''Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien'' (1892–) by

Adolf Engler Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler (25 March 1844 – 10 October 1930) was a German botanist. He is notable for his work on plant taxonomy and phytogeography, such as ''Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' (''The Natural Plant Families''), edited with K ...

(1844–1930) is a complete revision of plant families down to generic level and often even further. As such it forms part of the

Engler system One of the prime systems of plant taxonomy, the Engler system was devised by Adolf Engler (1844–1930), and is featured in two major taxonomic texts he authored or co-authored. His influence is reflected in the use of the terms "Engler School" and ...

plant taxonomy Plant taxonomy is the science that finds, identifies, describes, classifies, and names plants. It is one of the main branches of taxonomy (the science that finds, describes, classifies, and names living things). Plant taxonomy is closely allied ...

. Engler's starting point was that of

Eichler Several people are named Eichler: * August W. Eichler (1839–1887), German botanist * Caroline Eichler (1808/9–1843), German inventor, first woman to be awarded a patent (for her leg prosthesis) * Eunice Eichler (1932–2017), New Zealand Salvat ...

who had been the first to use

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical dat ...

principles, and reflected the new post-

Darwinian ''Darwinism'' is a term used to describe a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others. The theory states that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural sele ...

perspective, although Engler himself did not think that his was. His modified Eichler schema first appeared in 1886 in his ''Guide to Breslau Botanic Garden'' (of which he was the director) and was expanded in his ''Syllabus'' in 1892. This reflected the new post-

perspective. Engler's ''Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien'' first appeared in 1892 with the title ''Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik''. Many subsequent editions have appeared since, and it was continued after Engler's death in 1930. The most recent edition was the 13th in 2009. A number of references to the Engler system actually refer to later revisions (' modified Engler system') undertaken by Melchior and colleagues, the 12th edition of the ''Syllabus'', also referred to as the Melchior system.

Synopses

First edition (1892)

Review of previous systems p. xvii Schema p. xx * Myxothallophyta p. 1 ** Myxomycetes * Euthallophyta p. 3 ** Schizophyta ** Dinoflagellata ** Bacillariales ** Gamophyceae **

Fungi A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...

Embryophyta The embryophytes () are a clade of plants, also known as Embryophyta (Plantae ''sensu strictissimo'') () or land plants. They are the most familiar group of photoautotrophs that make up the vegetation on Earth's dry lands and wetlands. Embryophy ...

Zoidiogama ( Archegoniatae) ** Bryophyta p. 43 **

Pteridophyta A pteridophyte is a vascular plant (with xylem and phloem) that reproduces by means of spores. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as " cryptogams", meaning that their means of reproduction is h ...

p. 53 *

Siphonogama ( Phanerogamae) **

Gymnospermae The gymnosperms ( ; ) are a group of woody, perennial seed-producing plants, typically lacking the protective outer covering which surrounds the seeds in flowering plants, that include conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes, forming the cla ...

p. 59 **

Angiospermae Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed within a fruit. The ...

p. 64 *** Class Chalazogamae p. 64 *** Class Acrogamae p. 65 **** Subclass Monocotyledoneae 10 Orders ***** 1.

Pandanales Pandanales, the pandans or screw-pines, is an order of flowering plants placed in the monocot clade in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web systems. Within the monocots Pandanales are grouped in the lilioid monocots where ...

p. 65 ***** ... ***** 8. Liliiflorae p. 81 ***** 9. Scitamineae p. 87 ***** 10 Microspermae p. 89 **** Subclass Dicotyledoneae 2 groups ***** Group Archichlamydeae 23 orders ****** 1. Piperales p. 93 ****** ... ****** 19. Parietales p. 138 24 families ****** ... ******

Violaceae Violaceae is a family of flowering plants established in 1802, consisting of about 1000 species in about 25 genera. It takes its name from the genus '' Viola'', the violets and pansies. Older classifications such as the Cronquist system plac ...

p. 142 ****** ... ****** 20. Opuntiales p. 144 ****** ... ****** 23. Polygonales p. 101 ***** Group Sympetalae 9 Orders ****** 1.

Ericales The Ericales are a large and diverse order of flowering plants in the asterid group of the eudicots. Well-known and economically important members of this order include tea and ornamental camellias, persimmon, ebony, blueberry, cranberry, l ...

p. 151 ****** ... ****** 9. Campanulatae p. 173 Engler Syllabus Pflanzenfam 1919-XXIX

Third edition (1903)

The main groups of plants are shown here with page numbers in (parentheses) and some corresponding volumes in '' Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' in quare brackets however there are changes between editions: Review of previous systems p. xxi From schema and index (pp. xxiv-xxv) * I. Abteilung. Phytosarcodina, Myxothallophyta, Myxomycetes (p. 1) * II. Abteilung. Schizophyta (p. 3) ol 1 part Ia* III. Abteilung. Flagellatae (p. 6) ol 1 part Ia* IV. Abteilung. Dinoflagellatae (p. 8) * ? Abteilung. Silicoflagellatae (p. 8) * V. Abteilung. Zygophyceae (p. 8) * VI. Abteilung. Chlorophyceae (p. 11) ol 1 part II* VII. Abteilung. Charales (p. 15) * VIII. Abteilung. Phaeophyceae (p. 15) * IX. Abteilung. Dictyotales (p. 18) * X. Abteilung. Rhodophyceae (p. 18) * XI. Abteilung. Eumycetes (Fungi) (p. 25) ol 1 part I* XII. Abteilung.

asiphonogama ( Archegoniatae) (p. 50) ** I. Unterabteilung Bryophyta (Muscinei) (p. 51) ol 1 part III: 1** II. Unterabteilung

(p. 61) ol 1 part IV* XIII. Abteilung. Embryophyta siphonogama ( Phanerogamae) (p. 70) ** I. Unterabteilung

(p. 70) ol 2 part I** II. Unterabteilung

(p. 75) ol 2 part I

XIII Embryophyta siphonogama

* I. Unterabteilung

6 classes (p. 70) ol 2 part I* II. Unterabteilung

2 classes (p. 75) ol 2 part I** 1. Klasse Monocotyledoneae 11 orders (p. 76) ** 2. Klasse Dicotyledoneae 2 subclasses (p. 106)

= Gymnospermae

= 6 classes (p. 70)

= Angiospermae

= 2 classes (p. 75) * 1. Klasse Monocotyledoneae 11 orders (p. 76) ol 2 part I* 2. Klasse Dicotyledoneae 2 sublasses (p. 106)

Monocotyledoneae

11 orders * 1. Reihe

(p. 77) * 3. Reihe Triuridales (p. 80) * 4. Reihe Glumiflorae (p. 80) * 5. Reihe

Principes ''Principes'' (: ''princeps'') were Spear, spearmen, and later Swordsmanship, swordsmen, in the Roman army of the mid-Republic, armies of the early Roman Republic. They were men in the prime of their lives who were fairly wealthy, and could affo ...

(p. 84) * 6. Reihe Synanthae (p. 87) * 7. Reihe Spathiflorae (p. 87) * 8. Reihe Farinosae (p. 91) * 9. Reihe Liliiflorae (p. 93) ol 2 part I* 10. Reihe Scitamineae (p. 101) * 11. Reihe Microspermae (p. 102)

Dicotyledoneae

2 subclasses (p. 106) * 1. Unterklasse Archechlamydeae * 2. Unterklasse Metachlamydeae (Sympetalae) (p. 175) Index (p. 215)

= Monocotyledon family structure

= 11 orders (Reihe)

Pandanales

Pandanaceae Pandanaceae is a family of flowering plants native to the tropics and subtropics of the Old World, from West Africa to the Pacific. It contains 982 known species in five genera, of which the type genus, ''Pandanus'', is the most important, with s ...

* Sparganiaceae *

Typhaceae The Typhaceae () are a family of flowering plants, sometimes called the cattail family. The botanical name for the family has been recognized by most taxonomists. Description Members can be recognized as large marsh herbs with alternate two-rank ...

Helobiae

4 suborders * subordo Alismatineae *:

Alismataceae The water-plantains (Alismataceae) are a family of flowering plants, comprising 20 genera (17 extant and 3 fossil) and 119 species. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the greatest number of species in temperate regions of the Northe ...

*: Butomaceae * subordo Hydrocharitineae *: Hydrocharitaceae * subordo Scheuchzeriineae *: Scheuchzeriaceae * subordo Potamogetonineae *: Aponogetonaceae *: Juncaginaceae *:

Potamogetonaceae The Potamogetonaceae, commonly referred to as the pondweed family, is an aquatic family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The roughly 110 known species are divided over five genera. The largest genus in the family by far is '' Potamogeton'', ...

Najadaceae ''Najas'', the water-nymphs or naiads, is a genus of aquatic plants. It is cosmopolitan in distribution, first described for modern science by Linnaeus in 1753. Until 1997, it was rarely placed in the Hydrocharitaceae,Angiosperm Phylogeny Grou ...

Zannichelliaceae The Potamogetonaceae, commonly referred to as the pondweed family, is an aquatic family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The roughly 110 known species are divided over five genera. The largest genus in the family by far is ''Potamogeton'', ...

Triuridales

Triuridaceae Triuridaceae are a family of tropical and subtropical flowering plants, including nine genera with a total of approximately 55 known species. All members lack chlorophyll and are mycoheterotrophic (obtain food by digesting intracellular fungi, o ...

Glumiflorae

Gramineae Poaceae ( ), also called Gramineae ( ), is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos, the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated i ...

*: Maydeae *:

Andropogoneae The Andropogoneae, sometimes called the sorghum tribe, are a large tribe of grasses (family Poaceae) with roughly 1,200 species in 90 genera, mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. They include such important crops as maize (corn), ...

Paniceae Paniceae is a large tribe (biology), tribe of the subfamily Panicoideae in the grasses (Poaceae), the only in the monotypic taxon, monotypic supertribe Panicodae. It includes roughly 1,500 species in 84 genera, primarily found in tropical and sub ...

Oryzeae Oryzeae is a Tribe (biology), tribe of flowering plants in the true grass family, Poaceae. It contains 11 genera, including both cultivated rice (''Oryza'') and wild rice (''Zizania''). Genera There are 11 genera classified in two subtribes: ...

*: Phalarideae *: Agrostideae *: Aveneae *: Festuceae *: Chlorideae *: Hordeeae *:

Bambuseae The Bambuseae are the most diverse tribe of bamboos in the grass family ( Poaceae). They consist of woody species from tropical regions, including some giant bamboos. Their sister group are the small herbaceous bamboos from the tropics in tr ...

Cyperaceae The Cyperaceae () are a family of graminoid (grass-like), monocotyledonous flowering plants known as wikt:sedge, sedges. The family (biology), family is large; botanists have species description, described some 5,500 known species in about 90 ...

Principes

Palmae The Arecaceae () is a family of perennial, flowering plants in the monocot order Arecales. Their growth form can be climbers, shrubs, tree-like and stemless plants, all commonly known as palms. Those having a tree-like form are colloquially c ...

Arecaceae The Arecaceae () is a family (biology), family of perennial plant, perennial, flowering plants in the Monocotyledon, monocot order Arecales. Their growth form can be climbing palm, climbers, shrubs, tree-like and stemless plants, all commonly k ...

Synanthae

* Cyclanthaceae

Spathiflorae

Araceae The Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe (or leaf-like bract). Also ...

Lemnaceae Lemnoideae is a subfamily of flowering aquatic plants, known as duckweeds, water lentils, or water lenses. They float on or just beneath the surface of still or slow-moving bodies of fresh water and wetlands. Also known as bayroot, they arose fr ...

Farinosae

6 suborders * Flagellariaceae * Enantioblastae * Bromellinewae * Commelinineae * Pontederiineae * Philydrineae

Liliiflorae

3 suborders (Unterreihe) 9 families * p. 93 # Juncineae 1 family (p. 94) # Liliineae 7 families (p. 94) # Iridineae 1 family (p. 100) * suborder Juncineae (p. 94) *:

Juncaceae Juncaceae is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the rush family. It consists of 8 genera and about 464 known species of slow-growing, rhizomatous, herbaceous monocotyledonous plants that may superficially resemble grasses and ...

* subordo Liliineae 7 families (p. 94) *: Stemonaceae (p. 94) *:

Liliaceae The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a fai ...

(p. 94) ages 10–91*:: subfamilia Melanthioideae 6 tribes (p. 94) *::: Tofieldieae *::: Helonieae *::: Veratreae *::: Uvularieae *::: Anguillarieae *::: Colchiceae *:: subfamilia Herrerioideae (p. 95) *:: subfamilia Asphodeloideae 8 tribes (p. 95) *::: Asphodeleae *::: Hemerocallideae *::: Aloineae *::: Aphyllantheae (p. 96) *::: Johnsonieae *::: Dasypogoneae *::: Lomandreae *::: Calectasieae *:: subfamilia

Allioideae Allioideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. It was formerly treated as a separate family, Alliaceae. The subfamily name is derived from the generic name of the type genus, ''Allium''. ...

3 tribes(p. 96) *::: Agapantheae *::: Allieae *::: Gilliesieae *:: subfamilia Lilioideae 2 tribes (p. 96) *::: Tulipeae 6 genera *::: Scilleae 7 genera *:: subfamilia Dracaenoideae 3 tribes (p. 97) *:: subfamilia Asparagoideae 4 tribes (p. 97) *:: subfamilia Ophiopogonoideae (p. 97) *:: subfamilia Aletroideae (p. 98) *:: subfamilia Luzuriagoideae (p. 98) *:: subfamilia Smilacoideae (p. 98) *: Haemodoraceae (p. 98) *:

Amaryllidaceae The Amaryllidaceae are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous (rarely rhizomatous) flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus '' Amaryllis'' and is commonly known as the amaryl ...

3 subfamilies (p. 98) *:: subfamilia

Amaryllidoideae Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae ''s.s.'', amaryllids) is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the Family (biology), family Amaryllidaceae, Order (biology), order Asparagales. The most recent Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, APG classification, A ...

2 tribes *::: Amaryllideae (p. 98) *::: Narcisseae (p. 99) *:: subfamilia

Agavoideae Agavoideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, order Asparagales. It has previously been treated as a separate family, Agavaceae. The group includes many well-known desert and dry-zone types, such as the agaves ...

(p. 99) *:: subfamilia Campynematoideae (p. 99) *:

Velloziaceae Velloziaceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, 1998), also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Pandanales. Relationships and evolution By contrast to oth ...

(p. 99) *: Taccaceae (p. 99) *: Dioscoreaceae 2 tribes (p. 99) * subordo Iridineae 2 families (p. 100) *:

Iridaceae Iridaceae () is a family of plants in order Asparagales, taking its name from the Iris (plant), irises. It has a nearly global distribution, with 69 accepted genera with a total of about 2500 species. It includes a number of economically importan ...

(p. 100) *:: subfamilia Crocoideae *:: subfamilia Iridoideae 3 tribes *:: subfamilia Ixioideae 3 tribes

Scitamineae

Musaceae Musaceae is a family of flowering plants composed of three genera with about 91 known species, placed in the order Zingiberales. The family is native to the tropics of Africa and Asia. The plants have a large herbaceous growth habit with leaves w ...

p. 101 *

Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae () or the ginger family is a family of flowering plants made up of about 50 genera with a total of about 1600 known species of aromatic perennial herbs with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes distributed throughout tropical ...

* Cannaceae * Marantaceae * Lowiaceae p. 102

Microspermae

Orchidaceae Orchids are plants that belong to the family (biology), family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Orchids are cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan plants that ...

In modern classifications, Engler's divisions I - XI are not considered plants but are classified in other groups (although some botanists do accept Engler's divisions VII and VIII, the "

green algae The green algae (: green alga) are a group of chlorophyll-containing autotrophic eukaryotes consisting of the phylum Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister group that contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/ Streptophyta. The land plants ...

", as plants).

Thirteenth edition (2009-)

* Cyanoprokaryota art 1/1* Acrasia ( Acrasiomycota) art 1/1*

Eumycetozoa Eumycetozoa (), or true slime molds, is a diverse group of protists that behave as slime molds and develop fruiting bodies, either as sorocarps or as sporocarp (fungi), sporocarps. It is a monophyletic group or clade within the phylum Amoebozoa t ...

art 1/1** Protostelia ** Dictyostelia **

Myxogastria Myxogastria/Myxogastrea (myxogastrids, ICZN) or Myxomycetes ( ICN) is a class of slime molds that contains 5 orders, 14 families, 62 genera, and 888 species. They are colloquially known as the ''plasmodial'' or ''acellula ...

( Myxomycetes) *

Phytomyxea The Phytomyxea are a class (biology), class of parasites that are cosmopolitan, obligate biotrophic protist parasites of plants, diatoms, oomycetes and brown algae. They are divided into the orders Plasmodiophorida (International Code of Zoolog ...

( Plasmodiophoromycota) art 1/1*

/ Mycobionta **

Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycota are a division of zoosporic organisms in the kingdom Fungi, informally known as chytrids. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek ('), meaning "little pot", describing the structure containing unreleased zoospores. Chytrid ...

art 1/1*** Blastocladiomycetes *** Chytridiomycetes *** Monoblepharidomycetes *** Neocallimastigomycetes **

Zygomycota Zygomycota, or zygote fungi, is a former phylum, division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi. The members are now part of two Phylum, phyla: the Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycotina, Zoopagomycota. Approximately 1060 species are known. They are mostly t ...

art 1/1*** Entomophthoromycotina *** Mortierellomycotina *** Mucoromycotina *** Kickxellomycotina *** Zoopagomycotina **

Glomeromycota Glomeromycota (often referred to as glomeromycetes, as they include only one class, Glomeromycetes) are one of eight currently recognized division (mycology), divisions within the Kingdom (biology), kingdom Fungi, with approximately 230 describ ...

art 1/1*** Glomeromycetes **

Ascomycota Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The def ...

art 1/2, to be published**

Basidiomycota Basidiomycota () is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi. Members are known as basidiomycetes. More specifically, Basi ...

art 1/3, to be published* Heterokontobionta ** Labyrinthulomycota art 1/1*** Labyrinthulomycetes ** Oomycota art 1/1*** Hyphochytridiomycetes *** Peronosporomycetes **

Cryptophyta The cryptomonads (or cryptophytes) are a Class (biology), superclass of algae, most of which have chloroplast, plastids. They are traditionally considered a Division (taxonomy), division of algae among phycologists, under the name of Cryptophyta ...

art 2/1***

Cryptophyceae The cryptophyceae are a class of algae, most of which have plastids. About 230 species are known, and they are common in freshwater, and also occur in marine and brackish habitats. Each cell is around 10–50 μm in size and flattened in shape ...

***

Goniomonadea Goniomonadea is a proposed class of cryptomonads which includes the orders Goniomonadida and Hemiarmida. Taxonomy * Order Goniomonadida Novarino & Lucas 1993 oniomonadales Novarino & Lucas 1993** Family Goniomonadidae Hill 1991 oniomonada ...

** Dinophyta/ Dinozoa ( Dinoflagellata) art 2/1***

Perkinsea Perkinsids are single-celled protists that live as intracellular parasites of a variety of other organisms. They are classified as the class Perkinsea within the monotypic phylum Perkinsozoa. It is part of the eukaryotic supergroup Alveolata, ...

*** Oxyrrhidophyceae *** Ellobiophyceae ***

Syndiniophyceae The Syndiniales are an order of early branching dinoflagellates (also known as Marine Alveolates, "MALVs"), found as parasites of crustaceans, fish, algae, cnidarians, and protists (ciliates, radiolarians, other dinoflagellates). The trophic f ...

*** Noctiluciphyceae ***

Dinophyceae Dinophyceae is a class of dinoflagellates. Taxonomy * Class Dinophyceae Pascher 1914 eridinea Ehrenberg 1830 stat. nov. Wettstein; Blastodiniphyceae Fensome et al. 1993 orthog. emend.** Order Haplozoonales aplozooidea Poche 1913*** Famil ...

Haptophyta The haptophytes, classified either as the Haptophyta, Haptophytina or Prymnesiophyta (named for '' Prymnesium''), are a clade of algae. The names Haptophyceae or Prymnesiophyceae are sometimes used instead. This ending implies classification at ...

art 2/1*** Pavlovophyceae ***

Coccolithophyceae Prymnesiophyceae is a haptophyte class (biology), class. Although it was originally described by Siegfried Jost Casper, Casper in 1972, it did not receive a Latin diagnosis (a requirement for valid publication under the International Code of Bota ...

** Heterokontophyta /

Ochrophyta Ochrophytes, also known as heterokontophytes or stramenochromes, are a phylum of algae. They are the photosynthetic stramenopiles, a group of eukaryotes, organisms with a cell nucleus, characterized by the presence of two unequal flagella, one o ...

art 2/1*** Diatomeae,

Bacillariophyceae Bacillariophyceae is a class of diatoms. Previously, this class was equivalent to Diatomeae, the taxonomic name for all diatoms. However, due to both the known and estimated diversity of diatoms, since 2019 they have been expanded to several class ...

s.l. **** Coscinodiscophyceae **** Mediophyceae **** Fragilariophyceae ****

*** Other heterokontophytes ****

Bolidophyceae Bolidophyceae is a class of photosynthetic heterokont picophytoplankton, and consist of less than 20 known species. They are distinguished by the angle of flagellar insertion and swimming patterns as well as recent molecular analyses. Bolidophyce ...

**** Dictyochophyceae **** Pelagophyceae **** Pinguiophyceae ****

Eustigmatophyceae Eustigmatophytes are a small group (17 genera; ~107 species) of eukaryotic forms of algae that includes marine, freshwater and soil-living species. All eustigmatophytes are unicellular, with coccoid cells and polysaccharide cell walls. Eus ...

****

Picophagea Picophagea, also known as Synchromophyceae, is a class of photosynthesis, photosynthetic stramenopiles. The chloroplast of the Synchromophyceae are surrounded by two membranes and arranged in a way where they share the outer pair of membranes. Th ...

**** Synchromophyceae ****

Chrysophyceae The Chrysophyceae, usually called chrysophytes, chrysomonads, golden-brown algae, or golden algae, are a large group of algae, found mostly in freshwater. Golden algae is also commonly used to refer to a single species, '' Prymnesium parvum'', wh ...

****

Raphidophyceae The raphidophytes, formally known as Raphidophycidae or Raphidophyceae (formerly referred to as Chloromonadophyceae and Chloromonadineae), are a small group of eukaryotic algae that includes both marine and freshwater species. All raphidophyte ...

**** Chrysomerophyceae **** Aurearenophyceae **** Phaeothamniophyceae ****

Xanthophyceae Yellow-green algae or the Xanthophyceae (xanthophytes) are an important group of heterokont algae. Most live in fresh water, but some are found in marine and soil habitats. They vary from single-celled flagellates to simple colonial and filamen ...

**** Schizocladiophyceae **** Phaeophyceae * Glaucobionta art 2/1**

Glaucophyta The glaucophytes, also known as glaucocystophytes or glaucocystids, are a small group of unicellular algae found in freshwater and moist terrestrial environments, less common today than they were during the Proterozoic. The stated number of spec ...

* Rhodobionta art 2/2, to be published**

Rhodophyta Red algae, or Rhodophyta (, ; ), make up one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae. The Rhodophyta comprises one of the largest phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 recognized species within over 900 genera amidst ongoing taxonomic revisions. ...

* Organisation type "

Green Algae The green algae (: green alga) are a group of chlorophyll-containing autotrophic eukaryotes consisting of the phylum Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister group that contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/ Streptophyta. The land plants ...

" **

Chlorarachniophyta The chlorarachniophytes are a small group of exclusively marine algae widely distributed in tropical and temperate waters. They are typically mixotrophic, ingesting bacteria and smaller protists as well as conducting photosynthesis. Normally the ...

Cercozoa Cercozoa (now synonymised with Filosa) is a phylum of diverse single-celled eukaryotes. They lack shared morphological characteristics at the microscopic level, and are instead united by phylogeny, molecular phylogenies of rRNA and actin or Ubiqu ...

art 2/1*** Chlorarachniophyceae ** Euglenophyta/

Euglenozoa Euglenozoa are a large group of flagellate Discoba. They include a variety of common free-living species, as well as a few important parasites, some of which infect humans. Euglenozoa are represented by four major groups, ''i.e.,'' Kinetoplastea, ...

art 2/1***

Euglenophyceae Euglenophyceae (ICNafp, proposed as a class) or Euglenea (ICZN, proposed as a class) is an unranked clade of single-celled algae belonging to the phylum Euglenozoa. They have chloroplasts originated from an event of secondary endosymbiosis with ...

** Chlorobionta ("

Viridiplantae Viridiplantae (; kingdom Plantae '' sensu stricto'') is a clade of around 450,000–500,000 species of eukaryotic organisms, most of which obtain their energy by photosynthesis. The green plants are chloroplast-bearing autotrophs that play impo ...

") ***

Chlorophyta Chlorophyta is a division of green algae informally called chlorophytes. Description Chlorophytes are eukaryotic organisms composed of cells with a variety of coverings or walls, and usually a single green chloroplast in each cell. They are ...

art 2/1**** Nephroselmidophyceae ****

Mamiellophyceae Mamiellophyceae is a class of green algae in the division Chlorophyta. The class contains three orders containing 25 species. * Order Dolichomastigales Marin & Melkonian (7 species) * Order Mamiellales Moestrup (13 species) * Order Monomas ...

**** Prasinophyceae **** Pedinophyceae **** Chlorodendrophyceae ****

Trebouxiophyceae The Trebouxiophyceae, also known as trebouxiophytes, are a class of green algae, in the division Chlorophyta. Members of this class are single-celled, colonial, or multicellular and are found in freshwater, terrestrial or marine habitats worldwid ...

**** Chlorophyceae ****

Ulvophyceae The Ulvophyceae or ulvophytes are a class of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of Ultrastructure, ultrastructural morphology, Biological life cycle, life cycle and molecular phylogenetics, molecular phylogenetic data. The sea lettu ...

****

incertae sedis **** Palmophyllales ***

Streptophyta Streptophyta (), informally the streptophytes (, from the Greek ''strepto'' 'twisted', for the morphology of the sperm of some members), is a clade of plants. The composition of the clade varies considerably between authors, but the definition e ...

****

Mesostigmatophyceae The Mesostigmatophyceae are a class of basal green algae found in freshwater. In a narrow circumscription, the class contains a single genus, '' Mesostigma''. AlgaeBase AlgaeBase is a global species database of information on all groups of a ...

art 2/1**** Chlorokybophyceae art 2/1**** Klebsormidiophyceae art 2/1**** Coleochaetophyceae art 2/1**** Zygnematophyceae art 2/1****

Charophyceae Charophyceae is a class of charophyte green algae. AlgaeBase places it in division Charophyta. Extant (living) species are placed in a single order Charales, commonly known as "stoneworts" and "brittleworts". Fossil members of the class may be p ...

art 2/1**** Embryobionta ***** "

Bryophytes Bryophytes () are a group of land plants ( embryophytes), sometimes treated as a taxonomic division referred to as Bryophyta '' sensu lato'', that contains three groups of non-vascular land plants: the liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. In t ...

" art 3******

Marchantiophyta Liverworts are a group of non-vascular plant, non-vascular embryophyte, land plants forming the division Marchantiophyta (). They may also be referred to as hepatics. Like mosses and hornworts, they have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, in wh ...

( Hepaticae) ****** Bryophyta ( Musci) ******

Anthocerotophyta Hornworts are a group of non-vascular Embryophytes (land plants) constituting the division Anthocerotophyta (). The common name refers to the elongated horn-like structure, which is the sporophyte. As in mosses and liverworts, hornworts have a ...

***** Polysporangiomorpha art 3****** " Protracheophytes" ( Horneophytopsida) ******

Tracheophyta Vascular plants (), also called tracheophytes (, ) or collectively tracheophyta (; ), are plants that have lignin, lignified tissues (the xylem) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant. They also have a specialized non-lignified Ti ...

*******

Rhyniophytina The rhyniophytes are a group of extinct early vascular plants that are considered to be similar to the genus ''Rhynia'', found in the Early Devonian (around ). Sources vary in the name and Taxonomic rank#Ranks in botany, rank used for this group, ...

art 3******* Lycophytina art 3******* Euphyllophytina art 3******** “ Trimerophytina” ******** Moniliformopses ( Cladoxylopsida, Psilotopsida, Equisetopsida, Marattiopsida,

Polypodiopsida The ferns (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) are a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissue ...

) ******** Radiatopses ( Progymnospermopsida) ******* Spermatophytina ********

Pinopsida Conifers () are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms. Scientifically, they make up the division Pinophyta (), also known as Coniferophyta () or Coniferae. The division contains a single extant class, Pinopsida. All e ...

(

gymnosperms The gymnosperms ( ; ) are a group of woody, perennial Seed plant, seed-producing plants, typically lacking the protective outer covering which surrounds the seeds in flowering plants, that include Pinophyta, conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetoph ...

) art 4, to be published******** Magnoliopsida (

angiosperms Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed within a fruit. T ...

) ********* Magnoliidae art 4, to be published*********

Lilianae Lilianae (also known as Liliiflorae) is a botanical name for a superorder (that is, a rank higher than that of order) of flowering plants. Such a superorder of necessity includes the type family Liliaceae (and usually the type order Liliales). Ter ...

(

monocotyledons Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae ''sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are flowering plants whose seeds contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. A monocot taxon has been in use for several decades, but with various ranks and ...

) **********

Acorales ''Acorus'' is a genus of monocot flowering plants. This genus was once placed within the family Araceae (aroids), but more recent classifications place it in its own family Acoraceae and order Acorales, of which it is the sole genus of the oldes ...

Alismatales The Alismatales (alismatids) are an order of flowering plants including about 4,500 species. Plants assigned to this order are mostly tropical or aquatic. Some grow in fresh water, some in marine habitats. Perhaps the most important food cro ...

Petrosaviales Petrosaviaceae is a Family (biology), family of flowering plants belonging to a monotypic order, Petrosaviales. Petrosaviales are monocots, and are grouped within the lilioid monocots. Petrosaviales is a very small order composed of one family, ...

Dioscoreales The Dioscoreales are an order of monocotyledonous flowering plants, organized under modern classification systems, such as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group or the Angiosperm Phylogeny Web. Among monocot plants, Dioscoreales are grouped with the ...

Liliales Liliales is an order (biology), order of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web List of systems of plant classification, system, within the lilioid monocots. This order of necessity includ ...

Asparagales Asparagales (asparagoid lilies) are a diverse order of flowering plants in the monocots. Under the APG IV system of flowering plant classification, Asparagales are the largest order of monocots with 14 families, 1,122 genera, and about 36,00 ...

art 4, to be published**********

Arecales Arecales is an order of flowering plants. The order has been widely named as such only for the past few decades; until then, the accepted name for the order including these plants was Principes. The order includes palms and relatives. Taxonomy ...

, Commelinales,

Poales The Poales are a large order (biology), order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons, and includes families of plants such as the Poaceae, grasses, bromeliads, Juncaceae, rushes and Cyperaceae, sedges. 14 plant families are currently recogniz ...

Zingiberales The Zingiberales are flowering plants forming one of four orders in the commelinids clade of monocots, together with its sister order, Commelinales. The order includes 68 genera and 2,600 species. Zingiberales are a unique though morpholog ...

, Dasypogonales art 5, to be published********* Eudicotyledons art 5, to be published

References

Bibliography

Works by Engler

Syllabus editions 1892–1924

* * * ** * 1904: Engler, A. idem, 4th ed., Borntraeger, Berlin. * 1907: Engler, A. idem, 5th ed., Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag, Berlin, 247 p. * 1909: Engler, A. idem, 6th ed., Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag, Berlin, 254 p. * 1912: Engler, A. & E. Gilg, ''Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien: eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Medizinal- und Nutzpflanzen, nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über spezielle und medizinisch-pharmazeutische Botanik'', 7th ed., Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag, Berlin, 387 p. * * 1924: Engler, A. & E. Gilg, ''Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien: eine Übersicht über das ganze Pflanzensystem mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Medizinal- und Naturpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über spezielle und medizinisch-pharmazeutische Botanik '', 9th ed., Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag, Berlin, 420 p. * 1924: Engler, A. & E. Gilg, idem, 10th ed., Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag, Berlin.

Posthumous editions

* 1936: Diels, L. ''A. Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien: eine Übersicht über das ganze Pflanzensystem mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Medizinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorselungen und Studien über spezielle und medizinisch-pharmazeutische Botanik'', 11th ed., Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag, Berlin, 419 p. * *
Vol. I 367 pp.
*
Vol. II 666 pp.

1983: Gerloff, J. & K. Walther, idem, 13th ed., Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag, Berlin
(Only one of seven planned volumes was published - Bryophytina, Laubmoose) ** In 2009, the edition was revived, with the publication of the first of five replanned volumes ** ** ** **

** ** Forthcoming parts: *** Part 1/3: Basidiomycota *** Part 2/2: Rhodobionta *** Part 5: Seed Plants, Spermatophytes (2)

Synopses

First edition (1892)

Third edition (1903)

XIII Embryophyta siphonogama

= Gymnospermae

= Angiospermae

= Monocotyledon family structure

Thirteenth edition (2009-)

References

Bibliography

Works by Engler

Syllabus editions 1892–1924

Posthumous editions

Other works by Engler

Works about Engler

External links