September 1922

The following events occurred in September 1922:

September 1, 1922 (Friday)

*The Reichsbank in Germany was closed by police following a bank run by employers looking to meet overdue payrolls.
*The Constitution of Mandatory Palestine was put into effect by publication, providing for the British Mandate in what is now Israel and Jordan, to be governed by a British High Commissioner and an elected Legislative Council and to have a civil and religious court system.
*Born:
**Yvonne De Carlo (stage name for Margaret Yvonne Middleton), Canadian-born American film and television actress known for ''The Munsters''; in Vancouver, British Columbia (d. 2007)
**Vittorio Gassman, Italian actor and director; in Genoa (d. 2000)
*Died: Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont, 61

September 2, 1922 (Saturday)

*An agreement to end the nationwide anthracite coal mining strike in the United States was reached between the United Mine Workers of America and the Policy Committee of the Anthracite Coal Operators, by extending the terms of the contract between labor and management to at least August 31, 1923. The compromise came after the intervention of U.S. President Harding, who had appealed to both sides "in the name of public welfare" to accept the proposal to end the strike in time for the onset of winter, as made by the two U.S. Senators for Pennsylvania, David A. Reed and George W. Pepper, both of whom had been in office for less than a year.
*German President Friedrich Ebert declared the "Deutschlandlied" to be the national anthem of Germany. The lyrics were limited to the song's third stanza ("Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit, Für das deutsche Vaterland!"). The song would be used in Nazi Germany (with the words of the more militant first stanza, "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles, Über alles in der Welt,") until the fall of the Third Reich in 1945. The "Deutschlandlied" would be made the anthem of West Germany on May 2, 1952 and continued after the reunification of Germany in 1989.

September 3, 1922 (Sunday)

*The Austrian government issued a decree forbidding, except in the city of Vienna, the sale of alcohol in restaurants after 10 p.m., and in bars after midnight. Newspapers called it a first step towards prohibition.
*Born:
**Steffan Danielsen, Faroese painter; in Nólsoy, Faroe Islands, Denmark (d. 1976)
**Salli Terri, Canadian singer; in London, Ontario (d. 1996)
*Died: Agathe Whitehead von Trapp, 31, Austrian heiress and mother of the seven children who would become the Trapp Family singers who were the subject of the musical ''The Sound of Music'', died of scarlet fever. In 1927, Agathe's widowed husband, former submarine commander Georg von Trapp, would remarry, taking the children's teacher, Maria Kutschera (portrayed in film by Julie Andrews) as his wife.

September 4, 1922 (Monday)

*Jimmy Doolittle began the first single-day crossing of the United States, departing at 10:03 p.m. in a modified DH-4B from Pablo Beach, Florida toward Rockwell Field in San Diego, California.
*John Hessin Clarke, an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, announced his resignation, to take effect on September 18, his 65th birthday. Clarke had only been on the Court for six years, and friends said that he would work toward bringing the United States into the League of Nations.
*Born: Margaret S. Collins, African-American entomologist known for her expertise in the study of termites; in Institute, West Virginia (d. 1996)
*Died:
**Lieutenant General Pratap Singh, 76, Maharaja of the princely state of Idar and regent of Jodhpur State, decorated hero of the British Indian Army
** James Young, 40, Scottish footballer, was killed in a motorcycle accident

September 5, 1922 (Tuesday)

*A mine explosion at Haig Colliery in Whitehaven, England killed 39 miners.
*In a telegram to prime minister Rauf Orbay, Turkey's President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk asserted the Turkish claim to East Thrace (''Trakya'') as part of its conditions of the settlement of the war with Greece, to take back territory that had been ceded to Greece in 1920. The areas that came back under Turkish control under the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne would include Edirne (Adrianople) and İzmir (Smyrna).
*Born: Denys Wilkinson, British nuclear physicist and inventor, known for the Wilkinson ADC (analog-to-digital converter); in Leeds, West Yorkshire (d. 2016)
*Died: Sarah Winchester, 83, American heiress and the wealthiest woman in the world at the time of her death as the majority owner of the Winchester firearms company; known as the builder of the Winchester Mystery House in San Jose, California

September 6, 1922 (Wednesday)

*A new law went into effect in Poland as part of an effort to stop the spread of venereal diseases, amending the Basic Sanitation Law to regulate houses of prostitution.
*The Hawaii Theatre opened in downtown Honolulu.

September 7, 1922 (Thursday)

*Brazil celebrated its 100th birthday with a twenty-one gun salute at midnight and parading in the streets of Rio de Janeiro throughout the day.
*Man Singh II, the 10-year-old adopted son of Madho Singh II, became the Maharaja of Jaipur upon Madho II's death. He would retain the honorary title after India's independence in 1947 and would receive a pension until his death in 1970.
*Born:
** Paulo Autran, Brazilian film and stage actor; in Rio de Janeiro (d. 2007)
** David Croft, English writer, producer and director; as David Sharland in Sandbanks, Dorset (d. 2011)
*Died:
**Dr. William S. Halsted, 69, pioneering American surgeon who invented the residency training system within hospitals for medical school graduates, and developed the radical mastectomy for treatment of breast cancer; co-founder of the Johns Hopkins Hospital
** Charles Morris, 88, American historian and writer of many popular historical textbooks

September 8, 1922 (Friday)

*The Greek Army began to evacuate Smyrna and asked Turkey for an armistice in the Greco-Turkish War.
*Mary Katherine Campbell of Columbus, Ohio won the second annual Miss America pageant, competing as one of 58 "intercity" contestants in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and in the process, "triumphing over more than 500 amateur and professional rivals." Under the rules of the competition, the winners of the three classes of competitors (intercity, amateur and professional beauties) went up against the reigning Miss America, Margaret Gorman, and the judges picked the winner from the four finalists. Campbell, who had won the intercity competition as "Miss Columbus", was selected as the winner of $5,000 and the Golden Mermaid Trophy.
*Born:
**Sid Caesar, American comic actor and writer; in Yonkers, New York (d. 2014)
**Lyndon LaRouche, U.S. political activist; in Rochester, New Hampshire (d. 2019)

September 9, 1922 (Saturday)

* Victorious Turkish forces entered Smyrna, effectively ending the Greco-Turkish War in the field.
*The Dáil Éireann, the Irish parliament elected in June, met for the first time after a number of delays. Anti-Treaty deputies did not attend with the exception of Laurence Ginnell who was soon ejected. W. T. Cosgrave was elected President of Dáil Éireann.
*The popular operetta ''Madame Pompadour'', composed by Leo Fall with a libretto by Rudolph Schanzer and Ernst Welisch, was given its first performance, making a debut at the Berliner Theater in Berlin in the German language, with the symphony conducted by Leo Fall. The opera was subsequently translated into English, Italian and French.
*At least 30 people, all women and children who were passengers on the German steamship ''Hammonia'', died when the two lifeboats that they were in overturned, after they safely evacuated the ship as it foundered off the coast of Spain. The passenger list went down with the ship, but the ship captain believed that there were 365 passengers and 192 crew for a total of 537 people on board. Another steamship, ''Kinfauns Castle'', rescued 383 survivors and its captain said that he witnessed 80 people drowning, while other observers put the number of dead as high as 150.
*The Gormanston Camp for captured Irish Republicans was opened at the site of a former Royal Irish Constabulary base, and housed over 1,000 prisoners at its height, finally closing at the end of 1923.
*Born:
**Hans Georg Dehmelt, German physicist and 1989 Nobel laureate; in Görlitz (d. 2017)
**Warwick Estevam Kerr, Brazilian geneticist known for his breeding of the Africanized bee, colloquially known as the "killer bee"; in Santana de Parnaíba, São Paulo state (d. 2018)
**Sir Tom Cowie, English founder of the Arriva Group conglomerate of transportation companies; in Sunderland, County Durham (d. 2012)
**Pauline Baynes, English book illustrator; in Hove, Sussex (d. 2008)
**Manolis Glezos, Greek politician and writer, in Apeiranthos, Naxos (d. 2020)
*Died: Annie Royle Taylor, 66, English explorer and evangelist who, in 1892, was the first Western woman to visit Tibet

September 10, 1922 (Sunday)

*Film producer Hal Roach introduced the first of 220 short films in the ''Our Gang'' series, as the Pathé company released the silent 20-minute feature " One Terrible Day", directed by Robert F. McGowan and Tom McNamara. The series of movies about the adventures of a gang of children, was shown before feature films and continued until 1944, and then was syndicated on television from 1955 onward as ''The Little Rascals''.
*The ''New York World'' published an interview by Clare Sheridan with English writer Rudyard Kipling in which he was quoted as saying that America had come into the war "two years, seven months and four days too late" and had "quit the day of the Armistice, without waiting to see the thing through." Kipling believed he had made the remarks in the context of a private conversation and so in the media uproar that ensued he publicly denied ever giving Sheridan an interview at all.
*The New York Yankees played their last regular season games in the Polo Grounds before moving to Yankee Stadium for 1923. The Yanks swept a doubleheader against the Philadelphia Athletics in front of a capacity crowd, as an estimated 25,000 fans had to be turned away at the gate.
*Born: Yma Sumac (stage name for Zoila Chávarri del Castillo), Peruvian soprano; in Callao (d. 2008)
*Died: Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, 82, English poet and critic

September 11, 1922 (Monday)

*The British Mandate of Palestine began as the oath of office for the High Commissioner of Palestine was administered to Sir Herbert Samuel, as well as to the Commander in Chief of British forces there. The ceremony took place in Jerusalem in the presence of Lord Allenby, the British Army Field marshal who liberated Palestine from the Ottoman Empire, and by the Emir Abdullah of Jordan.
*Allied troops landed at Çanakkale and Turkey.
*Turkish troops who had taken over the Smyrna Province from Greece carried out a massacre of Armenian residents under the direction of the new Turkish Governor, Nureddin Pasha, according to a statement made afterwards by a British eyewitness who had been able to flee the area. Businessman Roy Treloar said that Nureddin "commenced a systematic hunting down of Armenians, who were gathered in batches of 100, taken to Konak and murdered."
*The former Prime Minister of Greece, Eleftherios Venizelos, announced from Paris that he would form a government only if King Constantine abdicated and if Prime Minister Nikolaos Triantaphyllakos and his government resigned. Although the "September 11 Revolution" in Greece is sometimes mistakenly listed as having happened on this day, Greece at the time was still operating under the Julian calendar, and the revolution took place on 24th September according to the Gregorian calendar recognized by the rest of the world.
*Hoping to prevent a split within the Communist Party leadership in the Soviet Union, Vladimir Lenin proposed that Leon Trotsky, alongside Lev Kamenev, would become Lenin's deputy on ''Sovnarkom'', the Council of People's Commissars. Trotsky declined to accept the invitation.
*One of the predecessors of Melbourne, Australia’s ''Herald Sun'' newspaper, ''The Sun News-Pictorial'', was launched by Hugh Dennison as "a morning tabloid with a light touch and heavy with photographs." publication. It would merge with ''The Herald'', effective October 8, 1990.
*The Treaty of Kars was ratified in Yerevan, setting the boundary between Turkey and the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, which would continue as the Turkish-Soviet boundary afterward.

September 12, 1922 (Tuesday)

*The House of Bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States voted to alter the Book of Common Prayer language for wedding vows to no longer require the bride to agree to "obey" her husband. The decision to revise the Common Prayer treatise was approved at the meeting in Portland, Oregon by a vote of 36 to 27.
*Paavo Nurmi of Finland broke his own world record in the men's 5000 metres running event with a time of 14 minutes 35.4 seconds.
*Pola Negri (stage name for Apolonia Chalupec), signed by Paramount Pictures after having been a star for Germany's UFA studios, arrived in the United States on the liner ''Majestic'' as the first film actress from continental Europe to be promoted in the U.S.
*Ascension Island unified politically with the island of Saint Helena, away, as a single British overseas territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean.
*IRA forces took Ballina, County Mayo.
*Born:
** Hiroshi Enatsu, Japanese theoretical physicist; in Miyakonojō, Miyazaki Prefecture (d. 2019)
** Mark Rosenzweig, American research psychologist; in Rochester, New York (d. 2009)
**Jackson Mac Low, American poet; in Chicago (d. 2004)

September 13, 1922 (Wednesday)

* A fire killed more than 10,000 people in the port city of Smyrna (now İzmir), which had been recaptured from Greece four days earlier by Turkish troops to end the Greco-Turkish War. According to contemporary accounts from witnesses evacuated from the area, Turkish troops set multiple fires to the Basmane neighborhood in the Armenian quarter of the city, and the fire was spread by windy weather.
*The highest weather temperature ever recorded on Earth, , was measured at El Azizia in Libya near Tripoli, breaking the record of that had been recorded in Death Valley in the United States on July 10, 1913. The record would stand until 2012, when the World Meteorological Organization reviewed the data and concluded that the 58-degree centigrade reading had been taken by an inexperienced observer who had recorded a temperature seven degrees hotter than nearby areas.
*The nationwide railroad strike in the U.S. began to wind down as about one-third of the country's railways reached an agreement with the shopmen. The agreement meant the restoration of service for at least 30 of the 202 Class 1 railroad lines including the New York Central; the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul; the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific; the Baltimore & Ohio; the Seaboard Line and the Norfolk & Western.
*France and Poland signed a ten-year military convention pledging to defend each other in the event of an attack.
*The " Straw Hat Riot" broke out in New York City after a gang of youths in Manhattan assaulted dockworkers who were still wearing straw hats after Labor Day. The tradition in the U.S. at the time had not only been to switch from straw hats to felt hats in the autumn, but to knock the hats off of the heads of people who failed to make the switch. Publicity about the incident led to copycat attacks by other gangs over the next several days.

*Born: Yma Sumac, Peruvian-American singer, actress, and model, as Zoila Emperatriz Chávarri Castillo in Callao (d. 2008)

September 14, 1922 (Thursday)

*The Argentine Polo Association (Asociación Argentina de Polo or AAP), the governing body for one of the most popular sports in Argentina, was founded in Buenos Aires, with the goal of creating a national team for international competitions.
*IRA forces overran the National Army garrison at Drumshanbo.
*Johnny Buff (ring name for John Lisky), holder of the American flyweight boxing championship in a weight class with no world title, lost the U.S. title to Filipino challenger Pancho Villa (Francisco Villaruel) at Ebbets Field in New York City."Johnny Buff Loses Flyweight Title to Pancho Villa", by Marshall Hunt, ''Daily News'' (New York), September 16, 1922, p. 25
*The historical film '' When Knighthood Was in Flower'' premiered at the Criterion Theatre in New York City.

September 15, 1922 (Friday)

*The Chanak Crisis began as the British government threatened Turkey with war as Turkish forces approached the neutral zone at Çanakkale

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