The Syndiniales are an

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood ...

of early branching

dinoflagellate The Dinoflagellates (), also called Dinophytes, are a monophyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes constituting the phylum Dinoflagellata and are usually considered protists. Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plankton, but they are also commo ...

s (also known as Marine

Alveolate The alveolates (meaning "pitted like a honeycomb") are a group of protists, considered a major unranked clade or superphylum within Eukaryota. They are currently grouped with the Stramenopiles and Rhizaria among the protists with tubulocristate ...

s, "MALVs"), found as

parasites Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives (at least some of the time) on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The en ...

crustacea Crustaceans (from Latin meaning: "those with shells" or "crusted ones") are invertebrate animals that constitute one group of arthropods that are traditionally a part of the subphylum Crustacea (), a large, diverse group of mainly aquatic arthrop ...

ns,

fish A fish (: fish or fishes) is an aquatic animal, aquatic, Anamniotes, anamniotic, gill-bearing vertebrate animal with swimming fish fin, fins and craniate, a hard skull, but lacking limb (anatomy), limbs with digit (anatomy), digits. Fish can ...

algae Algae ( , ; : alga ) is an informal term for any organisms of a large and diverse group of photosynthesis, photosynthetic organisms that are not plants, and includes species from multiple distinct clades. Such organisms range from unicellular ...

cnidaria Cnidaria ( ) is a phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic invertebrates found both in fresh water, freshwater and marine environments (predominantly the latter), including jellyfish, hydroid (zoology), hydroids, ...

ns, and

protist A protist ( ) or protoctist is any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, land plant, or fungus. Protists do not form a natural group, or clade, but are a paraphyletic grouping of all descendants of the last eukaryotic common ancest ...

s (

ciliate The ciliates are a group of alveolates characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia, which are identical in structure to flagellum, eukaryotic flagella, but are in general shorter and present in much larger numbers, with a ...

radiolaria The Radiolaria, also called Radiozoa, are unicellular eukaryotes of diameter 0.1–0.2 mm that produce intricate mineral skeletons, typically with a central capsule dividing the cell into the inner and outer portions of endoplasm and ect ...

ns, other dinoflagellates). The trophic form is often

multinucleate Multinucleate cells (also known as multinucleated cells or polynuclear cells) are eukaryotic cells that have more than one nucleus, i.e., multiple nuclei share one common cytoplasm. Mitosis in multinucleate cells can occur either in a coordinate ...

, and ultimately divides to form motile

spore In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual reproduction, sexual (in fungi) or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for biological dispersal, dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores fo ...

s, which have two

flagella A flagellum (; : flagella) (Latin for 'whip' or 'scourge') is a hair-like appendage that protrudes from certain plant and animal sperm cells, from fungal spores ( zoospores), and from a wide range of microorganisms to provide motility. Many pr ...

in typical dinoflagellate arrangement. They lack a

theca In biology, a theca (: thecae) is a sheath or a covering. Botany In botany, the theca is related to plant's flower anatomy. The theca of an angiosperm consists of a pair of microsporangia that are adjacent to each other and share a common ar ...

and

chloroplast A chloroplast () is a type of membrane-bound organelle, organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant cell, plant and algae, algal cells. Chloroplasts have a high concentration of chlorophyll pigments which captur ...

s, and unlike all other orders, the

nucleus Nucleus (: nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit. It most often refers to: *Atomic nucleus, the very dense central region of an atom *Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucleu ...

is never a

dinokaryon A dinokaryon is a eukaryotic nucleus present in dinoflagellates in which the chromosomes are fibrillar in appearance (i.e. with unmasked DNA fibrils) and are more or less continuously condensed. The nuclear envelope does not break down durin ...

. A well-studied example is '' Amoebophrya'', which is a

parasite Parasitism is a Symbiosis, close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives (at least some of the time) on or inside another organism, the Host (biology), host, causing it some harm, and is Adaptation, adapted str ...

of other dinoflagellates and may play a part in ending red tides. Several MALV groups have been assigned to Syndiniales; recent studies, however, show

paraphyly Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...

of MALVs suggesting that only those groups that branch as sister to dinokaryotes ('core dinoflagellates') belong to Syndiniales.

Taxonomy

Class Class, Classes, or The Class may refer to: Common uses not otherwise categorized * Class (biology), a taxonomic rank * Class (knowledge representation), a collection of individuals or objects * Class (philosophy), an analytical concept used d ...

Syndiniophyceae Loeblich III, 1976 ''Syndinearef> ** Order Syndiniales Loeblich III 1976 occidinales Chatton & Biecheler 1934*** Family Hematodiniidae **** Genus '' Hematodinium'' Chatton & Poisson 1930 *** Family Coccidiniaceae occidinidae Chatton & Biecheler 1934**** Genus '' Coccidinium'' Chatton & Biecheler 1934 *** Family Euduboscquellidae Coats, Bachvaroff & Delwiche 2012 **** Genus '' Euduboscquella'' Coats, Bachvaroff & Delwiche 2012 *** Family Syndiniaceae Chatton 1920 **** Genus '' Trypanodinium'' Chatton 1912 **** Genus '' Merodinium'' Chatton 1923 **** Genus ''

Syndinium ''Syndinium'' is a cosmopolitan genus of parasitic dinoflagellates that infest and kill marine planktonic species of copepods and radiolarians.Chatton, E. 1910: The existence of coelom Dinoflagellate parasites. The Syndinium in pelagic copepods. ...

'' Chatton 1910 'Atelodinium'' Chatton 1920; ''Synhemidinium">Atelodinium.html" ;"title="'Atelodinium">'Atelodinium'' Chatton 1920; ''Synhemidinium'' Chatton 1952 nom. illeg.; ''Solenodinium'' (Chatton 1923) Chatton 1952] *** Family Amoebophryaceae Cachon 1964 ex Loeblich III 1970 [Amoebophryidae] **** Genus '' Amoebophrya'' Koeppen 1894 'Hyalosaccus'' Koeppen 1899">Hyalosaccus.html" ;"title="'Hyalosaccus">'Hyalosaccus'' Koeppen 1899*** Family Sphaeriparaceae Loeblich III 1970 **** Genus ''Actinodinium'' Chatton & Hovasse 1937 **** Genus ''Caryotoma'' Hollande 1953 **** Genus ''Atlanticellodinium'' Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1965 **** Genus '' Sphaeripara'' Poche 1911 'Lohmannia'' Neresheimer 1903 non Michael 1898; ''Lohmanella">Lohmannia.html" ;"title="'Lohmannia">'Lohmannia'' Neresheimer 1903 non Michael 1898; ''Lohmanella'' Neresheimer 1904 non Trouessart 1901; ''Neresheimeria'' Übel 1912]

References

Syndiniophyceae Parasitic alveolates Dinoflagellate orders {{Parasitic SAR-stub

Taxonomy

See also

References