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Ion Iliescu
Ion Iliescu (; born 3 March 1930) is a Romanian politician and engineer who served as the second president of Romania from 1989 until 1996 and from 2000 until 2004. Between 1996 and 2000 and also from 2004 to 2008, the year in which he retired, Iliescu was a Senate of Romania, senator for the Social Democratic Party (Romania), Social Democratic Party (PSD), of which he is the founder and honorary president to this day. Iliescu joined the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) in 1953 and became a member of its Central Committee in 1965. Beginning with 1971, he was gradually marginalised by Nicolae Ceaușescu. He had a leading role in the Romanian Revolution, becoming the country's president in December 1989. In May 1990, he became Romania's first freely elected head of state. After a new constitution was approved by popular referendum, he served a further two terms, firstly from 1992 to 1996 and then secondly from 2000 to 2004, separated by the presidency of Emil Constantinescu, who def ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Istiglal Order
Istiglal Order (), is the highest supreme order of the Republic of Azerbaijan, along with Heydar Aliyev Order. presented by the president of the Republic of Azerbaijan. ''Istiglal'' translates to Sovereignty in Azerbaijani. History and status Istiglal Order was among several medals and orders, requested to be reviewed and created by the President Abulfaz Elchibey on November 10, 1992 by a Presidential Decree No. 370. The order was created by the Decree No. 754 of the president of Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev, and ratified by National Assembly of Azerbaijan on December 6, 1993. The Istiglal Order is given to the Citizens of Azerbaijan for the following services: *for exceptional contributions to national independence movement of Azerbaijan; *distinguished services to Motherland and its people; *special contributions in statehood building of the country. The order is pinned to the left side of the chest. If there are any other orders or medals, they are to follow ''Istiglal Or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Salvation Front (Romania)
The National Salvation Front (, FSN) was the most important political organization formed during the Romanian Revolution in December 1989; it set up the interim governing body, the National Salvation Front Council of Romania, in the first weeks after the collapse of the Socialist Republic of Romania, communist regime. The FSN subsequently became a political party, the largest party in post-Socialist Republic of Romania , communist Romania, and won the 1990 Romanian general election, 1990 election with 66% of the national vote. Ion Iliescu, co-leader of the FSN, won election as President of Romania with 85% of the vote. Iliescu nominated the co-leader of the FSN, Petre Roman, who was serving as interim Prime Minister, as the Prime Minister of the first cabinet formed after Romania's first post-Nicolae Ceaușescu, Ceaușescu free and fair elections. After the fourth (September 1991), Roman was forced to resign on 1 October 1991. Tensions between Iliescu and Roman came to a head ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ion Gheorghe Maurer
Ion Gheorghe Maurer (; 23 September 1902 – 8 February 2000) was a Romanian communist politician and lawyer, and the 49th Prime Minister of Romania. He is the longest serving Prime Minister in the history of Romania (having served for 12 years and 343 days). Maurer is considered one of the most effective political leaders of communist Romania; a pragmatist, during his tenure, a more nationalist form of Romanian communism was consolidated, the standard of living increased significantly, political repression was relaxed, and externally, Romania distanced itself from the USSR in favor of rapprochement with China and other third world states, but also with states of the Western world. Early life, family, and education Listed in his birth certificate as Jean Georges Maurer, he was born in Bucharest to an Alsatian father of German descent and a French mother with petit-bourgeois background. He completed studies in law at the University of Bucharest in 1923, after which he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Union Of Communist Youth
The Union of Communist Youth ( Romanian: '; UTC) was the Romanian Communist Party's youth organisation. Like many Young Communist organisations, it was modelled after the Soviet Komsomol. It aimed to cultivate young cadres into the party, as well as to help create the "new man" envisioned by communist ideologues. History Founded in 1922, the UTC went underground along with the rest of the party when it was banned in 1924. A marginal group under strict control of the Comintern's Young Communist International, it began to emerge as a mass movement in 1944, after the Red Army had entered Romania and the party became legal once again. Nicolae Ceaușescu was the First Secretary of the UTC from August 23, 1944, to June 1945. Beginning in 1948, the Romanian Workers' Party (PMR, as it was then called) began to contemplate merging and purging the country's youth organisations – political, professional, religious, cultural, etc. At the same time, young people were faced with s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romanian Communist Party
The Romanian Communist Party ( ; PCR) was a communist party in Romania. The successor to the pro-Bolshevik wing of the Socialist Party of Romania, it gave an ideological endorsement to a communist revolution that would replace the social system of the Kingdom of Romania. After being outlawed in 1924, the PCR remained a minor and illegal grouping for much of the interwar period and submitted to direct Comintern control. During the 1920s and the 1930s, most of its activists were imprisoned or took refuge in the Soviet Union, which led to the creation of competing factions that sometimes came into open conflict. That did not prevent the party from participating in the political life of the country through various front organizations, most notably the Peasant Workers' Bloc. In 1934–1936, PCR reformed itself in the mainland of Romania properly, with foreign observers predicting a possible communist takeover in Romania. The party emerged as a powerful actor on the Romanian political ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great National Assembly (Socialist Republic Of Romania)
The Great National Assembly (, MAN) was the supreme body of state power of the Socialist Republic of Romania. The Great National Assembly was the only branch of government in Romania, and per the principle of unified power, all state organs were subservient to it. After Romanian Revolution, the overthrow of Communism in Romania in December 1989, the Great National Assembly was dissolved by decree of the National Salvation Front (Romania), National Salvation Front (FSN) and eventually replaced by the Bicameralism, bicameral Parliament of Romania, parliament, made up of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania, Assembly of Deputies and the Senate of Romania, Senate. The Great National Assembly was elected every four years, and each individual member represented 60,000 citizens. The system was created to imitate the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Soviet model. Powers The MAN had the power to, among other things, amend the constitution and appoint and depose the Supreme Commander of the R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Council Of Romania
The State Council () was the executive authority of Communist Romania from 1961 to 1989. It was the collective head of state before the creation of the office of President in 1974. Powers 1961–1974 The State Council was created in 1961 with an amendment to the 1952 Constitution, replacing the Presidium of the Great National Assembly. It consisted of a president, three vice presidents and thirteen members. By the end of the Communist era, it comprised a president, four vice presidents, a secretary and 15 members. According to Article 63 of the 1965 Constitution, the State Council was " the supreme organ of state power (i. e., the GNA) in permanent session." It was elected by the GNA from among its members and held office for the GNA's duration—in practice, five years. As with all government bodies in Romania, it was nominally subordinate to the GNA. In practice, by 1989, all but two of its members were also members of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Socialist Republic Of Romania
The Socialist Republic of Romania (, RSR) was a Marxism–Leninism, Marxist–Leninist One-party state, one-party socialist state that existed officially in Romania from 1947 to 1989 (see Revolutions of 1989). From 1947 to 1965, the state was known as the Romanian People's Republic (, RPR). The country was an Eastern Bloc state and a member of the Warsaw Pact with a dominant role for the Romanian Communist Party enshrined in :Template:RomanianConstitutions, its constitutions. Geographically, RSR was bordered by the Black Sea to the east, the Soviet Union (via the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian and Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldavian SSRs) to the north and east, Hungarian People's Republic, Hungary and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia (via Socialist Republic of Serbia, SR Serbia) to the west, and People's Republic of Bulgaria, Bulgaria to the south. As World War II ended, Kingdom of Romania, Romania, a former Axis powers, Axis membe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romanian Social Democratic Party (1990–2001)
The Romanian Social Democratic Party (, PSDR) was a social democratic political party in Romania. Founded in 1990, shortly after the fall of the Communist party rule in Romania in December 1989, it claimed to be the direct successor of the historical Romanian Social Democratic Party (PSD) which existed between 1927 and 1948, until it merged with the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) to create the Romanian Workers' Party (PMR). Joining the Socialist International (SI), the party entered alliances with the Democratic Party (PD; forming ''Uniunea Social-Democrată'' or the Social Democratic Union during the 1996 legislative election), and took part in the Romanian Democratic Convention (CDR) governments of Victor Ciorbea, Radu Vasile, and Mugur Isărescu (briefly leading the coalition government with Alexandru Athanasiu as acting/ad interim PM in 1999). The PSDR subsequently adhered to the Social Democratic Pole of Romania (PDSR) for the 2000 Romanian general election, and fus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oliviu Gherman
Oliviu Gherman (26 April 1930 – 11 August 2020) was a Romanian physicist, politician, university professor, and diplomat. Born in 1930 in Sânmihaiu de Sus village, Turda County (now part of Mihai Viteazu commune, Cluj County), he completed his undergraduate studies at the University of Cluj in 1952. For his graduate studies, he went to the University of Bucharest, where he obtained his PhD in 1957, with thesis written under the direction of Șerban Țițeica. Gherman then started his academic career at the University of Cluj, becoming dean of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics in 1965. From 1958 to 1960 he worked at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna. In 1966 he moved to the University of Craiova, where he served as department chair, dean, and prorector. In the 1970s he was a researcher, and from 1973 a senior researcher at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste. He kept his faculty position in Craiova until 1998. After the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
President Of Romania
The president of Romania () is the head of state of Romania. The president is directly elected by a two-round system, and, following a modification to the Romanian Constitution in 2003, serves for five years. An individual may serve two terms that may be consecutive. During their term in office, the president may not be a formal member of a political party. The president of Romania is the supreme commander of the Romanian Armed Forces. The office of president was created in 1974 when communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu elevated the presidency of the State Council to a fully fledged executive presidency. It took its current form in stages after the Romanian Revolution, culminating in adopting Romania's current constitution in 1991. Nicușor Dan is the 6th and current president since 26 May 2025. Communist era In the Communist era, the president was elected for a five-year term by the Great National Assembly (GNA) on the recommendation of the Romanian Communist Pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
