The

sky The sky is an unobstructed view upward from the planetary surface, surface of the Earth. It includes the atmosphere of Earth, atmosphere and outer space. It may also be considered a place between the ground and outer space, thus distinct from ...

often has important religious significance. Many

polytheistic Polytheism is the belief in or worship of more than one Deity, god. According to Oxford Reference, it is not easy to count gods, and so not always obvious whether an apparently polytheistic religion, such as Chinese folk religions, is really so, ...

religions have

deities A deity or god is a supernatural being considered to be sacred and worthy of worship due to having authority over some aspect of the universe and/or life. The ''Oxford Dictionary of English'' defines ''deity'' as a God (male deity), god or god ...

associated with the sky. The daytime sky deities are typically distinct from the nighttime ones.

Stith Thompson Stith Thompson (March 7, 1885 – January 10, 1976) was an American folklore studies, folklorist: he has been described as "America's most important folklorist". He is the "Thompson" of the Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index, which indexes Folklore, ...

's ''

Motif-Index of Folk-Literature The ''Motif-Index of Folk-Literature'' is a six volume catalogue of motifs, granular elements of folklore, composed by American folklorist Stith Thompson (1932–1936, revised and expanded 1955–1958). Often referred to as Thompson's motif-index ...

'' reflects this by separating the category of "Sky-god" (A210) from that of "Star-god" (A250). In mythology, nighttime gods are usually known as night deities and gods of stars simply as star gods. Both of these categories are included here since they relate to the sky. Luminary deities are included as well since the sun and moon are located in the sky. Some religions may also have a deity or personification of the day, distinct from the god of the day lit sky, to complement the deity or personification of the night. Daytime gods and nighttime gods are frequently deities of an " upper world" or "celestial world" opposed to the earth and a " netherworld" (gods of the underworld are sometimes called "chthonic" deities). Within Greek mythology,

Uranus Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun. It is a gaseous cyan-coloured ice giant. Most of the planet is made of water, ammonia, and methane in a Supercritical fluid, supercritical phase of matter, which astronomy calls "ice" or Volatile ( ...

was the primordial sky god, who was ultimately succeeded by

Zeus Zeus (, ) is the chief deity of the List of Greek deities, Greek pantheon. He is a sky father, sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, mythology, who rules as king of the gods on Mount Olympus. Zeus is the child ...

, who ruled the celestial realm atop

Mount Olympus Mount Olympus (, , ) is an extensive massif near the Thermaic Gulf of the Aegean Sea, located on the border between Thessaly and Macedonia (Greece), Macedonia, between the regional units of Larissa (regional unit), Larissa and Pieria (regional ...

. In contrast to the celestial

Olympians Olympian or Olympians may refer to: Religion * Twelve Olympians, the principal gods and goddesses in ancient Greek religion * Olympian spirits, spirits mentioned in books of ceremonial magic Fiction * ''Percy Jackson & the Olympians'', fiction ...

was the chthonic deity

Hades Hades (; , , later ), in the ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, mythology, is the god of the dead and the king of the Greek underworld, underworld, with which his name became synonymous. Hades was the eldest son of Cronus and Rhea ...

, who ruled the underworld, and

Poseidon Poseidon (; ) is one of the twelve Olympians in ancient Greek religion and mythology, presiding over the sea, storms, earthquakes and horses.Burkert 1985pp. 136–139 He was the protector of seafarers and the guardian of many Hellenic cit ...

, who ruled the sea. Any masculine sky god is often also king of the gods, taking the position of

patriarch The highest-ranking bishops in Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Roman Catholic Church (above major archbishop and primate), the Hussite Church, Church of the East, and some Independent Catholic Churches are termed patriarchs (and ...

within a pantheon. Such king gods are collectively categorized as "

sky father In comparative mythology, sky father is a term for a recurring concept in polytheistic religions of a sky god who is addressed as a "father", often the father of a pantheon and is often either a reigning or former King of the Gods. The conc ...

" deities, with a polarity between sky and earth often being expressed by pairing a "sky father" god with an "

earth mother A mother goddess is a major goddess characterized as a mother or progenitor, either as an embodiment of motherhood and fertility or fulfilling the cosmological role of a creator- and/or destroyer-figure, typically associated the Earth, sky, a ...

" goddess (pairings of a sky ''mother'' with an earth ''father'' are less frequent). A main sky goddess is often the queen of the gods and may be an air/sky goddess in her own right, though she usually has other functions as well with "sky" not being her main. In antiquity, several sky goddesses in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Near East were called

Queen of Heaven Queen of Heaven () is a title given by the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodoxy, to Mary, mother of Jesus, and, to a lesser extent, in Anglicanism and Lutheranism. The title has long been a tradition, included in prayers and devotional literat ...

. Gods may rule the sky as a pair (for example, ancient Semitic supreme god El and the fertility goddess

Asherah Asherah (; ; ; ; Qatabanian language, Qatabanian: ') was a goddess in ancient Semitic religions. She also appears in Hittites, Hittite writings as ''Ašerdu(š)'' or ''Ašertu(š)'' (), and as Athirat in Ugarit. Some scholars hold that Ashera ...

whom he was most likely paired with). The following is a list of sky deities in various polytheistic traditions arranged mostly by language family, which is typically a better indicator of relatedness than geography.

African

Central African

* Khonvoum,

Mbuti The Mbuti people, or Bambuti, are one of several indigenous pygmy groups in the Congo region of Africa. Their languages are Central Sudanic languages and Bantu languages. Subgroups Bambuti are pygmy hunter-gatherers, and are one of the oldest ...

supreme creator god and sky father * Nzambi Mpungu,

Bakongo The Kongo people (also , singular: or ''M'kongo; , , singular: '') are a Bantu ethnic group primarily defined as the speakers of Kikongo. Subgroups include the Beembe, Bwende, Vili, Sundi, Yombe, Dondo, Lari, and others. They have li ...

creator, sky and sun god * Nzambici,

sky, moon and earth goddess

East African

* Mulungu,

Nyamwezi Nyamwezi may refer to: * Nyamwezi people, of Tanzania * Nyamwezi language Nyamwezi is a major Bantu language of central Tanzania. It forms a dialect continuum A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of Variety (linguistics), langu ...

creator and sky god * Waaq creator and sky god.

Ancient Egypt

Amun Amun was a major ancient Egyptian deity who appears as a member of the Hermopolitan Ogdoad. Amun was attested from the Old Kingdom together with his wife Amunet. His oracle in Siwa Oasis, located in Western Egypt near the Libyan Desert, r ...

Ancient Egyptian Ancient Egypt () was a cradle of civilization concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in Northeast Africa. It emerged from prehistoric Egypt around 3150BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology), when Upper and Lower E ...

god of creation and the wind *

Anhur In Ancient Egyptian mythology, Onuris (also known as Onouris, Anhur, Anhuret, Han-Her, Inhert) was a god of war who was worshipped in the Egyptian area of Abydos, and particularly in Thinis. Myths told that he had brought his wife, Mehit, who wa ...

, Ancient Egyptian originally a foreign war god *

Hathor Hathor (, , , Meroitic language, Meroitic: ') was a major ancient Egyptian deities, goddess in ancient Egyptian religion who played a wide variety of roles. As a sky deity, she was the mother or consort of the sky god Horus and the sun god R ...

, Ancient Egyptian originally a sky goddess *

Horus Horus (), also known as Heru, Har, Her, or Hor () in Egyptian language, Ancient Egyptian, is one of the most significant ancient Egyptian deities who served many functions, most notably as the god of kingship, healing, protection, the sun, and t ...

, Ancient Egyptian god of the sun, sky, kings, and war *

Khonsu Khonsu (; also transliterated Chonsu, Khensu, Khons, Chons, Khonshu, or Konshu; ) is an ancient Egyptian god of lunar deity, the Moon. His name means 'traveller', and this may relate to the perceived nightly travel of the Moon across the sky. Al ...

, Ancient Egyptian moon god * Mehet-Weret, Ancient Egyptian goddess of the sky * Nut, Ancient Egyptian goddess of the sky * Ra, Ancient Egyptian god of the sun that ruled the sky, earth and underworld * Shu, Ancient Egyptian god of the air *

Thoth Thoth (from , borrowed from , , the reflex of " eis like the ibis") is an ancient Egyptian deity. In art, he was often depicted as a man with the head of an African sacred ibis, ibis or a baboon, animals sacred to him. His feminine count ...

, Ancient Egyptian original moon god

Southern African

* Umvelinqangi, Zulu sky god * Utixo,

Khoikhoi Khoikhoi (Help:IPA/English, /ˈkɔɪkɔɪ/ Help:Pronunciation respelling key, ''KOY-koy'') (or Khoekhoe in Namibian orthography) are the traditionally Nomad, nomadic pastoralist Indigenous peoples, indigenous population of South Africa. They ...

sky god * Xamaba, Heikum creator and sky god

West African

* Denka,

Dinka The Dinka people () are a Nilotic ethnic group native to South Sudan. The Dinka mostly live along the Nile, from Mangalla-Bor to Renk, in the region of Bahr el Ghazal, Upper Nile (two out of three provinces that were formerly part of southern ...

god of sky, rain and fertility *

Nyame Onyame, Nyankopɔn (Onyankopɔng) or Ɔdomankoma is the supreme god of the Akan people of Ghana, who is most commonly known as Nyame. The name means "The one who knows and sees everything", and "omniscient, omnipotent sky deity" in the Akan lang ...

Akan Akan may refer to: People and languages *Akan people, an ethnic group in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire *Akan languages, a language group within the wider Central Tano languages *Kwa languages, a language group which includes Akan *Central Tano language ...

supreme deity, god of the sky * Olorun, Yoruba supreme deity, god of the sky and heaven *

Shango Shango (Yoruba language: Ṣàngó, also known as Changó or Xangô in Latin America; as Jakuta or Badé; and as Ṣangó in Trinidad Orisha) is an Orisha (or spirit) in Yoruba religion. Genealogically speaking, Shango is a royal ancestor of th ...

, Yoruba sky father and thunder god *

Amadioha Amadioha is the deity or god (Arusi or Agbara) of thunder and lightning of the Igbo people of southeastern Nigeria. His main function is to do justice and avenge for the oppressed by striking their oppressors and their properties. But due to the ...

, Igbo thunder and lightning god * Osalobua,

Benin Benin, officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in West Africa. It was formerly known as Dahomey. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, Burkina Faso to the north-west, and Niger to the north-east. The majority of its po ...

supreme creator god and sky father * Wulbari, Guang sky god * Abasi (is for ever) Ibom enyon,

Ibibio People The Ibibio people ( ), also known as Ibom People or Ibom are a coastal people in southern Nigeria. They are mostly found in Akwa Ibom State, Akwa Ibom, Cross River State, Cross River, and the Eastern part of Abia State. During the Colonial Nigeri ...

God, or the one who is forever; compound word, Kingdom of High *

Achamán Achamán is the supreme god of the Guanches on the island of Tenerife; he is the father god and creator. The name means literally "the skies", in allusion to the celestial vault (the sky). Achamán, an omnipotent and eternal god, created the la ...

Guanche Guanche may refer to: *Guanches, the indigenous people of the Canary Islands *Guanche language, an extinct language, spoken by the Guanches until the 16th or 17th century *''Conus guanche ''Conus guanche'' is a species of sea snail, a marine ga ...

creator and sky god

European

Proto-Indo-European

* Dyeus, the chief

of the

Proto-Indo-European religion Proto-Indo-European mythology is the body of myths and deities associated with the Proto-Indo-Europeans, speakers of the hypothesized Proto-Indo-European language. Although the mythological motifs are not directly attested – since Proto-In ...

* Hausos, dawn goddess and daughter of Dyeus * Menot, moon deity * Sehul, sun deity

Albanian

* Zojz, the sky-god * Dielli, the Sun * Hëna, the Moon * Prende, Afër-dita, the dawn, Venus

Baltic

* Auštaras, the god of the northeast wind *

Dievs Lithuanian Dievas, Latvian Dievs and Debestēvs (" Sky-Father"), Latgalian Dīvs, Old Prussian Diews, Yotvingian Deivas was the primordial supreme god in the Baltic mythology, one of the most important deities together with Perkūnas, and the ...

, the god of the day-lit sky and the chief god in

Latvian mythology Latvian mythology is the collection of myths that have emerged throughout the history of Latvia, sometimes being elaborated upon by successive generations, and at other times being rejected and replaced by other explanatory narratives. These myt ...

* Vejopatis, the god of the wind who guards the divine realm of Dausos

Celtic

* Latobius, sky and mountain god equated with the Greek gods Zeus and Ares * Nuada, god of the sky, wind, and war *

Sulis In the localised Celtic polytheism practised in Great Britain, Sulis was a deity worshiped at the thermal spring of Bath. She was worshiped by the Romano-British as Sulis Minerva, whose votive objects and inscribed lead tablets suggest that she ...

, goddess of the hot springs at Bath; probably originally the pan-Celtic sun goddess * Ambisagrus, Cisalpine god of rain, sky and hail equated to the Roman god Jupiter *

Tuireann In Irish mythology, Tuireann (Old Irish: Tuirenn or Tuirill Biccreo) was the father by Danu (Irish goddess), Danu (or Brigid) of Creidhne, Luchtaine, and Goibniu. His other sons included Brian (mythology), Brian, Iuchar, and Iucharba, who killed L ...

, Irish god of thunder and the sky,

Gaulish Gaulish is an extinct Celtic languages, Celtic language spoken in parts of Continental Europe before and during the period of the Roman Empire. In the narrow sense, Gaulish was the language of the Celts of Gaul (now France, Luxembourg, Belgium, ...

name

Taranis Taranis (sometimes Taranus or Tanarus) is a Celtic thunder god attested in literary and epigraphic sources. The Roman poet Lucan's epic ''Pharsalia'' mentions Taranis, Esus, and Teutates as gods to whom the Gauls sacrificed humans. This rare ...

English

Nuit Nuit (alternatively Nu, Nut, or Nuith) is a goddess in Thelema, the speaker in the first chapter of ''The Book of the Law'', the sacred text written or received in 1904 by Aleister Crowley. Nuit is based on the Ancient Egyptian deities, Ancient ...

, goddess of "Infinite Space and Infinite Stars" in

Thelema Thelema () is a Western esotericism, Western esoteric and occult social or spiritual philosophy and a new religious movement founded in the early 1900s by Aleister Crowley (1875–1947), an English writer, mystic, occultist, and ceremonial ma ...

Germanic

Dagr Dagr (Old Norse 'day')Lindow (2001:91). is the divine personification of the day in Norse mythology. He appears in the ''Poetic Edda'', compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the ''Prose Edda'', written in the 13th cen ...

, personification of day * Eostre, spring and fertility goddess; originally the Germanic dawn goddess * Mēnô, the moon *

Nótt In Norse mythology, Night, Old West Norse: (), Old East Norse: (),Orchard (1997:120). is a goddess and personification of the night. In both the ''Poetic Edda'', compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the ''Prose Edda ...

, personification of night * Sōwilō, the sun * Teiwaz, early Germanic sky god, also the god of law, justice, and the

thing (assembly) A thing, also known as a folkmoot, assembly, tribal council, and Thing (assembly)#Etymology, by other names, was a governing assembly in early Germanic peoples, Germanic society, made up of the free people of the community presided over by a l ...

Thor Thor (from ) is a prominent list of thunder gods, god in Germanic paganism. In Norse mythology, he is a hammer-wielding æsir, god associated with lightning, thunder, storms, sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology, sacred g ...

, God of Sky, Strength and thunder, champion of the deities. Equated with Jupiter

Greek

* Aether, primeval god of the upper air *

Apollo Apollo is one of the Twelve Olympians, Olympian deities in Ancient Greek religion, ancient Greek and Ancient Roman religion, Roman religion and Greek mythology, Greek and Roman mythology. Apollo has been recognized as a god of archery, mu ...

, god of the sun, archery, prophecy, medicine, plagues... *

Artemis In ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, mythology, Artemis (; ) is the goddess of the hunting, hunt, the wilderness, wild animals, transitions, nature, vegetation, childbirth, Kourotrophos, care of children, and chastity. In later tim ...

, goddess of the moon, hunt, virginity, childbirth... *

Astraeus In Greek mythology, Astraeus () or Astraios () is the son of Crius and Eurybia, and the consort of Eos. He is said to be the father of the winds. Etymology His name "Astraeus" (Ancient Greek , translit. ''Astraîos'') is derived from the G ...

, dusk god *

Eos In ancient Greek mythology and Ancient Greek religion, religion, Eos (; Ionic Greek, Ionic and Homeric Greek ''Ēṓs'', Attic Greek, Attic ''Héōs'', "dawn", or ; Aeolic Greek, Aeolic ''Aúōs'', Doric Greek, Doric ''Āṓs'') is the go ...

, dawn goddess *

Helios In ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, mythology, Helios (; ; Homeric Greek: ) is the god who personification, personifies the Sun. His name is also Latinized as Helius, and he is often given the epithets Hyperion ("the one above") an ...

, personification/titan of the sun *

Hemera In Greek mythology, Hemera (; ) was the personification of day. According to Hesiod, she was the daughter of Erebus (Darkness) and Nyx (Night), and the sister of Aether. Though separate entities in Hesiod's ''Theogony'', Hemera and Eos (Dawn ...

, primordial goddess of day *

Hera In ancient Greek religion, Hera (; ; in Ionic Greek, Ionic and Homeric Greek) is the goddess of marriage, women, and family, and the protector of women during childbirth. In Greek mythology, she is queen of the twelve Olympians and Mount Oly ...

, goddess of the air, marriage, women, women's fertility, childbirth, heirs, kings, and empires * Iris, goddess of the rainbow and messenger of Hera *

Nephele In Greek and Roman mythology, Nephele (; ; corresponding to Latin ''nebula'') is the name of two figures associated with clouds, sometimes confused with each other, who figures respectively in the stories of Ixion and in the story of Phrixus and ...

, cloud nymph in Hera's likeness * Nyx, primordial goddess of night *

Selene In ancient Greek mythology and Ancient Greek religion, religion, Selene (; , meaning "Moon")''A Greek–English Lexicon's.v. σελήνη is the goddess and personification of the Moon. Also known as Mene (), she is traditionally the daughter ...

, personification/titan of the moon *

, primeval god of the sky *

, king of the gods, ruler of

, god of the sky, weather, law, order, and civilization

Messapian

* Zis, god of the sky

Roman

Aurora An aurora ( aurorae or auroras), also commonly known as the northern lights (aurora borealis) or southern lights (aurora australis), is a natural light display in Earth's sky, predominantly observed in high-latitude regions (around the Arc ...

, dawn goddess *

Caelus Caelus or Coelus (; ) was a primordial List of Roman deities, god of the sky in Roman mythology and Religion in ancient Rome, theology, Roman art, iconography, and Latin literature, literature (compare 'sky', 'heaven', whence English ''celestia ...

, personification of the sky, equivalent to the Greek

* Juno, goddess of the sky, queen of the gods, and Jupiter's wife, equivalent to the Greek

Jupiter Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the List of Solar System objects by size, largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a Jupiter mass, mass more than 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined a ...

, king of heaven and god of the sky and weather, equivalent to the Greek

Luna Luna commonly refers to: * Earth's Moon, named "Luna" in Latin, Spanish and other languages * Luna (goddess) In Sabine and ancient Roman religion and myth, Luna is the divine embodiment of the Moon (Latin ''Lūna'' ). She is often presented as t ...

, moon goddess * Nox, Roman version of Nyx, night goddess and mother of Discordia * Sol, sun god *

Summanus Summanus () was the god of nocturnal thunder in ancient Roman religion, as counterposed to Jupiter, the god of diurnal (daylight) thunder. His precise nature was unclear even to Ovid. Pliny thought that he was of Etruscan origin, and one of t ...

, god of nocturnal thunder/lightning

Slavic

* Dazhbog (or

Svarog Svarog is a Slavic god who may be associated with fire and blacksmithing and who was once interpreted as a sky god on the basis of an etymology rejected by modern scholarship. He is mentioned in only one source, the ''Primary Chronicle'', which ...

), god of the Sun *

Khors Khors is a Slavic god of uncertain functions mentioned since the 12th century. Generally interpreted as a sun god, sometimes as a moon god. The meaning of the theonym is also unknown: most often his name has been combined with the Iranian wor ...

, god of the Moon *

Stribog Stribog is a god in Slavic mythology found in three East Slavic sources, whose cult may also have existed in Poland. The sources do not inform about the functions of the god, but nowadays he is most often interpreted as a wind deity who distribut ...

, god of the winds, sky, and air *

Perun In Slavic paganism, Slavic mythology, Perun () is the highest god of the Pantheon (religion), pantheon and the god of sky, thunder, lightning, storms, rain, law, war, fertility and oak trees. His other attributes were fire, mountains, wind, ir ...

, god of the thunderstorms, lightning and sky. *

Triglav Triglav (; ; ), with an elevation of , is the highest mountain in Slovenia and the highest peak of the Julian Alps. The mountain is the pre-eminent symbol of the Slovene nation, appearing on the Coat of arms of Slovenia, coat of arms and Flag ...

, a triple god whose three heads represent sky, earth, and underworld *

Zorya Zorya (Literal translation, lit. "Dawn"; also many variants: Zarya, Zaria, Zorza, Zirnytsia, Zaranitsa, Zoryushka, etc.) is a figure in Slavic folklore, a feminine personification of dawn, possibly goddess. Depending on tradition, she may appear ...

, goddess of dawn

Thracian and Phrygian

Sabazios Sabazios (, ''Savázios''; alternatively, ''Sabadios'') is a deity originating in Asia Minor. He is the horseman and sky father god of the Phrygians and Thracians. Sabazios gained prominence across the Roman Empire, particularly favored in the ...

, sky father

Asian

Western Asian

, sky goddess and consort of El; after the rise of Yahweh, she may have become Yahweh's consort before she was demonized and the Israelite religion became monotheistic *

Baalshamin Baalshamin (), also called Baal Shamem () and Baal Shamaim (), was a Northwest Semitic god and a title applied to different gods at different places or times in ancient Middle Eastern inscriptions, especially in Canaan/Phoenicia and Syria. The t ...

, "Lord of the Heavens" (cf. Armenian Barsamin) *

El (god) El is a Northwest Semitic word meaning 'god' or 'deity', or referring (as a proper name) to any one of multiple major Religions of the ancient Near East, ancient Near Eastern deities. A rarer form, ''ila'', represents the Predicate (grammar), ...

, original sky god and sky father of the Semitic speakers (replaced by Yahweh among Israelites)

Iranian

* Asmān, god of sky * Māh, god of the moon * Ohrmazd, sky father, the Great God * Tīštar, god of Sirius star and Rainfall. * Xwarxšēd, god of the sun

Central Asian

Turkic and Mongolic

Tengri Tengri (; Old Uyghur: ; Middle Turkic: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Proto-Turkic: / ; Mongolian script: , ; , ; , ) is the all-encompassing God of Heaven in the traditional Turkic, Yeniseian, Mongolic, and various other nomadic religious beliefs. So ...

, god of the sky *

Ülgen Bai-Ülgen or Ülgen (Old Turkic: 𐰈𐰞𐰏𐰅𐰣; Cyrillic: Үлгэн) is a Turkic creator-deity, usually distinct from Tengri but sometimes identified with him in the same manner as Helios and Apollo. His name is from Old Turkic ''bay' ...

Kayra Kayra or Kaira (Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰖𐰺𐰀) is the creator god in Turkic mythology. He is the god who planted the tree of life called Ulukayın. Kayra is described as both father and mother, and resides in the 17th layer of heaven. Kayra is ...

Hindu

Aditi Aditi (Sanskrit: अदिति, lit. 'boundless' or 'limitless' or 'innocence') is an important Vedic goddess in Hinduism. She is the personification of the sprawling infinite and vast cosmos. She is the goddess of motherhood, consciousne ...

, celestial mother of the gods *

Chandra Chandra (), also known as Soma (), is the Hindu god of the Moon, and is associated with the night, plants and vegetation. He is one of the Navagraha (nine planets of Hinduism) and Dikpala (guardians of the directions). Etymology and other ...

, god of the moon *

Dyaus Pita Dyaus (Vedic Sanskrit: द्यौस्, ) or Dyauspitr (Vedic Sanskrit: द्यौष्पितृ, ) is the Rigvedic sky deity. His consort is Prthvi, the earth goddess, and together they are the archetypal parents in the Rigveda. N ...

, sky father *

Indra Indra (; ) is the Hindu god of weather, considered the king of the Deva (Hinduism), Devas and Svarga in Hinduism. He is associated with the sky, lightning, weather, thunder, storms, rains, river flows, and war. volumes Indra is the m ...

, king of the gods, associated with weather *

Ratri Ratri (, ; also referred to as Nisha), is a Vedic goddess in Hinduism. She is the personification of the night. The majority of references to Ratri are found in Rigveda and she is described as the sister of Ushas, the personification of dawn. ...

, goddess of night *

Saranyu Sanjna (, , also spelled as Samjna and Sangya), also known as Saranyu (, ), is a Hindu goddess associated with clouds and the chief consort of Surya, the Sun god. She is mentioned in the ''Rigveda'', the '' Harivamsa'' and the '' Puranas''. I ...

, goddess of clouds *

Surya Surya ( ; , ) is the Sun#Dalal, Dalal, p. 399 as well as the solar deity in Hinduism. He is traditionally one of the major five deities in the Smarta tradition, Smarta tradition, all of whom are considered as equivalent deities in the Panchaya ...

, god of the sun *

Ushas Ushas (Vedic Sanskrit: , , nominative singular उषास्) is a Vedic goddess of dawn in Hinduism. She repeatedly appears in the Rigvedic hymns, states David Kinsley, where she is "consistently identified with dawn, revealing herself with ...

, goddess of dawn *

Varuna Varuna (; , ) is a Hindu god. He is one of the earliest deities in pantheon, whose role underwent a significant transformation from the Vedic to the Puranic periods. In the early Vedic era, Varuna is seen as the god-sovereign, ruling the sky ...

, a sky god

Eastern Asian

Vietnamese

Ông Trời Ông Trời (), commonly referred to as Trời ("sky, heaven"), is one of the most important gods in Vietnamese folk religion, traditional Vietnamese folk religion. Later, due to the influence of Taoism, he was merged and identified with the Jade ...

, sky god in Vietnamese indigenous religion * Ông Tử Vi, king of the stars * Mẫu Cửu Trùng Thiên, she is the daughter of Ông Trời, the sister of the Mẫu Thượng Thiên, Mặt Trời, Mặt Trăng and also a goddess who rules the sky * Mẫu Thượng Thiên, she is the daughter of Ông Trời and also one of the rulers of the sky * Pháp Vân, cloud goddess * Thần Mặt Trời, goddess of the sun, daughter of Ông Trời * Thần Mặt Trăng, goddess of the moon, daughter of Ông Trời * Hằng Nga, the goddess who lives on the moon with uncle Cuội and

Moon Rabbit The Moon rabbit, Moon hare or Jade rabbit is a mythical figure in both East Asian and indigenous American folklore, based on interpretations that identify the lunar mare, dark markings on the near side of the Moon as a rabbit or hare. In East A ...

Thai

* Phaya Thaen (), the king of heaven, the

protagonist A protagonist () is the main character of a story. The protagonist makes key decisions that affect the plot, primarily influencing the story and propelling it forward, and is often the character who faces the most significant obstacles. If a ...

in a

Rocket Festival A rocket (from , and so named for its shape) is a vehicle that uses jet propulsion to accelerate without using any surrounding air. A rocket engine produces thrust by reaction to exhaust expelled at high speed. Rocket engines work entirely fr ...

Chinese

* Yu Huang Dadi-

Jade Emperor In the Chinese mythology, myths and Chinese folk religion, folk religion of Chinese culture, the Jade Emperor or Yudi is one of the representations of the Primordial Divinity (Tai Di), primordial god. In Taoist theology, he is the assistant of ...

(center) * Ziwei Dadi- polestar emperor (north) * Changsheng Dadi-longevity emperor (south) * Qinghua Dadi-azure-illustrious emperor (east) * Taiji Tianhuang Dadi-ultimate heaven emperor (west) *

Chang'e Chang'e ( ; ), originally known as Heng'e (), is the goddess of the Moon and wife of Hou Yi, the great archer. Renowned for her beauty, Chang'e is also known for her ascending to the Moon with her pet Yu Tu, the Moon Rabbit and living in the Mo ...

, moon goddess who lives with the

moon rabbit The Moon rabbit, Moon hare or Jade rabbit is a mythical figure in both East Asian and indigenous American folklore, based on interpretations that identify the lunar mare, dark markings on the near side of the Moon as a rabbit or hare. In East A ...

* Shang Di, the celestial emperor * Tian or Heaven * Xihe (deity), sun goddess * Zhinü, weaver of the clouds * ''Xian (Taoism), Xian'', Taoist spirits associated with the sky and ''tian''

Japanese

* Amaterasu, goddess of the sun and the universe, ancestor of the emperors of Japan, and the most important deity in Shintoism. * Amenominakanushi, heavenly ancestral god. * Izanagi, creator of Japan and

. * Izanami, creator goddess of Japan with her husband; starts off as a sky goddess, but after she dies becomes a death/underworld/chthonic goddess. * Marici (Buddhism), Marici, Buddhist goddess of the heavens. * Tsukuyomi, god of the moon and brother of Amaterasu.

Korean

*Hwanin, sky god. *Hwanung, son of Hwanin.

The Americas

Haitian

* Badessy, Haitian Vodou, Vodou loa associated with the sky.

Incan

*Inca mythology, Chaska Coyllur, goddess of beauty, flowers and young maidens. Personification of planet Venus. *Inca mythology, Chuqui Chinchay, incarnation of various stars and meteorological phenomena. *Inca mythology, Coyllur, goddess of all the stars. *Inca mythology, Illapa, god of the sky, atmospheric phenomena and war. *Inti, god of the Sun. *Inca mythology, Kon, god of the wind and rain. *Inca mythology, Kuychi, god of rainbows. *Pacha Kamaq, Pachakamaq, creator and sustainer god of all the universe. *Mama Killa, goddess of the Moon. *Virococha, Viracocha, heavenly father and god creator of all that exists.

Inuit

* Anguta, sky father and psychopomp. * Ataksak, goddess of the sky. * Negafook, god of weather systems. * Torngarsuk, god of the sky.

Iroquoian

* Atahensic, Iroquois sky goddess who fell to Earth at the time of creation.

Lakota

*Anpao wichapi, the Morning Star spirit, bringer of knowledge and new beginnings *Han, the spirit of night, representative of ignorance *Wanbli Gleska, the Spotted Eagle spirit, usually regarded as Wakan Thanka *Hanwi, the moon spirit of knowledge, feminine power, sometimes considered to be the wife of Wi (mythology), Wi *Mahpiya Oyate, the Cloud People, also known as the Wichapi Oyate (Star People) *Wohpe, the spirit of meteors or falling stars (often confused with Fallen Star), also the spirit of beauty, love, wishes, dreams, and prophecy *Wakinyan, thunder spirit usually taking the form of a bird *Wi (mythology), Wi, the sun spirit responsible for bringing light and wisdom to the Lakota oyate *Wichapi oyate, the Star People, each having respective powers however they usually represent knowledge to some degree *Wichapi Hinhpaya, the Fallen Star, the son of Wichapi owáŋžila and Tapun Sa Win *Wichapi owáŋžila, the Resting Star or Polaris, the widower of Tapun Sa Win (Red Cheeked Woman)

Lencans

* Itanipuca, sky father and god of celestial bodies * Icelca, god of time and seasons

Mayan

* Cabaguil, god of the sky. * Hunab Ku, sky father. * Tzacol, sky god and creator deity.

Puebloans

* Ápoyan Ta'chu, sky father in Zuni mythology

Taíno mythology

* Yaya, supreme god in Taíno mythology

Uto-Aztecan

* Citlalincue, goddess of the Milky Way * Cipactonal, god of the daytime * Oxomoco, goddess of nighttime * Centzonmimixcoa, 400 gods of the northern stars * Centzonhuitznahua, 400 gods of the southern stars * Coyolxauhqui, goddess of the Moon * Meztli, goddess of the Moon * Tonatiuh, god of the Sun * Tianquiztli, star goddesses (see the Pleiades) * Citlaltonac, god of male stars * Citlalmina, goddess of female stars * Citlaxonecuilli, goddess of Ursa Major * Eototo, Hopi head kachina and sky father

Australian

* Altjira, Arrernte people, Arrernte creator and sky god. * Baiame, southeast Australian creator and sky god. * Bila (sun), cannibalistic sun goddess. * Binbeal, god of rainbows. * Bunjil, Kulin people, Kulin creator and sky god. * Daramulum, one-legged emu sky god. * Numakulla, a pair of creator and sky gods. * Rainbow Serpent, creator god in many Aboriginal cultures associated with water, rain, and rainbows, though it also has a chthonic connection.

Burmese

* Akathaso, the spirits of the sky

Etruscan

* Etruscan mythology, Ani, primordial god of the sky identified with the Greek Uranus and Roman Caelus * Tinia, god of the sky

Filipino

*llanit: a group of Isnag sky dwellers who are helpful harvest spirits

Hurrian

* Hepit, goddess of the sky * Teshub, god of the sky and storms

Meitei/Sanamahism

* Sidaba Mapu, the sky god and the Supreme Deity * Salailen (Soraren), father sky who help humans to build a civilisation * Konthoujam Tampha Lairembi, queen of heaven * Korouhanba, sky and sun god * Nongshaba, celestial dragon lion * Nongthang Leima, thunder and lightning goddess * Pakhangba, celestial dragon god * Taoroinai, heavenly dragon god * Sajik (Arietis) * Thaba (Musca) * Thangching, ancestral God descended from the heaven * Khongjom Nubi (Pleiades) * Apaknga (Lunar mansions) * Sachung Telheiba (A Orionis) * Likla Saphaba (Orion) * Chingcharoibi (G Geminorum) * Chungshennubi (Cancer)

Malagasy

* Zanahary, sky deity of Malagasy mythology, Madagascar

Māori

* Ao (Māori mythology), Ao, god of light and the sky * Rangi and Papa, Ranginui, sky father * Tāwhaki Being of thunder and lightning * Tāwhirimātea God of weather, storms, thunder and lightning * Tane-rore, personification of shimmering air * Te Uira Personification of lightning * Whaitiri Female Personification of Thunder * Uenuku, god of rainbows

Other Pacific Islanders

* Abeguwo, Melanesian sky goddess * Amai-te-rangi, sky demon of Mangaia * Atua I Kafika, supreme sky god of Polynesia * Ira (mythology), Ira, Polynesian sky goddess * Laufakana'a, Tongan creator god and sky father * Tangaloa (Tongan mythology), Tangaloa, Tongan sky god

Sumerian

* Anshar, god of the sky * Anu, king of the gods, associated with the sky, heaven, and constellations * Enlil, god of breath, air, and wind * Utu, god of the sun

Uralic

Finnic

* Ilmarinen, Ilmari, godlike smith-hero and creator of the sky. * Ilmatar, virgin spirit of the air * Ukko, supreme god of sky, weather, thunder, crops (harvest) and other natural things. * Perkele, associated with Ukko by some researchers. A name for Devil in Finnish. * Tharapita, Taara, Oeselians, Oeselian chief god of thunder and the sky

Mari

* Kugu Jumo, chief god of the sky, creator of the world, associated with a duck * Tõlze, god of the moon * Piambar, daughter of the sky * Shudyr-Shamich, god of the stars * Uzhara, god of the dawn

Mordvin

* Värde-Škaj, Mokshas, Mokshan supreme god of the sky * Niškepaz, Erzya Mordvins, Erzyan supreme god of the sky * Kovava, Mokshan goddess of the moon

Permic

* Inmar, Udmurt people, Udmurt god of the heavens * Jenmar, Komi peoples, Komi sky and chief god, creator of the world, associated with the moose

Sami

* Horagalles, Sami god of the sky, thunder and lightning, the rainbow, weather, oceans, lakes, human life, health and well-being. * Mano, god of the moon

Samoyedic

* Num, god of the sky

Ugric

* Num-Torum, Num-Toorum-Aś, Ob-Ugric peoples, Ob-Ugric supreme god and ruler of the kingdom of the sky in the north

References

{{List of mythological figures by region Sky and weather deities, Mythological archetypes Lists of deities, Sky deities