The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the

common name In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often contrast ...

roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible '' Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and the blue-green verdigris agarics ('' Stropharia aeruginosa'' and allies). ''Stropharia'' are not generally regarded as good to eat and there are doubts over the edibility of several species. However the species ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' is regarded as prized and delicious when young, and is now the premier mushroom for outdoor bed culture by mycophiles in temperate climates.

Taxonomy

The scientific name is derived from the Greek 'στροφος/strophos' meaning "belt", in reference to the annulus present on the stipe. Spore print color is generally medium to dark purple-brown with white edge at maturity, except for a few species that have rusty-brown spores. There is a great deal of variation, however, since this group as presently delimited is polyphyletic. Members of the core clade of ''Stropharia'' are characterized by crystalline acanthocytes among the

hyphae A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one or ...

of the mycelium and that make up the rhizoids at the base of the mushroom, and in one species, '' Stropharia acanthocystis'', also occur in the

hymenium The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in others some ...

Description

Recent

molecular A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, and bioche ...

work shows the core group of the genus most closely related to '' Hypholoma'' and '' Pholiota''. Other such as '' S. semiglobata'' are more distantly related. ''Stropharia'' had been divided into 'sections' by

Rolf Singer Rolf Singer (June 23, 1906 – January 18, 1994) was a Germany, German-born mycologist and one of the most important Taxonomy (biology), taxonomists of gilled mushrooms (agarics) in the 20th century. After receiving his Ph.D. at the University ...

among others, although some 'sections' were only informally named. Phylogenetically, some 'sections' have now been classified as separate genera by some authors for species lacking acanthocytes. Two examples of the reclassification of sections into genera are: '' Leratiomyces'' in 2008 in part replacing Section ''Stropholoma'' and '' Protostropharia'' in 2013 in part replacing section ''Stercophila''. The psychedelic mushroom formerly known as ''Stropharia cubensis'' was reclassified into the genus ''Psilocybe'' by mycologist

and subsequently this classification was supported by modern phylogenetic analyses based upon DNA sequence comparison. It bears a superficial resemblance to ''Stropharia'' with its relatively large size, well-developed annulus, and dark spores, hence in some references it is referred to as '' Psilocybe cubensis'',O. T. Oss, O. N. Oeric
''Psilocybin: magic mushroom grower's guide: a handbook for psilocybin Enthusiasts''
Quick American Archives, 2nd ed. (1993), however, it is simply a large-size example of the bluing ''Psilocybe'' and hence is not a close relative of ''Stropharia''.

Species

*'' Stropharia acanthocystis'' *'' Stropharia aeruginosa'' *'' Stropharia agaricoides'' *'' Stropharia agrocyboides'' *'' Stropharia albivelata'' *''

Stropharia albonitens ''Stropharia albonitens'' is an inedible mushroom found in grassy fields, lawns, and frequently along roadsides in North America and Europe. The spore print is purplish to black. It is white to cream or yellow in colour. It is typically 5 to 15&n ...

'' *''

Stropharia albosulphurea The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous annulus (mycology), ring on the stipe (mycology), stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ...

'' *'' Stropharia ambigua'' *''

Stropharia araucariae The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous annulus (mycology), ring on the stipe (mycology), stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ...

'' *''

Stropharia aurantiaca ''Leratiomyces ceres'', commonly known as the Redlead Roundhead, is mushroom which has a bright red to orange cap and dark purple-brown spore deposit. It is usually found growing gregariously on wood chips and is one of the most common and mos ...

'' *

Stropharia caerulea ''Stropharia caerulea'', commonly known as the blue roundhead, is an inedible species of agaric fungus in the family Strophariaceae. It is a common species found in Europe and North America, where it grows as a saprophyte in meadows, roadsides ...

'' *''

Stropharia chrysocystidia The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible '' Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and t ...

'' – China *''

Stropharia cifuentesii The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible '' Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and t ...

'' – Mexico *''

Stropharia coronilla ''Stropharia coronilla'', commonly known as the garland roundhead or garland stropharia, is a species of mushroom native to Europe and North America. It is considered poisonous. References Fungi described in 1791 Fungi of North America ...

'' *''

Stropharia farlowiana The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and the ...

'' *''

Stropharia formosa The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and the ...

'' *''

Stropharia halophila The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible '' Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and t ...

'' *

Stropharia hornemannii ''Stropharia hornemannii'', commonly known as the luxuriant ringstalk, or lacerated stropharia, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Strophariaceae. It is found in Europe and North America, where it grows as a saprophyte on rotting coni ...

'' *''

Stropharia inuncta ''Stropharia inuncta'' is a species of mushroom native to Europe. References

Strophariaceae Fungi described in 1828 Fungi of Europe Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries {{Agaricales-stub ...

'' *''

Stropharia kauffmanii The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous annulus (mycology), ring on the stipe (mycology), stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ...

'' *''

Stropharia lepiotiformis The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and the ...

'' *'' Stropharia luteonitens'' *''

Stropharia mammillata The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous annulus (mycology), ring on the stipe (mycology), stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ...

'' *''

Stropharia melanosperma The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and the ...

'' *''

Stropharia pseudocyanea ''Stropharia pseudocyanea'' is a mushroom in the family Strophariaceae The Strophariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Under an older classification, the family covered 18 genera and 1316 species. The species of Strophariacea ...

'' *''

Stropharia rubrobrunnea The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and the ...

'' – Western Ghats, India * Mycomorphbox Choice

'' Stropharia rugosoannulata'' *''

Stropharia squamulosa The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and the ...

'' *''

Stropharia variicolor The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and the ...

'' *''

Stropharia venusta The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and the ...

Gallery

Image:Docs019.jpg, '' Stropharia aeruginosa'' Image:Stropharia ambigua 4.JPG , '' Stropharia ambigua'' File:Stropharia inuncta 77505.jpg , ''

Stropharia inuncta ''Stropharia inuncta'' is a species of mushroom native to Europe. References

Strophariaceae Fungi described in 1828 Fungi of Europe Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries {{Agaricales-stub ...

'' File:2011-05-19 Stropharia rugosoannulata Farl. ex Murrill 183478.jpg , '' Stropharia rugosoannulata''

Legal status

United States

Louisiana

Except for

ornamental Ornamental may refer to: *Ornamental grass, a type of grass grown as a decoration *Ornamental iron, mild steel that has been formed into decorative shapes, similar to wrought iron work *Ornamental plant, a plant that is grown for its ornamental qua ...

purposes, growing, selling or possessing ''Stropharia'' spp. is prohibited by

Louisiana State Act 159 Signed into law June 28, 2005, and effective August 8, 2005, Louisiana State Act No 159 found in, Louisiana RS 40:989.1, outlawed the cultivation, possession or sale of 40 named plants defined as hallucinogenic in the state of Louisiana, US. Hous ...

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1634915 Strophariaceae