Seudah

A ''seudat mitzvah'' ( he, סעודת מצוה, "commanded meal"), in Judaism, is an obligatory festive meal, usually referring to the celebratory meal following the fulfillment of a '' mitzvah'' (commandment), such as a bar mitzvah, bat mitzvah, a wedding, a ''brit milah'' (ritual circumcision), or a ''siyum'' (completing a tractate of Talmud or Mishnah). ''Seudot'' fixed in the calendar (i.e., for holidays and fasts) are also considered ''seudot mitzvah'', but many have their own, more commonly used names.

Seudat Brit Milah

Attendance at a ''brit milah'' (circumcision) and its subsequent ''seudah'' is of such great significance that Rabbi Moshe Isserles ("the Rama") notes that a Talmudic saying that one who is invited but does not participate in the ''seudat brit milah'' is ostracized by God. For this reason, people are generally not invited, but merely informed of the ''brits time and location. Talmudic sages have compared a ''brit'' to a Temple sacrifice, and eating at a ''seudat brit milah'' to eating a Temple sacrifice. Hasidic Jews generally insist on serving meat at a ''seudat brit milah'' since most Temple offerings were meat. Sharing a meal is considered a bonding experience celebrating the covenant between God and the Jewish people.

Seudat Pidyon HaBen

Unlike other ''seudot mitzvah'' in which the meal (''seudah'') follows the act or ceremony which warrants the festive meal, the redemption ceremony for a first-born Jewish male child (called ''Pidyon HaBen'' in Hebrew), is actually ''part'' of the meal. The ceremony is led by a kohen, who ritually washes his hands, recites the blessing over bread, and partakes of some bread before beginning the ceremony. The ceremony, which follows a traditional text, is a verbal exchange between the kohen and the father of the child. The kohen asks the father if he prefers to keep his money, or pay the equivalent of five silver shekels to redeem his child. The father chooses the latter option and hands over the money, as well as recites a special blessing ("''al pidyon haben''"). Then the kohen verbalizes the redemption, blesses the child, and says the traditional blessing over a cup of wine, which he then drinks. The ''seudat mitzvah'' continues with all guests in attendance washing for bread and partaking of the festive meal.

While attending the ''seudah'' for a ''Pidyon Haben'', the Vilna Gaon was asked whether it was true that all the Torah's commandments are alluded to in '' Bereishit'', the first portion of the Torah. After the Gaon affirmed this, he was asked where the commandment of ''pidyon haben'' was alluded to and the Gaon replied that it was in the word ''Bereishit'', the Hebrew initials which stand for ''Ben Rishon Achar Sheloshim Yom Tifdeh'' or "a firstborn son after thirty days redeem".Rabbi Dov Eliach
"Hashem's Torah is Perfect and Complete: The Vilna Gaon's Monumental Torah Edifice"
, ''Dei'ah veDibur'', accessed March 19, 2006

Seudat Bar Mitzvah

Rabbi Shlomo Luria ("Maharshal") notes that the occasion of a youth becoming obligated to obey the commandments is to be celebrated with a religious feast, usually including a sermon the youth has prepared. It is customary at a '' bar mitzvah'' meal for parents to give thanks and praise to God for giving them the merit to raise a child to ''bar mitzvah'' and to educate him in the ways of Torah and the commandments.Rabbi Nissan Dovid Dubo
"Yalkut Bar Mitzvah: Bar Mitzvah Customs"
, Chabad Lubavitch, accessed March 16, 2006. Rabbi Ovadiah Yosef holds that a Bat Mitzvah is also a seudat mitzvah.

Seudat Siyum Masechet

Based on the Talmud and Midrash, the ''seudah'' celebration upon the completion of a Talmudic tractate is considered a ''seudat mitzvah''. This ''seudah'' is made to rejoice over the accomplishment, and also to motivate and inspire others to do the same. Rabbi Chaim Elazar Shapiro (the "Munkatcher Rebbe") observes in his work ''Sha'ar Yissachar'' that the evil inclination does not want to see this type of shared joy, noting that one of the names of the evil inclination, " Sama'el," may be seen as an acronym for ''Siyum Masechet Ain La'asot'', or "do not make a siyum".Shlomo Katz
"Matos-Masei: Power of Prayer"
Torah.org, accessed March 19, 2006.

Seudat Hoda'ah

''Seudat Hoda'ah'' (Hebrew: סעודת הודיה) literally means a meal of thanksgiving.

At a public meal that is given to recognize the good - Hakarat HaTov - the beneficiary gives something to others - the ability to say blessings - Brachot.

Seudat Nissuin

During the festive meal, ''seudat nissuin'' following a Jewish wedding, guests participate in the mitzvah (commandment) of ''L'Sameach Chatan v'Kallah'', to bring joy to the groom and bride. The emphasis of the celebration is on entertaining the newlyweds. At Orthodox wedding meals, men and women dance separately - sometimes separated by a ''mechitza'' ("divider") - for reasons of ''tzniut'' (modesty). At the end of the ''seudat nissuin'', Birkat HaMazon (Grace After Meals) is recited, and the ''Sheva Berachot'' (seven blessings) that were recited under the ''chupah'' (wedding canopy) are repeated.

Seudat Havraah

''Seudat Havraah'' is the "meal of consolation" or comfort provided for a mourner upon his or her return from the cemetery following interment of the deceased.Rabbi Mordechai Torczyner
"Initial Meal Post-Burial - Seudat Havraah"
AishDas, accessed March 16, 2006. It usually consists of foods symbolic of life such as boiled eggs and lentil soup. The Talmud states that the lentil stew Jacob was preparing (Genesis 25:29), and for which Esau sold his birthright, was the ''seudat havraah'' for his father Isaac who was beginning to sit ''shiva'' for ''his'' father Abraham.

Seudat Shabbat and Seudat Yom Tov

These include three meals on the Sabbath, as well as two (dinner and lunch) on each festival day making four each (outside Israel) for Shavuot, Rosh HaShana, Sukkot, two each for Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah, eight (outside Israel) for Passover. The Passover Seders are ''seudot mitzvah''. Except for '' Seudah Shlishit'' (the "third meal" of Shabbat) all of these meals are preceded by ''Kiddush'' (the blessing, made over wine, recognizing the holiness of the day). If one recites ''Kiddush'', Jewish law states that one must immediately eat the ''seudah'' in the same place that he heard/recited ''Kiddush''. At Shabbat meals, it is customary to sing ''Zemirot'' (songs), learn Torah (as at meals in general) and discuss the week's portion of Scripture.

Seudah HaMafseket

''Seudah HaMafseket'' is the "separating meal" eaten before the fasts of Yom Kippur and Tisha B'Av.

The pre-Yom Kippur meal is a festive meal, which may include meat."Yom Kippur: How We Prepare"
, National Jewish Outreach Program, accessed March 16, 2006.

At the pre-Tisha B'Av meal it is forbidden to eat meat, wine, or more than one cooked food. Alcoholic beverages should be avoided. The meal is eaten sitting on the ground or a low seat. It is customary to eat a hardboiled egg, and also a piece of bread dipped into ashes, and to say, "This is the Tisha B'Av meal." During the meal, three men should not sit together so they will not have to recite the Grace after Meals as a group. None of these restrictions apply when Tisha B'Av occurs on Shabbat or Sunday."Tisha B'Av (The Ninth of Av)"
Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, accessed March 16, 2006."Tisha BeAv: The Fast of the Ninth of Av"
Ahavat Israel, accessed March 16, 2006.

Seudat Purim

On Purim day, typically toward evening, a festive meal called ''Seudat Purim'' is held, with wine as a prominent beverage, where drunkenness is not uncommon. The custom of drinking at this meal stems from a statement in the Talmud attributed to a rabbi named Rava that says one should drink on Purim until he can "no longer distinguish between ''arur Haman'' ('Cursed is Haman') and ''baruch Mordechai'' ('Blessed is Mordecai')." The reason Rava instituted the custom of drinking may have been as a critique of treating Mordecai as a hero, instead of a villain. Another view is that these phrases have the same numerical value, and some authorities, including the ''Be'er Hagolah'' and ''Magen Avraham'', have ruled that one should drink wine until he is unable to calculate these numerical values.)

This saying was codified in the Rif, Rosh, '' Tur'', ''Shulchan Aruch'' (''Orach Chayim'' 695), and is interpreted simply (as explained above) by the ''Chatam Sofer''. This interpretation of the Talmudic statement, or the acceptance of the statement itself, is disputed (for various reasons) by the ''Ba'alei Tosafot'' (based on the Jerusalem Talmud), Maimonides, Rabbeinu Ephraim, ''Ba'al HaMa'or'', Ran, ''Orchot Chaim'', ''Be'er Hagolah'', ''Magen Avraham'', ''Taz'', Rema, Vilna Gaon, Maharsha, Rashash, ''Tzeidah LaDerech'', ''Hagahot Maimoniyot'', Ra'avyah, ''Korban N'tan'el'', ''Bach'', Maharil, ''P'ri M'gadim'', ''Kol Bo'', ''Chochmat Mano'ach'', '' Mishnah Berurah'' (by the Chafetz Chaim), and others. These authorities all advocate drinking wine in some quantity, but all (excepting ''Hagahot Maimoniyot'' and Ra'avyah) discourage the level of drunkenness suggested by the ''Chatam Sofer''. The Rema says that one should only drink a little more than he is used to drinking, and then try to fall asleep (whereupon he certainly will not be able to tell the difference between the two phrases indicated by the Talmud). This position is shared by the ''Kol Bo'' and '' Mishnah Berurah'', and is similar to that of Maimonides.

See also

* Shabbat meals
* Seudah Shlishit
* Melaveh malkah
* Psalm 100
* Hakarat HaTov

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seudat Mitzvah

Gratitude
Jewish ceremonial food and drink
Jewish festive meals
Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law
Bar and bat mitzvah