Saurashtra (region)

Kathiawar (), also known as Saurashtra, is a peninsula in the south-western Gujarat state in India, bordering the Arabian Sea and covering about . It is bounded by the Kutch district in the north, the Gulf of Kutch in the northwest, and by the Gulf of Khambhat in the east. In the northeast, it is connected to the rest of the state and borders on the low, fertile hinterland of Ahmedabad. It is crossed by two belts of hill country and is drained radially by nine rivers which have little natural flow aside from in monsoon months, thus dams have been built on some of these. Kathiawar ports have been flourishing centres of trade and commerce since at least the 16th century. It was formerly a state of India.

Etymology and history

The name Kathiawad seems to have been derived from the early settlements of Kathikas or Kathis who entered Gujarat from Sindh in early centuries of the Common Era.

The name "Saurashtra" itself is from Sanskrit (, ), the vṛddhi form of (, ), derived from (, ) + (, ). Thus the name literally means "good nation."

History

Referred to as Saurashtra and by some other names over time, this region has been mentioned since the Mahabharata and Vedic period. In the first century CE, it is referred to as Surastrene, or Saraostus in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea:

In earliest foreign mention, Egyptian mathematician, geographer, astrologer Claudius Ptolemy and Greek manuscript Periplus both call this region "Surastrene"

The region is mentioned in the Junagadh Rock inscription dating 150 CE, attributed to Rudradaman I. Prior to this, during the rule of Ashoka (268–232 BCE), the region was under Yavana Tushaspa, and governed by Pushyagupta during Chandragupta Maurya's reign (322BC – 298BC). From the 8th to 11th century, Brahmin merchants from Saurashtra region started migrating towards Southern India due to the frequent Muslim invasions, these merchants upon the invitation of Chola, Pandya, Vijayanagara, Nayak and Thanjavur Maratha Kings set up mercantile silk-weaving guilds throughout Southern India and were involved in the trade of silk clothes and diamonds to the royal families of ancient South India, as the silk became the attire of royal families after the period of Gupta dynasty. These Brahmins who trace their ancestry to the historical region of Saurashtra are now known as the Saurashtra people. Several historians believe that it was Saurashtrian textile merchants who introduced idly to South India during the 10th and 12th centuries. There are even claims that a mix of rice and urad dal ground together and later steamed to form cakes had its origins in Gujarat. This was called ''Iddada''.

Gir

For a long time, the name ''Sorath'' referred to this region. From the 9th to 14th century Chudasama Rajput ruled Sorath with their capitals Vanthali and Junagadh alternatively. The Chudasama Rajputs ruled Sorath longer than any others, until the Sorath area came under Muslim rule. Sorath, a Muslim name of Saurashtra, was initially one of ten prants, but by the colonial age it was one of only four surviving ones, the others being absorbed. The salute state Junagadh (alias "Junagarh" or the "Old Fort"), founded during British rule, and its neighbouring states were controlled by the Western India States Agency (WISA). In 1947, Junagadh's Muslim ruler desired to accede his territory to Pakistan, but the predominantly Hindu population rebelled.

Saurashtra State

After India's independence in 1947, 217 princely states of Kathiawar, including the former Junagadh State, were merged to form the state of Saurashtra on 15 February 1948. Initially, it was named United State of Kathiawar, which was renamed to Saurashtra State in November 1948. The exercise took up a lot of Shri Vallabhbhai Patel's time to convince the local princes and petty subas (totalling 222 in Saurashtra alone). However, Maharaja Krishnakumar Sinhji of Bhavnagar State readily extended to offer his large and royal empire of Bhavnagar / Gohilwar to Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, and Bhavnagar became the first in the country to be merged into the union of India.

The capital of Saurashtra was Rajkot. Uchharangray Navalshankar Dhebar, who later went on to become President of the Indian National Congress between 1955 and 1959, became Saurashtra's first Chief Minister. He was succeeded by Rasiklal Umedchand Parikh on 19 December 1954.

On 1 November 1956, Saurashtra was merged into Bombay state. In 1960 Bombay state was divided along linguistic lines into the new states of Gujarat and Maharashtra. The territory of Saurashtra, including Junagadh and all of Sorath, became part of the state of Gujarat.

The state of the region in the early nineteenth century is shown in Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poetical illustration, "Scene in Kattiawar", to an engraving of a painting by Clarkson Frederick Stanfield.

Location

Saurashtra peninsula is bound on the south and south-west by the Arabian Sea, on the north-west by the Gulf of Kutch and on the east by the Gulf of Khambhat. From the apex of these two gulfs, the Little Rann of Kutch and Khambhat, waste tracts half salt morass half sandy desert, stretch inland towards each other and complete the isolation of Kathiawar, except one narrow neck which connects it on the north-east with the mainland of Gujarat.

Saurashtra was also called Sorath. The peninsula is sometimes referred to as Kathiawar after the Kathi Darbar, which once ruled most of the region. However, Saurashtra is not entirely synonymous with Kathiawar, since a small portion of the historical Saurashtra region extends beyond the Kathiawar peninsula. "Sau" means 100 and "rasthra" means languages and Sourasthra is made up with 100 languages so there isn't one original word. According to few experts, the name Saurashtra is derived from Saura Rashtra. In Sanskrit, Saura means Sun and Rashtra means country. It means, country of Sun, and there were 12 sun temples in ancient times in this region. Due to continued Islamic invasions, the idols of deities of these temples were moved to other places, one of those is located at Kanakaditya Temple at Kasheli near Pawas in Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. The location of other 11 idols are currently unknown.

Districts

The Saurashtra region comprises the south western part of modern Gujarat state and the districts included in this region are:

* Amreli
* Bhavnagar
* Botad
* Junagadh
* Gir Somnath
* Devbhumi Dwarka
* Jamnagar
* Rajkot
* Porbandar
* Morbi
* Surendranagar

The region also historically encompassed the Diu district of the Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu union territory.

Geography and ecosystem

The natural vegetation on most of the peninsula is xeric scrub. A range of low hills known as the Gir Hills occupies the south-central portion of the peninsula. The highest of these is Girnar. The hills are home to an enclave of tropical dry broadleaf forest.

Gir National Park and its surroundings host the last remaining Asiatic lion population. Other national parks in Kathiawar are Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar on the Gulf of Cambay, and Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch, near Jamnagar.

Postage stamps

The first postage stamps of the state were issued for Princely State of Junagadh in 1864. They consisted of three lines of Hindi script in colourless letters on black, and were produced by hand-stamping with watercolor ink. A second issue in 1868 used coloured letters, printed in black or red on several colours of paper.

The issue of 1877 was the first to include Latin letters; the circular design included the inscription "SORUTH POSTAGE" at the top, and "ONE ANNA OF A RUPEE" (or "FOUR ANNAS...") at the bottom. Some of these were surcharged in 1913–14, followed by redesigned stamps in 1914.

A set of eight stamps in 1929 included pictures of Junagadh, the Gir lion, and the Kathi horse in addition to the nawab. In 1937 the one anna value was reissued reading "POSTAGE AND REVENUE".

The Indian province of Saurashtra did not design any of its own stamps, but before adopting the stamps of India, Saurashtra issued a court fee stamp overprinted for postal use, then created more one anna stamps by surcharging three stamps of the 1929 issue.

Natural resources

Saurashtra has been a flourishing region and rich in natural resources since ancient times, while having gone through several droughts especially during the 20th century. Water resources and its related dynamics have influenced the region and its agro-economy to a certain extent. It is found that water was easily available in the region 10 to 15 years ago. Ashvin A. Shah, a US-based engineering consultant who conducted a survey in 1998 on water availability in the region, says, "The presence of 700,000 dugwells in Saurashtra region indicates the presence of extensive groundwater aquifers throughout the region. This means there is one well for fewer than 20 people or one well every 300 metres".

Amri Saurashtra went through severe droughts over the years to the extent that people could no longer grow crops, nor did they have drinking water available. There has been in recent times a campaign to take up rain water harvesting.

Significantly, the Check dam campaign from the late 1990s brought almost a drastic change resulting in raising water tables in Saurashtra. However, in 2019, the region was hit with a severe drought, affecting 20 districts in Gujarat, and water had to be brought in by tanker from the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River.

Antiquity (places: history, archaeology, nature, religion)

* Dwarika
* Somnath
* Sasan Gir and interiors / Kathi territories in Amreli- Bhavnagar districts
* Vallabhi
* Junagadh
* Shatrunjay Hills, Palitana
* Sihor
* Palitana
* Virpur (Rajkot) and Gondal
* Jamnagar & Marine National Park
* Velavadar
* Old cities of Gondal, Wadhvan, Morbi, Wankaner
* Diu, India

Notable characters and figures

Religion, pre-history, spirituality

* Sudama
* Baba Balak Nath
* Neminath
* Narsinh Mehta
* Dayanand Saraswati
* Jalaram Bapa
* Shrimad Rajchandra
* Morari Bapu
* Ramesh Bhai Ojha
* Gangasati
* Kanji Swami

Society, ideology, politics, leadership

* Mahatma Gandhi
* Muhammad Ali Jinnah
* U. N. Dhebar
* Virchand Gandhi
* Fatima Jinnah
* Gangubai Kothewali
* Abdullah Yusuf Ali

Governance, nobility, reforms, politics

* Muhammad Mahabat Khan III
* Maharaja Sir Takhtsinhji Gohil of Bhavnagar
* Maharaja Bhagvatsinhji of Gondal
* Maharaja Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji Jadeja of Jamnagar
* Maharaja Krishnakumar Sinjhji Gohil
* Balwantrai Mehta
* Jivraj Mehta

Art, literature, poetry, journalism, socialism

* Jhaverchand Meghani
* Kalaguru Ravishankar Raval
* Dalpatram
* Nanalal Dalpatram Kavi
* Sursinhji Takthasinhji Gohil
* Dula Bhaya Kag
* Amrut Ghayal
* Kavi Kant
* Harilal Upadhyay"A Few Words about Shri Harilal Upadhyay"
/ref>
* Chunilal Madia
* Ghulam Mohammed Sheikh
* Rajendra Shukla
* Ramesh Parekh
* Ruswa Majhalumi

Sports

* K. S. Ranjitsinhji
* Kumar Shri Duleepsinhji
* Vinoo Mankad
* Ashok Mankad
* Dilip Doshi
* Karsan Ghavri
* Ashok Patel
* Dhiraj Parsana
* Ajay Jadeja
* Parthiv Patel
* Ravindra Jadeja
* Siddharth Trivedi
* Cheteshwar Pujara
* Jaydev Unadkat
* Chetan Sakariya

Cinema, entertainment, music, folklore

* Mohammed Chhel
* Vijay Bhatt
* Nanabhai Bhatt
* Dina Pathak
* Asha Parekh
* Shahabuddin Rathod
* Parveen Babi
* Dimple Kapadia
* Manhar Udhas
* Pankaj Udhas
* Mehul Kumar

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