St Brandan

Brendan of Clonfert (c. AD 484 - c.577), is one of the early Irish monastic saints and one of the Twelve Apostles of Ireland. He is also referred to as Brendan the Navigator, Brendan the Voyager, Brendan the Anchorite, Brendan the Bold. The Irish translation of his name is Naomh Bréanainn or Naomh Breandán. He is mainly known for his legendary voyage to find the “Isle of the Blessed” which is sometimes referred to as “Saint Brendan’s Island”. The written narrative of his journey comes from the immram The Navigatio Sancti Brendani Abbatis (Voyage of Saint Brendan the Abbot).

Saint Brendan's feast day is celebrated on 16 May by Catholics, Anglicans, and Orthodox Christians.

Sources

There is very little secure information concerning Brendan's life, although at least the approximate dates of his birth and death, and accounts of some events in his life, are found in Irish annals and genealogies. The earliest mention of Brendan is in the ''Vita Sancti Columbae'' (Life of Saint Columba) of Adamnan written between AD 679 and 704. The earliest mention of him as a seafarer appears in the ''Martyrology of Tallaght'' of the ninth century.Alan G. MacPherson, "Pre-Columbian Discoveries and Exploration of North America"
''North American Exploration'', (John Logan Allen, ed.), University of Nebraska Press, 1997,

The principal works regarding Brendan and his legend are a "Life of Brendan" in several Latin (''Vita Brendani'') and Irish versions (''Betha Brenainn'') and the better known ''Navigatio Sancti Brendani Abbatis'' (Voyage of Saint Brendan the Abbot). Unfortunately, the versions of the ''Vita'' and the ''Navigatio'' provide little reliable information of his life and travels; they do, however, attest to the development of devotion to him in the centuries after his death. An additional problem is that the precise relationship between the ''Vita'' and the ''Navigatio'' traditions is uncertain.

The date when the ''Vita'' tradition began is uncertain. The earliest surviving copies are no earlier than the end of the twelfth century, but scholars suggest that a version of the ''Vita'' was composed before AD 1000. The ''Navigatio'' was probably written earlier than the ''Vita'', perhaps in the second half of the eighth century. Aengus the Culdee, in his ''Litany'', composed in the end of the eighth century, invoked "the sixty who accompanied St. Brendan in his quest for the Land of Promise"."St. Brendan the Navigator", Orthodox Outlet for Dogmatic Enquiries

Any attempt to reconstruct the facts of the life of Brendan or to understand the nature of his legend must be based principally on Irish annals and genealogies and on the various versions of the ''Vita Brendani''.

History

Early life

Brendan was born in AD 484 in Tralee, in County Kerry, in the province of Munster, in the south-west of Ireland.

He was born among the Altraige, an Irish clan originally centred around Tralee Bay, to parents called Finnlug and Cara. Tradition has it that he was born in the Kilfenora/Fenit area on the North side of the bay. He was baptised at Tubrid, near Ardfert by Erc of Slane,Flood, William Henry Grattan (1907). "Twelve Apostles of Erin". In ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company. and was originally to be called "Mobhí" but signs and portents attending his birth and baptism led to him being christened 'Broen-finn' or 'fair-drop'. For five years he was both educated and given in fosterage to St. Íte of Killeedy, "The Brigid of Munster". When he was six he was sent to Jarlath's monastery school at Tuam to further his education. Brendan is considered one of the "Twelve Apostles of Ireland", one of those said to have been tutored by the great teacher, Finnian of Clonard.

Foundations

At age 26, Brendan was ordained a priest by Erc."Saint Brendan the Navigator", ''A Little Book of Celtic Saints''
Irelandseye.com. Accessed 29 September 2022. Afterward, he founded a number of monasteries. Brendan's first voyage took him to the Aran Islands, where he founded a monastery. He also visited Hinba (Argyll), an island off the Scottish coast, where he is said to have met Columcille. On the same voyage he travelled to Wales and finally to Brittany, on the northern coast of France.

Between AD 512 and 530 Brendan built monastic cells at Ardfert, and Shanakeel (''Seana Cill'', usually translated as the "Old Church"), at the foot of Mount Brandon. From there he is supposed to have embarked on his famous voyage of 7 years for Paradise. The old Irish calendars assigned a feast for the ''"egressio familiae Sancti Brendani"''.

Legendary journey

Brendan is primarily renowned for his legendary journey to the Isle of the Blessed as described in the ''Navigatio Sancti Brendani Abbatis'' (''Voyage of Saint Brendan the Abbot'') of the ninth century. Many versions exist that narrate how he set out on the Atlantic Ocean with sixteen monks (although other versions record fourteen monks and three unbelievers who joined in the last minute) to search for the Garden of Eden. One of these companions is said to have been Malo. The voyage is dated to AD 512–530, before his travel to the island of Great Britain. On his trip, Brendan is supposed to have seen Saint Brendan's Island, a blessed island covered with vegetation. He also encountered a sea monster, an adventure he shared with his contemporary Columcille. The most commonly illustrated adventure is his landing on an island which turned out to be a giant sea monster named "Jasconius".

''The Voyage of Saint Brendan the Abbot''

The earliest extant version of the ''Navigatio Sancti Brendani Abbatis'' (''Voyage of Saint Brendan the Abbot'') was recorded AD 900. There are over 100 manuscripts of the narrative throughout Europe and many translations. The ''Navigatio'' is plainly a Christian narrative, but also narrates natural phenomena and fantastical events and places, which appealed to a broad audience. The ''Navigatio'' contains many parallels and inter-textual references to '' Bran'' and ''The Voyage of Máel Dúin''.

On the Kerry coast, Brendan built a currach-like boat of wattle, covered it with hides tanned in oak bark and softened with butter, and set up a mast and a sail. He and a small group of monks fasted for 40 days, and after a prayer on the shore, embarked in the name of the Most Holy Trinity."The Commemoration of St. Brendan of Ardfert and Clonert", All Saints Parish
The narrative is characterized by much literary licence, e. g., it refers to Hell where "great demons threw down lumps of fiery slag from an island with rivers of gold fire" and also to "great crystal pillars". Many speculate that these are references to volcanic activity around Iceland and to icebergs."Saint Brendan the Navigator", Saint Silouan Orthodox Church

;Synopsis
The journey of Brendan first begins when he meets with Saint Barinthus. Saint Barinthus describes The Promised Land for Saints ''(Terra Repromissionis Sanctorum)''. As Saint Barinthus describes his journey to this island, Brendan decides to also visit this island because it was described as a place of those who lived a certain lifestyle and embraced true faith of Christianity. Brendan assembles a group of 14 monks who pray together with him in his community to leave with him on his journey. Before departing, Brendan and the 14 monks fast at 3 day intervals for 40 nights and set out out on the voyage that was described to him by Saint Barinthus. They first embark towards Saint Edna, which is an island. After Brendan and the 14 monks build a small boat for their journey, 3 people join after Brendan already choose his companions. These three extras will not return to Ireland which is prophesied by Brendan because according to him, this is now an unholy number.

For a period of seven years, Brendan and his students travel the seas and come across various locations while searching for the Promised Land. One of the first islands that Brendan and his companions come across is an unnamed uninhabited island. It is on this island that the first of the three extra monks who accompanied Brendan on his travels dies. After the death of their companion, Brendan and his men leave and continue their journey to the Island of Sheep. After a short stay on the Island of Sheep, Brendan and his crew land on the back of a giant fish named Jasconius, which they believe to be an island. But once they light a fire, the island starts to move revealing its true nature. Other places that Brendan and his companions arrive at include the Island of Birds, the Island of Ailbe inhabited by a community of silent monks, and the Island of Strong Men. In some accounts, it is on the Island of Strong Men where the second of the 3 extra people remains instead of continuing his journey with Brendan and his men. The third is dragged away by demons.

After travelling for seven years, visiting some of the same places over and over again, they finally arrive in the Promised Land for Saints. They are welcomed and allowed to enter briefly. Awed by what they have seen, they return to Ireland rejoicing.

Context

The ''Navigatio'' fits in with a then-popular literary genre, peculiar to Ireland, denominated an immram. Irish immrama flourished during the seventh and eighth centuries. Typically, an immram is a tale that describes the hero's series of seafaring adventures. Some of these immrams involved the search for, and visits to, Tír na nÓg, an island far to the west, beyond the edges of the world map. There appear to be similarities with ''The Voyage of Bran'' written much earlier. In the ''Navigatio'', this style of storytelling meshed with a religious ascetic tradition in which Irish monks travel alone in boats, the same way their desert brothers isolated themselves in caves.

Brendan's voyages were one of the most remarkable and enduring of European legends. With many of the facts of Brendan's journeys coming from the ''Navigatio'', it has been difficult for scholars to distinguish fact and folklore. The narrative of Brendan's voyage, developed during this time, shares some characteristics with immram. Like an immram, the ''Navigatio'' tells the story of Brendan, who, with some companion monks, sets out to find the ''terra repromissionis sanctorum'', ("Promised Land of the Saints"), i. e., the Earthly Paradise.

Jude S. Mackley holds that efforts to identify possible, actual locations referenced in the ''Navigatio'' distract from the author's purpose of presenting a legend of "salvation, monastic obedience and the faith required to undertake such a pilgrimage."Jude S. Mackley, "The Legend of St. Brendan", Brill, 2008
.

Intertextuality

Scholars debate whether the ''Navigatio'' influenced ''The Voyage of Máel Dúin'' or vice versa. Jude Mackley suggests that an early ''Navigatio'' influenced an equally early ''Mael Duin'' and that inter-borrowing continued as the traditions developed. The ''Navigatio'' adapts the immram traditions to a Christian context.

A principal similarity between ''Mael Duin'' and the ''Navigatio'' is the introduction in both of 3 additional passengers. Mael Dúin is joined by his foster brothers, and Brendan by 3 additional monks. Both additions upset the equilibrium of the voyages, and only when the additional persons are no longer on board can each voyage be completed.

Early Dutch version

One of the earliest extant written versions of Brendan's legend is the Dutch (Mediaeval Dutch for ''The Voyage of Saint Brendan'') of the twelfth century. Scholars believe it is derived from a now lost Middle High German text combined with Gaelic elements from Ireland and that it combines Christian and fairy tale elements. describes "Brandaen", a monk from Galway, and his voyage around the world for 9 years. The journey began as a punishment by an angel who saw that Brendan did not believe in the truth of a book of the miracles of creation and saw Brandaen throw it into a fire. The angel tells him that truth has been destroyed. On his journeys Brandaen encounters the wonders and horrors of the world, such as Judas Iscariot frozen on one side and burning on the other; people with swine heads, dog legs, and wolf teeth carrying bows and arrows; and an enormous fish that encircles Brandaen's ship by holding its tail in its mouth. The English poem the ''Life of Saint Brandan'' is a later derivation from the Dutch version.

Saint Brendan's Island

While the narrative is often assumed to be a religious allegory, there has been considerable discussion as to whether the legends are based on fact. There have been many interpretations of the possible geographical location of Saint Brendan's Island. Various pre-Columbian sea charts indicated it everywhere from the southern part of Ireland to the Canary Islands, Faroes, or Azores; to the island of Madeira; to a point 60 degrees west of the first meridian and very near the equator.

=Tale of reaching North America

=
Belief in the existence of Saint Brendan's Island was almost completely abandoned until a new theory arose that the Irish were the first Europeans to encounter the Americas.

There is no reliable evidence to indicate that Brendan ever reached Greenland or the Americas. The Saint Brendan Society celebrates the belief that Brendan was the first European to reach North America. Tim Severin demonstrated that it is possible for a leather-clad boat such as the one described in the ''Navigatio'' to reach North America. Severin's film ''The Brendan Voyage'' of 1978, which documented his team's feat, inspired the Irish composer Shaun Davey to write his orchestral suite "The Brendan Voyage".

The ''Navigatio'' was known widely in Europe throughout the Middle Ages.Howley, Andrew. "Did St. Brendan Reach North America 500 Years Before the Vikings?", ''National Geographic Voices'', May 16, 2013
Maps of Christopher Columbus’ time often included an island denominated Saint Brendan's Isle that was placed in the western Atlantic Ocean.
Paul Chapman argues that Christopher Columbus learned from the ''Navigatio'' that the currents and winds would favor westbound travel by a southerly route from the Canary Islands, and eastbound on the return trip by a more northerly route, and hence followed this itinerary on all of his voyages.

Later life

Brendan travelled to Wales and the holy island of Iona, off the west coast of Scotland; returning to Ireland, he founded a monastery in Annaghdown, where he spent the rest of his life. He also founded a convent at Annaghdown for his sister Briga. Having established the bishopric of Ardfert, Brendan proceeded to Thomond, and founded a monastery at Inis-da-druim (currently Coney Island), in the present parish of Killadysert, County Clare, AD 550. He then journeyed to Wales and studied under Gildas at Llancarfan, and thence to Iona, for he is said to have left traces of his apostolic zeal at Kil-''brandon'' (near Oban) and Kil-''brennan'' Sound. After a mission of three years in Britain he returned to Ireland, and evangelized further in various parts of Leinster, especially at Dysart, County Kilkenny, Killeney near Durrow ( Tubberboe ), and Brandon Hill. He established churches at Inchiquin, County Galway, and Inishglora, County Mayo, and founded Clonfert in Galway AD 557. He died AD 577 in Annaghdown, while visiting his sister Briga. Fearing that after his death his devotees might take his remains as relics, Brendan had previously arranged to have his body secretly returned to the monastery he founded in Clonfert, concealed in a luggage cart. He was interred in Clonfert Cathedral.

Veneration

Brendan was recognised as a saint by the Catholic Church. His feast day is celebrated on 16 May.
As the legend of the seven years voyage spread, crowds of pilgrims and students flocked to Ardfert. Religious houses were formed at Gallerus, Kilmalchedor, Brandon Hill, and the Blasket Islands, to meet the wants of those who came for spiritual guidance from Brendan. Brendan is the patron saint of sailors and travellers. At the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, a large stained glass window commemorates Brendan's achievements. At Fenit Harbour, Tralee, a substantial bronze sculpture by Tighe O'Donoghue/Ross was erected to honour the memory of Brendan. The project, including a Heritage Park and the Slí Bhreanainn (the Brendan way) was headed by Fr. Gearóid Ó Donnchadha and completed through the work of the St. Brendan Committee.

Patronage

Brendan the Navigator or Brénainn moccu Alti as he is often known in the medieval Irish tradition is the patron saint of two Irish dioceses, Kerry and Clonfert. He is also a patron saint of boatmen, mariners, travelers, elderly adventurers, and whales,Mackley, Jude S., ''Legend of Brendan: A Comparative Study of the Latin and Anglo-Norman Versions'' (Leiden: Brill, 2008) and also of portaging canoes."St.Brendan", Diocese of Kerry

Establishments

St Brendan's activities as a churchman, however, were developed in Western Ireland, where his most important foundations are found, i.e., Ardfert (Co. Kerry), Inishdadroum (Co. Clare), Annaghdown (Co. Galway), and Clonfert (Co. Galway). His name is perpetuated in numerous place names and landmarks along the Irish coast (e.g., Brandon Hill, Brandon Point, Mount Brendan, Brandon Well, Brandon Bay, Brandon Head).

Brendan's most celebrated foundation was Clonfert Cathedral, in the year 563, over which he appointed Moinenn as Prior and Head Master. Brendan was interred in Clonfert.

The group of ecclesiastical remains at Ardfert is one of the most interesting and instructive now existing in Ireland. The ruins of the ancient Cathedral of St Brendan, and of its annexed chantries and detached chapels, form a very complete reliquary of Irish ecclesiastical architecture, in its various orders and ages, from the plain but solid Danhliag of the seventh or eighth century to some late and most ornate examples of medieval Gothic. The cathedral, as it now stands, or rather as it stood before it was finally dismantled in A.D. 1641.

Places associated with St Brendan

* Annaghdown, County Galway
* Ardfert, County Kerry
* Brancepeth and church of St Brandon, County Durham
* Brandon Creek on Dingle Peninsula, County Kerry
* Brandon Hill, County Kilkenny
* Bristol, Gloucestershire, England
* Canary Islands
* Clonfert, Ireland
* Dysart, County Kilkenny
* Faroe Islands
* Fenit Island, Tralee Bay, County Kerry
* Gallarus Oratory, County Kerry
* Hebrides
* Iceland
* Inishglora, County Mayo
* Iona Island, Scotland
* Killadysert, County Clare
* Killbrandon, near Oban, Scotland
* Kilbrennan Sound
* Killiney

* Inchiquin, County Galway
* Jan Mayen, who some claim was the first person to sight Jan Mayen Island
*Miami, Florida, United States: an elementary (K-8) and high school (9-12) are named in his honor
* Mount Brandon, County Kerry
* Newfoundland
* Nigeria, Iyamoyong, Cross River State: St Brendan Secondary School (a high school) is named in his honor
* Monhegan Island, Maine, United States
* Queensland, Australia: St. Brendan's College, Yeppoon: A Roman Catholic all-boys boarding high school founded by the Christian Brothers is named in his honor
* Samborombón Bay, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina

Sicily

In the Sicilian town of Bronte there is a church dedicated to Saint Brendan, whose name in the local dialect is ''"San Brandanu"''. Since 1574, the "''Chiesa di San Blandano''" ("Church of Saint Brendan") replaced a chapel with such name that existed previously in the same location. The reasons for dedicating a church to Saint Brendan are still unknown and probably untraceable.
The Normans and the many settlers that followed the Norman invasion brought into Sicily the tradition of Saint Brendan; there are very old papers of the 13th century written in Sicily that refer to him; in 1799 the countryside surrounding Brontë became the British ''"Duchy of Horatio Nelson"''. The town of Drogheda is twinned with Bronte.

Appearances in popular culture

* Australian novelist Patrick Holland re-imagines the Brendan voyage in his 2014 novel ''Navigatio''.
* Scottish poet A.B. Jackson uses the 14th-century Dutch 'Van Sente Brandane' as the basis for his poetry collection ''The Voyage of St Brendan'' (Bloodaxe Books, 2021).
* American author and theologian Frederick Buechner retold the life of Brendan the Navigator in his 1987 novel, '' Brendan''. The novel won the Christianity and Literature Book Award for Belles-Lettres in the same year.
* The "Brendan Voyage" is an orchestral suite for Uilleann pipes, written by Irish composer Shaun Davey recorded in 1980, featuring Liam O'Flynn. It is based on Tim Severin's book of the same name.
* The Celtic band Iona made an entire recording inspired by the voyage of Saint Brendan called Beyond These Shores, now available as part of the recording "The River Flows wrote an instrumental song titled "St Brendan's Reel" that appears on several albums including "Amadon Crest".
* In the 2005 film ''Beowulf & Grendel'', a travelling monk named Brendan the Celt sails to Denmark circa 521 A.D.
* J. R. R. Tolkien wrote a poem, "The Voyage of Saint Brendan", included in his time-travel story '' The Notion Club Papers'', published posthumously (1992) in '' Sauron Defeated''. He also published a version of the poem, titled "Imram", during his lifetime, in 1955.
* Tommy Makem's song "Brendan" on the album ''Rolling Home'' tells the story (explained in detail on the disk sleeve) of how Brendan had travelled to Newfoundland, down the coast to Florida, and thence back home to Ireland.
* Irish rock band The Elders have a song on their album ''Racing the Tide'' called "Saint Brendan Had a Boat".
* Saint Brendan has been adopted by the scuba diving industry as the Patron Saint of Scuba Divers.
* Irish folk singer Christy Moore had a humorous track called "St. Brendan's Voyage" on his 1985 album '' Ordinary Man''.
* Canadian indie band The Lowest of the Low correlate the voyage of St Brendan to the Atlantic passage of French and Irish immigrants to eastern Canada in the song "St Brendan's Way" on the album Shakespeare My Butt
* Ozarks folk singer Jimmy Driftwood wrote a humorous song about the voyage of St Brendan called "St. Brendan's Fair Isle".
* Irish poet James Harpur wrote a sonnet, "Brendan", included in his 2007 collection ''The Dark Age''; it makes mention of Brendan's encounter with Judas.
* Novelist Morgan Llywelyn wrote a fictional version of Brendan's life in her 2010 book, ''Brendán''.
* Novelist Patricia Kennealy-Morrison features a fictional Brendan in her book "The Deers Cry", a story with a science fiction twist. In this book, Brendan is a pagan who decides to leave Earth for another planet because of his dislike for Christianity.
* At the climactic scene of Robert E. Howard's story ''The Cairn on the Headland'', the protagonist uses a hallowed Cross made by Saint Brendan in order to banish the Norse god Odin, who was about to come back to life and destroy modern Dublin.
The Cairn on the Headland
', Project Gutenberg Australia. Accessed on 3 May 2020.
* Matthew Arnold's poem "Saint Brandan" tells of the meeting with Judas on the iceberg.
* Alison Brown, an American banjo player, guitarist, composer, and producer, has a song called "The Wonderful Sea Voyage (of Holy Saint Brendan) on her "Alison Brown Quartet" CD.
*In Part 2 of John Crowley's 2017 novel ''Ka: Dar Oakley in the Ruin of Ymr'', the crow Dar Oakley escorts a group of brothers and fisherman across the water. One of the brothers is revealed to be Saint Brendan.
* In the 2018 Call of Cthulhu video game, the fictional Darkwater Island features a statue of Saint Brendan in the docks. The fishermen of the island revere the saint, but the statue is defaced and later toppled by the cult on the island.
* In the 2020 video game Assassin's Creed Valhalla, players can solve many puzzles left by Brendan, voiced by Simon Lee Phillips.

See also

* List of people on stamps of Ireland
* Maeineann of Clonfert
* Maolán
* Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
* Saint Amaro, a semi-legendary Spanish navigator and saint
* Saint Brendan's Island, a phantom island said to have been discovered by St Brendan on his voyage
* Saint Brendan, patron saint archive

References

Bibliography

Secondary sources

* Ó Donnchadha, Gearóid. ''St Brendan of Kerry, the Navigator. His Life & Voyages.'' OPEN AIR 2004
* Meijer, Reinder. ''Literature of the Low Countries: A Short History of Dutch Literature in the Netherlands and Belgium.'' New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1971.

Primary sources

*''Navigatio Sancti Brendani Abbatis'' (Latin):
** trans. J.F. Webb in ''The Age of Bede'', ed. D. H. Farmer (Harmondsworth, 1983)
** ed. Carl Selmer, ''Navigatio Sancti Brendani Abbatis'' (South Bend, IN, 1959)
** trans. John O‟Meara and Jonathan Wooding, in ''The Voyage of Saint Brendan: Representative Versions of the Legend in English Translation'', ed. W.R.J. Barron and Glyn S. Burgess (Exeter, 2002).
** ed. and tr. G. Orlandi - R.E. Guglielmetti, ''Navigatio sancti Brendani. Alla scoperta dei segreti meravigliosi del mondo'' (Firenze, 2014).
*The First Irish ''Life'' of St Brendan
**ed. and tr. Whitley Stokes, ''Lives of Saints from the Book of Lismore''. Anecdota Oxoniensia, Mediaeval and Modern Series 5. Oxford, 1890. pp. 99–116, 247–61. Based on the Book of Lismore copy.
**ed. and tr. Denis O’Donoghue, ''Brendaniana. St Brendan the Voyager in Story and Legend''. Dublin, 1893. Partial edition and translation, based on the Book of Lismore as well as copies in Paris BNF celtique et basque 1 and BL Egerton 91.
*The Second Irish ''Life'' of St Brendan (conflated with the ''Navigatio''). Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique 4190–4200 (transcript by Mícheál Ó Cléirigh)
**ed. and tr. Charles Plummer, ''Bethada náem nÉrenn. Lives of the Irish saints''. Oxford: Clarendon, 1922. Vol. 1. pp. 44–95; vol. 2, 44–92.
* ''Voyage of St Brendan'' (Anglo-Norman)
** ''The Anglo-Norman Voyage of St Brendan'', ed. Brian Merrilees and Ian Short (Manchester, 1979)
** ''The Anglo-Norman Voyage of St Brendan by Benedeit'', ed. E.G. Waters (Oxford, 1928)
** ''Benedeit – Le Voyage de Saint Brandan'', ed. and transl. into German Ernstpeter Ruhe (München, 1977)
** Transl. in ''The Voyage of Saint Brendan: Representative Versions of the Legend in English Translation'', ed. W.R.J. Barron and Glyn S. Burgess (Exeter, 2002)

Further reading

* Bray, Dorothy, "Allegory in the ''Navigatio Sancti Brendani''", ''Viator 26'' (1995), 1–10.
* Burgess, Glyn S, and Clara Strijbosch, ''The Legend of St Brendan: A Critical Bibliography'' (Dublin, 2000)
* Chapman, Paul H., ''The Man who Led Columbus to America'' (Atlanta, Ga.: Judson Press, 1973)
* Dumville, David, "Two Approaches to the Dating of ''Nauigatio Sancti Brendani''", ''Studi medievali'', third s. 29 (1988), 87–102
* Esposito, M., "An Apocryphal Book of Enoch and Elias as a Possible Source for the ''Navigatio Sancti Brendani''", ''Celtica'' 5 (1960), 192–206
* Gardiner, Eileen,
Visions of Heaven and Hell Before Dante
' (New York: Italica Press, 1989), pp. 81–127, provides an English translation of the Latin text of the ''Voyage of St Brendan''.
* Iannello, Fausto, ''Jasconius rivelato. Studio comparativo del simbolismo religioso dell' "isola-balena" nella'' Navigatio sancti Brendani (Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso, 2013)
* Illingworth, Robin N., "The Structure of the Anglo-Norman ''Voyage of St Brendan'' by Benedeit," ''Medium Aevum'' 55:2 (1986), 217–29
* Jones, Robin F., "The Mechanics of Meaning in the Anglo-Norman ''Voyage of Saint Brendan''," ''Romanic Review'' 71:2 (1980), 105–13
* Moult, D. Pochin, "St Brendan: Celtic Vision and Romance,‟ in ''Ireland of the Saints'' (London, 1953), pp. 153–70
* Ritchie, R. L. G., "The Date of ''The Voyage of St Brendan''‟, ''Medium Aevum'' 19 (1950), 64–6
* Sobecki, Sebastian, "From the désert liquide to the Sea of Romance – Benedeit's ''Voyage de saint Brandan'' and the Irish ''immrama''", ''Neophilologus'' 87:2 (2003), 193–207
* Sobecki, Sebastian, ''The Sea and Medieval English Literature'' (Cambridge: 2008)
* Wooding, Jonathan, "St Brendan's Boat: Dead Hides and the Living Sea in Columban and Related Hagiography‟, in ''Studies in Irish Hagiography: Saints and Scholars'', eds John Carey, Máire Herbert and Pádraig Ó Riain (Dublin, 2001), pp. 77–92
* Wooding, Jonathan, ''The Otherworld Voyage in Early Irish Literature'' (Dublin, 2000).
* Wooding, Jonathan, "The medieval and early modern cult of St Brendan," in Boardman, Steve, John Reuben Davies, Eila Williamson (eds), ''Saints' Cults in the Celtic World'' (Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2009) (Studies in Celtic History),
* Murray, K. Sarah-Jane, "The Wave Cry, The Wind Cry," in From Plato to Lancelot (Syracuse University Press, 2008).

External links

St. Brendan the Navigator
* ttp://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost10/Brendanus/bre_navi.html ''"Navigatio sancti Brendani abbatis"''in (Latin
''"Voyage Of St Brendan The Abbot"''
in (English)

translated into English from the Book of Lismore.
''Betha Brénnain'' (Life of Brenainn)
in (Old Irish) from the Book of Lismore
Wall Street Journal: "Of Sainted Memory"Faroestamps.fo – Faroese stamp edition
(English, German, French, Danish, Faroese)

– 1893 lecture by John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute, available from Project Gutenberg

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6th-century Christian saints
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