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Perkinsea
Perkinsids are single-celled protists that live as intracellular parasites of a variety of other organisms. They are classified as the class Perkinsea within the monotypic phylum Perkinsozoa. It is part of the eukaryotic supergroup Alveolata, along with dinoflagellates, their closest relatives, and another parasitic group known as Apicomplexa. Perkinsids are found in aquatic environments, as parasites of dinoflagellates and various animals. Description All known Perkinsozoa are intracellular parasites of a range of organisms, particularly microalgae and animals. Species of Parviluciferaceae, Pararosariidae and '' Maranthos'' are parasites of dinoflagellates. '' Rastrimonas'' parasitize cryptophyte algae. Xcellidae, Perkinsidae and '' Acrocoelus'' are parasites of various animals: fish, bivalve molluscs and acorn worms, respectively. Perkinsozoa are found in aquatic environments, both marine and freshwater. Systematics Taxonomic history Perkinsids were first ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protists
A protist ( ) or protoctist is any Eukaryote, eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, Embryophyte, land plant, or fungus. Protists do not form a Clade, natural group, or clade, but are a Paraphyly, paraphyletic grouping of all descendants of the last eukaryotic common ancestor excluding land plants, animals, and fungi. Protists were historically regarded as a separate taxonomic rank, taxonomic kingdom (biology), kingdom known as Protista or Protoctista. With the advent of phylogenetic analysis and electron microscopy studies, the use of Protista as a formal taxon was gradually abandoned. In modern classifications, protists are spread across several eukaryotic clades called supergroup (biology), supergroups, such as Archaeplastida (photoautotrophs that includes land plants), SAR supergroup, SAR, Obazoa (which includes fungi and animals), Amoebozoa and "Excavata". Protists represent an extremely large genetic diversity, genetic and ecological diversity in all environments, in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perkinsus
''Perkinsus'' is a genus of alveolates in the phylum Perkinsozoa. The genus was erected in 1978 to better treat its type species, '' Perkinsus marinus'', known formerly as ''Dermocystidium marinum''. These are parasitic protozoans that infect molluscs, at least some of which cause disease and mass mortality. ''P. marinus'' is the most notorious, causing the disease perkinsosis, or dermo, in wild and farmed oysters.Petty, D''Perkinsus'' Infections of Bivalve Molluscs.FA178. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. University of Florida IFAS. 2010. Description ''Perkinsus'' is a genus in the class Perkinsea that is a parasite of bivalve molluscs; it displays a number of features typical of the dinoflagellates including laterally inserted heterodynamic flagella,. However, it has been settled that ''Perkinsus'' does not belong to the phylum Dinoflagellata, but rather into the phylum Perkinsozoa, which is the sister group In phylogenetics, a sist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryptophagus (protozoa)
''Rastrimonas'' is a monotypic genus of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa. It contains the single species ''Rastrimonas subtilis''. It was described in 2002 from the free-living cryptomonad The cryptomonads (or cryptophytes) are a superclass of algae, most of which have plastids. They are traditionally considered a division of algae among phycologists, under the name of Cryptophyta. They are common in freshwater, and also occur ... '' Chilomonas paramaecium'' and placed in the new genus ''Cryptophagus''. The following year this was renamed ''Rastrimonas''. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q5191013 Apicomplexa genera Monotypic eukaryote genera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parvilucifera
''Parvilucifera'' is a genus of marine alveolates that behave as endoparasites of dinoflagellates. It was described in 1999 by biologists Fredrik Norén and Øjvind Moestrup, who identified the genus among collections of '' Dinophysis'' dinoflagellates off the coast of Sweden. Initially mistaken for products of sexual reproduction, the round bodies found within these collections were eventually recognized as sporangia, spherical structures that generate zoospores of a parasitic protist. This organism was later identified as '' P. infectans'', the type species. The examination of this organism and its close genetic relationship to ''Perkinsus'' led to the creation of the Perkinsozoa phylum within the Alveolata group. The complex life cycle of ''Parvilucifera'' consists of biflagellated zoospores that infect a variety of dinoflagellate species, become intracellular feeders or trophonts, and finally develop into sporangia that generate more zoospores. ''Parvilucifera'' specie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perkinsidae
Perkinsidae is a family of alveolates in the phylum Perkinsozoa, a sister group to the dinoflagellates. Members It includes ''Perkinsus'' species, which are parasitic protozoans, some of which cause disease and mass mortality in wild and farmed molluscs such as oysters. There are two genera: *'' Parvilucifera'', a genus of 3 species *''Perkinsus ''Perkinsus'' is a genus of alveolates in the phylum Perkinsozoa. The genus was erected in 1978 to better treat its type species, '' Perkinsus marinus'', known formerly as ''Dermocystidium marinum''. These are parasitic protozoans that infect ...'', a genus of 7 to 8 species Characteristics Perkinsidae possess plastids which do not contain DNA. References Perkinsozoa Alveolata families {{alveolate-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parviluciferaceae
Parviluciferaceae is a family of perkinsozoans, a group of endoparasitic protists present in aquatic environments. Biology and life cycle Members of Parviluciferaceae behave as endoparasitoids of dinoflagellates, an important group of marine phytoplankton. Their life cycle consists of biflagellated zoospores with two unequally sized flagella, that swim toward dinoflagellate hosts, infect them and grow into sporangia that develop more zoospores. All genera share similar sporangium morphology and life cycle. Their main differences regard the morphology of zoospores. '' Dinovorax'' and '' Snorkelia'' zoospores infect the host cell through a germ tube, which is absent in ''Parvilucifera''. Systematics Etymology The name of this family derives from the type genus, ''Parvilucifera''. It derives , referring to the small refractile zoospores that characterize this genus. Classification There are currently four genera accepted in this family. The first to be described, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rastrimonas
''Rastrimonas'' is a monotypic genus of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa. It contains the single species ''Rastrimonas subtilis''. It was described in 2002 from the free-living cryptomonad The cryptomonads (or cryptophytes) are a superclass of algae, most of which have plastids. They are traditionally considered a division of algae among phycologists, under the name of Cryptophyta. They are common in freshwater, and also occur ... '' Chilomonas paramaecium'' and placed in the new genus ''Cryptophagus''. The following year this was renamed ''Rastrimonas''. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q5191013 Apicomplexa genera Monotypic eukaryote genera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dinoflagellates
The Dinoflagellates (), also called Dinophytes, are a monophyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes constituting the phylum Dinoflagellata and are usually considered protists. Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plankton, but they are also common in freshwater habitats. Their populations vary with sea surface temperature, salinity, and depth. Many dinoflagellates are photosynthetic, but a large fraction of these are in fact mixotrophic, combining photosynthesis with ingestion of prey ( phagotrophy and myzocytosis). In terms of number of species, dinoflagellates are one of the largest groups of marine eukaryotes, although substantially smaller than diatoms. Some species are endosymbionts of marine animals and play an important part in the biology of coral reefs. Other dinoflagellates are unpigmented predators on other protozoa, and a few forms are parasitic (for example, '' Oodinium'' and '' Pfiesteria''). Some dinoflagellates produce resting stages, called dinoflagellate cysts ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryptophyte
The cryptomonads (or cryptophytes) are a superclass of algae, most of which have plastids. They are traditionally considered a division of algae among phycologists, under the name of Cryptophyta. They are common in freshwater, and also occur in marine and brackish habitats. Each cell is around 10–50 μm in size and flattened in shape, with an anterior groove or pocket. At the edge of the pocket there are typically two slightly unequal flagella. Some may exhibit mixotrophy. They are classified as superclass Cryptomonada, which is divided into two classes: heterotrophic Goniomonadea and phototrophic Cryptophyceae. The two groups are united under three shared morphological characteristics: presence of a periplast, ejectisomes with secondary scroll, and mitochondrial cristae with flat tubules. Genetic studies as early as 1994 also supported the hypothesis that ''Goniomonas'' was sister to Cryptophyceae. A study in 2018 found strong evidence that the common ancestor of Cryptomo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fish
A fish (: fish or fishes) is an aquatic animal, aquatic, Anamniotes, anamniotic, gill-bearing vertebrate animal with swimming fish fin, fins and craniate, a hard skull, but lacking limb (anatomy), limbs with digit (anatomy), digits. Fish can be grouped into the more basal (phylogenetics), basal jawless fish and the more common jawed fish, the latter including all extant taxon, living cartilaginous fish, cartilaginous and bony fish, as well as the extinct placoderms and acanthodians. In a break to the long tradition of grouping all fish into a single Class (biology), class (Pisces), modern phylogenetics views fish as a paraphyletic group. Most fish are ectotherm, cold-blooded, their body temperature varying with the surrounding water, though some large nekton, active swimmers like white shark and tuna can hold a higher core temperature. Many fish can communication in aquatic animals#Acoustic, communicate acoustically with each other, such as during courtship displays. The stud ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genus
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. :E.g. ''Panthera leo'' (lion) and ''Panthera onca'' (jaguar) are two species within the genus ''Panthera''. ''Panthera'' is a genus within the family Felidae. The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomy (biology), taxonomists. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: # monophyly – all descendants of an ancestral taxon are grouped together (i.e. Phylogeneti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
