu ...

; * 1993: A faction joined the ⇒

; * 1998: The party merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL).

National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention (PNL-CD)

* 1991: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL) formed the National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention (, PNL-CD), in opposition to

, then incumbent PNL president, who withdrew the party from the

Romanian Democratic Convention The Romanian Democratic Convention (; abbreviated CDR) was an electoral alliance of several democratic, anti-communist, anti-totalitarian, and centre-right political parties in Romania, active from 1991 until 2000. The most prominent leaders o ...

(CDR) shortly before the

1992 Romanian general election General elections were held in Romania on 27 September 1992, with a second round of the presidential election on 11 October. They were the first held after the adoption of Constitution of Romania, a permanent constitution via a referendum held 19 ...

; * 1993: The party merged into the ⇒

National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu (PNL-C)

* 1995: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL) centered around former PNL president,

Provisional Council of National Unity The Provisional Council of National Unity (PCNU; , ) was a provisional governmental body during the early 1990s in Romania. At that time, it was headed by Ion Iliescu Ion Iliescu (; born 3 March 1930) is a Romanian politician and engineer w ...

(CPUN) vice-president, and Senate vice-president

formed the National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu (, PNL-C); * 2003: The party merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL).

Alliance for Romania (ApR)

* 1997: A faction of the ⇒ Party for Social Democracy of Romania (PDSR) formed the

Alliance for Romania Alliance for Romania (, ApR) was a political party in Romania active during the late 1990s and early 2000s which was headed by Teodor Meleșcanu, former Democratic National Salvation Front (FDSN) Minister of Foreign Affairs between 1992 and 1996. ...

(, ApR) presided by former FDSN

Minister of Foreign Affairs In many countries, the ministry of foreign affairs (abbreviated as MFA or MOFA) is the highest government department exclusively or primarily responsible for the state's foreign policy and foreign relations, relations, diplomacy, bilateralism, ...

Teodor Meleșcanu Teodor Viorel Meleșcanu (; born 10 March 1941) is a Romanian politician, diplomat, and jurist. He served as Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Romania (SIE) between 2012 and 2014. He was a three times senator on behalf of the Na ...

; * 2002: The party merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL).

Democratic Liberal Party (PDL)

* 1990: The National Salvation Front (FSN) was founded; * 1992: Conflict broke between FSN leaders

Ion Iliescu Ion Iliescu (; born 3 March 1930) is a Romanian politician and engineer who served as the second president of Romania from 1989 until 1996 and from 2000 until 2004. Between 1996 and 2000 and also from 2004 to 2008, the year in which he retired, ...

and

Petre Roman Petre Roman (; born 22 July 1946) is a Romanian engineer and politician who was Prime Minister of Romania from 1989 to 1991, when his Third Roman cabinet, government was overthrown by the Mineriad, intervention of the miners led by Miron Cozma ...

which led to the break-away of the wing supporting Iliescu known as the

Democratic National Salvation Front The Democratic National Salvation Front (, FDSN) was a Romanian political party formed by former President Ion Iliescu and his supporters stemming from the National Salvation Front (FSN) on 7 April 1992. It was the result of the breakup of the ...

(FDSN); * 1993: Under the leadership of former FSN Prime Minister Petre Roman, the FSN changed its name to the Democratic Party (PD), adopting

social democracy Social democracy is a Social philosophy, social, Economic ideology, economic, and political philosophy within socialism that supports Democracy, political and economic democracy and a gradualist, reformist, and democratic approach toward achi ...

and

social liberalism Social liberalism is a political philosophy and variety of liberalism that endorses social justice, social services, a mixed economy, and the expansion of civil and political rights, as opposed to classical liberalism which favors limited g ...

as main ideologies; * 2004: The National Liberal Party (PNL) and Democratic Party (PD) formed the ⇒

Justice and Truth Alliance The Justice and Truth Alliance (originally in ; or D.A. for short, meaning "yes" in Romanian) was a political alliance comprising two political parties in Romania, namely the centre-right liberal National Liberal Party (PNL) and the initially l ...

(DA) and joined a government coalition after the 2004 legislative and presidential elections; * 2005: PD abandons

and

in favour of

social conservatism Social conservatism is a political philosophy and a variety of conservatism which places emphasis on Tradition#In political and religious discourse, traditional social structures over Cultural pluralism, social pluralism. Social conservatives ...

and

neoliberalism Neoliberalism is a political and economic ideology that advocates for free-market capitalism, which became dominant in policy-making from the late 20th century onward. The term has multiple, competing definitions, and is most often used pe ...

; * 2006: The Justice and Truth Alliance (DA) was disbanded and a faction of the National Liberal Party (PNL) formed the ⇒

Liberal Democratic Party Several political parties from around the world have been called the Liberal Democratic Party, Democratic Liberal Party or Liberal Democrats. These parties have usually followed liberalism as ideology, although they can vary widely from very progr ...

(, PLD) presided by former PNL president and former FSN Prime Minister

Theodor Stolojan Theodor Dumitru Stolojan (; born 24 October 1943) is a Romanian politician who was Prime Minister of Romania from September 1991 to November 1992. An economist by training, he was also one of the presidents of the National Liberal Party (PNL) be ...

; * 2007: The Liberal Democratic Party (PLD) merged with the Democratic Party (PD) and formed ⇒ the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL); * 2014: The Democratic Liberal Party (PDL) merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL).

Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (ALDE)

* 2014: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL) formed the Liberal Reformist Party (, PLR); * 2015: The Liberal Reformist Party (PLR) merged into the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (, ALDE); * 2022: The party merged into ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL).

Force of the Right (FD)

* 2021: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL) led by former

Prime Minister A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. A prime minister is not the head of state, but r ...

and PNL president

Ludovic Orban Ludovic Orban (; born 25 May 1963) is a Romanian engineer and politician who was the prime minister of Romania from November 2019 to December 2020. He was president of the National Liberal Party (PNL) between 2017 and 2021, which expelled him sh ...

formed the

Force of the Right Force of the Right (, FD), sometimes translated as Right's Force or Right Force, is a liberal-conservative political party in Romania founded in December 2021 by Ludovic Orban, former National Liberal Party (PNL) president and former prime minis ...

(', FD) in opposition to current PNL presidency officially led by

Nicolae Ciucă Nicolae Ionel Ciucă (; born 22 September 1967) is a Romanian politician and retired general of the Romanian Land Forces. Ideologically a conservative, he served as Prime Minister of Romania between 25 November 2021 and 12 June 2023 after receiv ...

and unofficially by

Klaus Iohannis Klaus Werner Iohannis (; ; born 13 June 1959) is a Romanian politician, physicist, and former teacher who served as the fifth president of Romania from 2014 until his resignation in 2025. Prior to entering Politics of Romania, national politics, ...

Presidents of the National Liberal Party (1875–present)

References

External links

Ioan Scurtu, Theodora Stănescu-Stanciu, Georgiana Margareta Scurtu, ''Istoria românilor între anii 1918–1940: IV. Partidele politice în primul deceniu interbelic''
(political programs of major parties in interwar Romania) {{Liberalism in Europe

Politics of Romania