The Elephant Man (1980 Film)

''The Elephant Man'' is a 1980 biographical drama film loosely based on the life of Joseph Merrick (named "John" in the film), a severely deformed man who lived in London in the late 19th century. The film was directed by David Lynch, produced by Jonathan Sanger, and executive produced by Mel Brooks (who was uncredited, to avoid audiences anticipating the film being in the vein of his comedic works, although his company Brooksfilms is in the opening credits). It stars John Hurt, Anthony Hopkins, Anne Bancroft, John Gielgud, Wendy Hiller, Michael Elphick, Hannah Gordon, and Freddie Jones.

The screenplay was adapted by Lynch, Christopher De Vore, and Eric Bergren from Frederick Treves' ''The Elephant Man and Other Reminiscences'' (1923) and Ashley Montagu's ''The Elephant Man: A Study in Human Dignity'' (1971). It was shot in black-and-white by Freddie Francis and featured make-up work by Christopher Tucker.

''The Elephant Man'' was a critical and commercial success with eight Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Actor. After receiving widespread criticism for failing to honour the make-up effects, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences was prompted to create the Academy Award for Best Makeup the following year. The film also won the BAFTA Awards for Best Film, Best Actor, and Best Production Design and was nominated for Golden Globe awards. It also won a French César Award for Best Foreign Film. Since its release, ''The Elephant Man'' has been regarded as among the greatest biopics ever made and one of the best films of the 1980s.

Plot

Frederick Treves, a surgeon at the London Hospital, finds the disfigured and seemingly-mute John Merrick in a Victorian freak show. Mr. Bytes, the brutish ringmaster, tells lurid stories of how elephants attacked Merrick's mother to create a half-human monster. Hoping to gain notoriety with a medical discovery, Treves pays Bytes to bring Merrick to the hospital for examination, wearing a hood for discretion.

Treves presents Merrick to his colleagues and highlights Merrick's physical abnormalities. In particular, Merrick's deformed skull forces him to sleep sitting up, as lying down would asphyxiate him. Bytes savagely beats him after the lecture, and Merrick is sent back to the hospital. The matron, Mrs Mothershead, reluctantly tends to him, as the other nurses are too frightened of him.

Treves diagnoses Merrick with an intellectual disability. His boss, Mr Carr Gomm, points out that if he is right, Merrick cannot stay, as the hospital does not accept "incurables". It turns out that Merrick is actually intelligent and can speak, albeit with severe difficulty. To prove that Merrick can make progress, Treves trains him to say basic conversational sentences and part of the 23rd Psalm to Carr Gomm. Merrick is so nervous that he cannot respond to questions coherently, prompting Carr Gomm to excuse himself. As he is leaving, Merrick proves his intelligence and his ability to read by reciting the entire 23rd Psalm from memory. Although Merrick's physical condition is incurable and he has no mental condition to cure, Carr Gomm allows him to stay.

Treves slowly broadens Merrick's world. He gives Merrick supplies to build a model of the nearby St Philip's Church. He invites Merrick to tea with his wife Ann, where they exchange photos of their families. Merrick tells Ann that he must have been a disappointment to his mother, but hopes she would be proud to see him with friends, which brings Ann to tears. Overwhelmed by the shock of being treated with kindness, Merrick also cries.

Fashionable society takes an interest in Merrick. Actress Madge Kendal gives him a copy of ''Romeo and Juliet''; Merrick is fascinated by the theatre, but has never seen a play. The two perform a romantic dialogue from the play, which culminates in a kiss. In addition, Queen Victoria and Princess Alexandra arrange for him to be permanently admitted to the hospital. However, other society guests treat Merrick with visible disgust. Mothershead, who has grown to respect Merrick, realizes that Victorian society makes a show of helping Merrick to reassure itself of its own Christian values; the film periodically highlights society's indifference to the poor. She compares Treves to Bytes' freak show, which shakes him greatly.

A new freak show begins when Jim, an unscrupulous hospital employee, begins selling tickets to gawk at, and sometimes physically torment, Merrick. Bytes buys a ticket, kidnaps Merrick, and spirits him to a circus on the Continent. Mothershead fires Jim, but the damage is done.

Merrick's health rapidly deteriorates in captivity, and he collapses during a show in Belgium. To punish him, Bytes drunkenly cages him with animals. The other freak show attractions break him out and send him to England. In Liverpool Street station, three boys harass him. Merrick flees and accidentally knocks down a girl, prompting an angry mob to chase him. Defenseless, he cries out, "I am not an elephant! I am not an animal! I am a human being! I am a man!" and faints. The police bring Merrick back to the hospital.

Treves realises that Merrick is dying, and tries to make his final days comfortable. He apologises to Merrick for his ordeal, but Merrick says he is happy and fulfilled due to Treves' efforts. Treves responds that Merrick has helped him too. Princess Alexandra invites Merrick to the royal box for a pantomime, his first-ever show. Kendal dedicates the performance to him. Treves prompts Merrick to show his face to the crowd, which gives him a standing ovation.

Back at the hospital, Merrick and Treves bid each other goodnight, and Merrick completes his church model. He lies down to sleep, as he has always dreamed of doing. As he dies, he sees a vision of his mother, who quotes Lord Tennyson's "Nothing Will Die".

Cast

* Anthony Hopkins as Frederick Treves, a doctor who takes John from the freakshow to be his patient in the hospital
* John Hurt as John Merrick, an intelligent, friendly, kind-hearted man who is feared by most people who see him because of his severe deformity
* Hannah Gordon as Ann Treves
* Anne Bancroft as Madge Kendal
* John Gielgud as Francis Carr Gomm
* Wendy Hiller as Mrs. Mothershead
* Freddie Jones as Mr. Bytes, the evil ringmaster (based on Tom Norman)
* Frederick Treves (grandnephew of Dr Frederick Treves) as Alderman
* Michael Elphick as Jim Renshaw, the dishonest night porter
* Dexter Fletcher as Bytes' boy
* Helen Ryan as Alexandra, Princess of Wales
* John Standing as Fox
* Lesley Dunlop as Nora, Merrick's nurse
* Phoebe Nicholls (picture)/Lydia Lisle (footage) as Mary Jane Merrick
* Morgan Sheppard as man in pub
* Kenny Baker as plumed dwarf
* Pat Gorman as Fairground Bobby
* Pauline Quirke as prostitute
* Nula Conwell as Nurse Kathleen, one of Merrick's nurses

Production

Development

Producer Jonathan Sanger optioned the script from writers Christopher De Vore and Eric Bergren after receiving the script from his babysitter. Sanger had been working as Mel Brooks' assistant director on '' High Anxiety''. Sanger showed Brooks the script, whereupon he decided to help finance via Brooksfilms, his new company. Brooks' personal assistant, Stuart Cornfeld, suggested David Lynch to Sanger.

Sanger met Lynch, and they shared scripts they were working on (''The Elephant Man'' and Lynch's unrealized '' Ronnie Rocket''). Lynch told Sanger that he would love to direct the script after reading it, and Sanger endorsed him after hearing Lynch's ideas. However, Brooks had not heard of Lynch at the time. Sanger and Cornfeld set up an '' Eraserhead'' viewing at a 20th Century Fox screening room; Brooks loved it and enthusiastically agreed for Lynch to direct. By his own request, Brooks was not credited as executive producer to ensure that audiences would not expect a comedy after seeing his name attached.

Casting

Dustin Hoffman wanted the role of John Merrick, but Sanger rejected the idea, saying "We’re always going to be looking to see where the Elephant Man ends and Dustin Hoffman begins". Lynch considered his friend Jack Nance, who he worked with on ''Eraserhead'', for the role, but he cast John Hurt in the role after seeing '' The Naked Civil Servant''. At the time, Hurt was still making '' Heaven's Gate'' which had fallen badly behind schedule due to director Michael Cimino's perfectionism. Hurt spent so long waiting for something to do that he performed the role of Merrick in the interim before returning to ''Heaven's Gate'' to complete shooting.

Filming

The budget was $5 million, $4 million of which was raised from Fred Silverman of NBC. The remainder came from EMI Films.

For his second feature and first studio film, albeit one independently financed, Lynch provided the musical direction and sound design. Lynch also tried to design the make-up himself, but the design didn't work. The makeup, now supervised by Christopher Tucker, was based on direct casts of Merrick's body, which had been kept in the Royal London Hospital's private museum. The makeup took seven to eight hours to apply each day and two hours to delicately remove. John Hurt would arrive on set at 5 am and shoot his scenes from noon until 10 pm. After his first experience of the inconvenience of having to apply the makeup and perform with it, he called his girlfriend, saying, "I think they have finally managed to make me hate acting." Because of the strain on the actor, he worked alternate days.

The film is bookended with surrealist sequences centred around Merrick's mother and her death. Lynch used Samuel Barber's '' Adagio for Strings'' to underline the climax and Merrick's own death. Composer John Morris argued against using the music, stating that "this piece is going to be used over and over and over again in the future... And every time it's used in a film it's going to diminish the effect of the scene."

Post-production

Following their return from England with a print, Lynch and Sanger screened ''The Elephant Man'' for Brooks, who suggested some minor cuts but told them that the film would be released as they had made it.

Lawsuit

A West End play of the same name was enjoying a successful Broadway run at the time of the film's production. The producers sued Brooksfilms over the use of the title.

Release

Box office

''The Elephant Man'' was a box office hit, grossing $26 million in the United States. In Japan, it was the second highest-grossing foreign film of the year with theatrical rentals of ¥2.45 billion, behind only ''The Empire Strikes Back''.

Critical response

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 91% based on 64 reviews, with an average score of 8.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "David Lynch's relatively straight second feature finds an admirable synthesis of compassion and restraint in treating its subject, and features outstanding performances by John Hurt and Anthony Hopkins." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 78 out of 100 based on 16 critic reviews, indicating "generally favourable reviews".

Vincent Canby wrote: "Mr. Hurt is truly remarkable. It can't be easy to act under such a heavy mask ... the physical production is beautiful, especially Freddie Francis' black-and-white photography."

A small number of critics were less favourable. Roger Ebert gave it 2/4 stars, writing: "I kept asking myself what the film was really trying to say about the human condition as reflected by John Merrick, and I kept drawing blanks." In the book ''The Spectacle of Deformity: Freak Shows and Modern British Culture'', Nadja Durbach describes the work as "much more mawkish and moralising than one would expect from the leading postmodern surrealist filmmaker" and "unashamedly sentimental". She blamed this mawkishness on the use of Treves' memoirs as source material.

''The Elephant Man'' has since been ranked among the best films of the 1980s in ''Time Out'' (where it placed 19th), ''Paste'' (56th), and ''Rolling Stone'' (38th), and among the greatest biopics of all time. The film also received five votes in the 2012 '' Sight & Sound'' polls. The February 2020 issue of ''New York Magazine'' lists ''The Elephant Man'' as among "The Best Movies That Lost Best Picture at the Oscars."

Accolades

''The Elephant Man'' was nominated for eight Academy Awards, tying ''Raging Bull'' at the 53rd Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Actor in a Leading Role (Hurt), Art Direction-Set Decoration ( Stuart Craig, Robert Cartwright, Hugh Scaife), Best Costume Design, Best Director, Best Film Editing, Music: Original Score, and Writing: Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium. However, it did not win any.

Industry experts were appalled that the film was not going to be honoured for its make-up effects when the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced its nominations at the time. A letter of protest was sent to the academy's Board of Governors requesting to give the film an honorary award. The academy refused, but in response to the outcry, they decided to give the make-up artists their own category. A year later, the Academy Award for Best Makeup category was introduced with ''An American Werewolf in London'' as its first recipient.

It won the BAFTA Award for Best Film, and other BAFTA Awards for Best Actor (Hurt) and Best Production Design, and was nominated for four others: Direction, Screenplay, Cinematography and Editing.

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
* 2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
** John Merrick: "I am not an animal! I am a human being. I am a man." – Nominated

Home media

The film has been issued many times on VHS, Betamax, CED, LaserDisc and DVD. The first DVD was released on December 11, 2001, by Paramount Home Entertainment. The version released as part of the David Lynch ''Lime Green Box'' includes several interviews with Lynch and Hurt, and a Joseph Merrick documentary. This material is also available on the exclusive treatment on the European market as part of Optimum Releasing's StudioCanal Collection. The film has been available on Blu-ray since 2009 throughout Europe and in Australia and Japan but not in the US (however the discs will play in both region A & B players).

A 4K restoration (created from the original camera negative, supervised by Lynch) was carried out for the film's 40th anniversary, and was released in a director-approved special edition in both Blu-ray and DVD formats from The Criterion Collection in the United States on September 29, 2020. The restoration was also released on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray (including a remastered Blu-ray) in the UK in April 2020.

A tie-in novelization by Christine Sparks was published by Ballantine Books in 1980.

Soundtrack

The musical score of ''The Elephant Man'' was composed and conducted by John Morris, and it was performed by the National Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1980, the company 20th Century Fox Records published this film's original musical score as both an LP album and as a cassette in the United States. Its front cover artwork features a masked John Merrick against a backdrop of smoke, as seen on the advance theatrical poster for the film.

In 1994, the first compact disc (CD) issue of the film score was made by the company Milan, which specializes in film scores and soundtrack albums.

Track listing for the first U.S. release on LP

Side one
#"The Elephant Man Theme" – 3:46
#"Dr. Treves Visits the Freak Show and Elephant Man" – 4:08
#"John Merrick and Psalm" – 1:17
#"John Merrick and Mrs. Kendal" – 2:03
#"The Nightmare" – 4:39

Side two
#"Mrs. Kendal's Theater and Poetry Reading" – 1:58
#"The Belgian Circus Episode" – 3:00
#"Train Station" – 1:35
#"Pantomime" – 2:20
#"Adagio for Strings" – 5:52
#"Recapitulation" – 5:35

In popular culture

Michael Jackson used excerpts from the film in his song "Morphine" from the 1997 remix album '' Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix''.

The Jam's former bassist Bruce Foxton was inspired strongly by the film, and in response wrote the song " Freak" with the single's cover making a reference to the film.

Actor Bradley Cooper credits watching the film with his father as a child as his inspiration to become an actor. Cooper played the character in a Broadway revival of ''The Elephant Man'' play in 2014.

In season 3, episode 21 of ''The Simpsons'', " Black Widower", Lisa daydreams of Aunt Selma's new boyfriend as the Elephant Man.

In season 4, episode 13 of ''Seinfeld'', " The Pick", in defense of allegedly picking his nose, Jerry pleads to a surrounding crowd: "Are we not human? If we pick, do we not bleed? I am not an animal!"

The 1992 film ''Batman Returns'' parodies the iconic line "I am not an animal. I am a man." In one scene, the Penguin, after being called Oswald, angrily yells "I am not a human being! I am an animal!"

British TV presenter Karl Pilkington often has cited it as his favourite film. Pilkington's love for the film brought many new features to his various podcasts and radio shows.

Musician Michael Stipe loves the film and cites it as an inspiration for the R.E.M. song "Carnival of Sorts (Boxcars)". Another R.E.M. song, " New Test Leper", quotes the line "I am not an animal."

Musician Nicole Dollanganger featured a sample of the film in her 2012 song "Cries of the Elephant Man Bones".

Musician Mylène Farmer's song "Psychiatric" from the 1991 album '' L'autre...'' is a tribute to the film and John Hurt's voice is sampled throughout the song, repeating several times: "I'm a human being, I'm not an animal".

See also

* ''The Elephant Man'' (play)
* ''The Elephant Man'' (1982 film)

References

Bibliography

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External links

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Elephant Man, The (film)
1980 drama films
1980 films
1980s American films
1980s biographical drama films
1980s British films
1980s English-language films
American biographical drama films
American black-and-white films
Best Film BAFTA Award winners
Best Foreign Film César Award winners
British biographical drama films
British black-and-white films
Brooksfilms films
Circus films
Columbia Pictures films
Cultural depictions of Joseph Merrick
Drama films based on actual events
EMI Films films
Films about prejudice
Films about sideshow performers
Films adapted into plays
Films based on multiple works
Films based on non-fiction books
Films directed by David Lynch
Films scored by John Morris
Films set in the 1880s
Films set in London
Films shot at Shepperton Studios
Films shot in London
Paramount Pictures films
English-language biographical drama films
Films about disability in the United Kingdom