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The moons of Saturn are numerous and diverse, ranging from tiny
moonlet A moonlet, minor moon, minor natural satellite, or minor satellite is a particularly small natural satellite orbiting a planet, dwarf planet, or other minor planet. Up until 1995, moonlets were only hypothetical components of Saturn's F-ring ...
s only tens of meters across to the enormous
Titan Titan most often refers to: * Titan (moon), the largest moon of Saturn * Titans, a race of deities in Greek mythology Titan or Titans may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Fictional entities Fictional locations * Titan in fiction, fictiona ...
, which is larger than the planet Mercury. There are 274
moon The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It Orbit of the Moon, orbits around Earth at Lunar distance, an average distance of (; about 30 times Earth diameter, Earth's diameter). The Moon rotation, rotates, with a rotation period (lunar ...
s with confirmed
orbit In celestial mechanics, an orbit (also known as orbital revolution) is the curved trajectory of an object such as the trajectory of a planet around a star, or of a natural satellite around a planet, or of an artificial satellite around an ...
s, the most of any planet in the Solar System. This number does not include the many thousands of moonlets embedded within Saturn's dense rings, nor hundreds of possible kilometer-sized distant moons that have been observed on single occasions. Three moons are particularly notable. Titan is the second- largest moon in the Solar System (after Jupiter's Ganymede), with a nitrogen-rich Earth-like
atmosphere An atmosphere () is a layer of gases that envelop an astronomical object, held in place by the gravity of the object. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. A stellar atmosph ...
and a landscape featuring river networks and hydrocarbon lakes.
Enceladus Enceladus is the sixth-largest moon of Saturn and the 18th-largest in the Solar System. It is about in diameter, about a tenth of that of Saturn's largest moon, Titan. It is covered by clean, freshly deposited snow hundreds of meters thick, ...
emits jets of ice from its south-polar region and is covered in a deep layer of snow.
Iapetus In Greek mythology, Iapetus (; ; ), also Japetus, is a Titan, the son of Uranus and Gaia and father of Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Menoetius. He was also called the father of Buphagus and Anchiale in other sources. Iapetus was linked ...
has contrasting black and white hemispheres as well as an extensive ridge of equatorial mountains among the tallest in the solar system. Twenty-four of the known moons are regular satellites; they have
prograde orbit Retrograde motion in astronomy is, in general, orbital or rotational motion of an object in the direction opposite the rotation of its primary, that is, the central object (right figure). It may also describe other motions such as precession or ...
s not greatly inclined to Saturn's equatorial plane, with the exception of Iapetus which has a prograde but highly inclined orbit, an unusual characteristic for a regular moon. They include the seven major satellites, four small moons that exist in a
trojan Trojan or Trojans may refer to: * Of or from the ancient city of Troy * Trojan language, the language of the historical Trojans Arts and entertainment Music * '' Les Troyens'' ('The Trojans'), an opera by Berlioz, premiered part 1863, part 18 ...
orbit with larger moons, and five that act as shepherd moons, of which two are mutually
co-orbital In astronomy, a co-orbital configuration is a configuration of two or more astronomical objects (such as asteroids, moons, or planets) orbiting at the same, or very similar, distance from their primary; i.e., they are in a 1:1 mean-motion resonanc ...
. Two tiny moons orbit inside of Saturn's B and G rings. The relatively large Hyperion is locked in an
orbital resonance In celestial mechanics, orbital resonance occurs when orbiting bodies exert regular, periodic gravitational influence on each other, usually because their orbital periods are related by a ratio of small integers. Most commonly, this relation ...
with Titan. The remaining regular moons orbit near the outer edges of the dense A Ring and the narrow F Ring, and between the major moons Mimas and Enceladus. The regular satellites are traditionally named after
Titans In Greek mythology, the Titans ( ; ) were the pre-Twelve Olympians, Olympian gods. According to the ''Theogony'' of Hesiod, they were the twelve children of the primordial parents Uranus (mythology), Uranus (Sky) and Gaia (Earth). The six male ...
and Titanesses or other figures associated with the mythological
Saturn Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant, with an average radius of about 9 times that of Earth. It has an eighth the average density of Earth, but is over 95 tim ...
. The remaining 250, with mean diameters ranging from , orbit much farther from Saturn. They are
irregular satellite In astronomy, an irregular moon, irregular satellite, or irregular natural satellite is a natural satellite following an orbit that is irregular in some of the following ways: Distant; inclined; highly elliptical; retrograde. They have often be ...
s, having high orbital
inclination Orbital inclination measures the tilt of an object's orbit around a celestial body. It is expressed as the angle between a reference plane and the orbital plane or axis of direction of the orbiting object. For a satellite orbiting the Eart ...
s and eccentricities mixed between prograde and retrograde. These moons are probably captured
minor planet According to the International Astronomical Union (IAU), a minor planet is an astronomical object in direct orbit around the Sun that is exclusively classified as neither a planet nor a comet. Before 2006, the IAU officially used the term ''minor ...
s, or fragments from the collisional breakup of such bodies after they were captured, creating collisional families. The irregular satellites are classified by their orbital characteristics into the prograde
Inuit Inuit (singular: Inuk) are a group of culturally and historically similar Indigenous peoples traditionally inhabiting the Arctic and Subarctic regions of North America and Russia, including Greenland, Labrador, Quebec, Nunavut, the Northwe ...
and Gallic groups and the large retrograde
Norse group The Norse group is a large group of Retrograde and prograde motion, retrograde irregular satellites of Saturn. Their semi-major axis, semi-major axes range between 12 and 27 Gm, their inclinations between 136° and 178° and their Orbital eccentr ...
, and their names are chosen from the corresponding mythologies (with the Gallic group corresponding to
Celtic mythology Celtic mythology is the body of myths belonging to the Celtic peoples.Cunliffe, Barry, (1997) ''The Ancient Celts''. Oxford, Oxford University Press , pp. 183 (religion), 202, 204–8. Like other Iron Age Europeans, Celtic peoples followed ...
). The sole exception is Phoebe, the largest irregular Saturnian moon, discovered at the end of the 19th century; it is part of the Norse group but named for a Greek Titaness. The rings of Saturn are made up of objects ranging in size from microscopic to
moonlet A moonlet, minor moon, minor natural satellite, or minor satellite is a particularly small natural satellite orbiting a planet, dwarf planet, or other minor planet. Up until 1995, moonlets were only hypothetical components of Saturn's F-ring ...
s hundreds of meters across, each in its own orbit around Saturn. Thus an absolute number of Saturnian moons cannot be given, because there is no consensus on a boundary between the countless small unnamed objects that form Saturn's ring system and the larger objects that have been named as moons. Over 150 moonlets embedded in the rings have been detected by the disturbance they create in the surrounding ring material, though this is thought to be only a small sample of the total population of such objects. there are 211 designated moons that are still unnamed; all but one (the designated B-ring moonlet
S/2009 S 1 S/2009 S 1 is a Rings of Saturn#Propeller_moonlets, moonlet embedded in the outer part of Saturn's Rings of Saturn#B Ring, B Ring, orbiting away from the planet. The moonlet was discovered by the Cassini–Huygens, ''Cassini'' Imaging Team durin ...
) are irregular. (There are many other undesignated ring moonlets.) If named, most of the irregulars will receive names from Gallic, Norse and
Inuit mythology Inuit religion is the shared spiritual beliefs and practices of the Inuit, an Indigenous peoples of the Americas, indigenous people from Alaska, northern Canada, Greenland, and parts of Siberia. Their religion shares many similarities with some A ...
based on the orbital group of which they are a member.


Discovery


Early observations

Before the advent of telescopic photography, eight moons of Saturn were discovered by direct observation using
optical telescope An optical telescope gathers and focus (optics), focuses light mainly from the visible spectrum, visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, to create a magnification, magnified image for direct visual inspection, to make a photograph, or to co ...
s. Saturn's largest moon,
Titan Titan most often refers to: * Titan (moon), the largest moon of Saturn * Titans, a race of deities in Greek mythology Titan or Titans may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Fictional entities Fictional locations * Titan in fiction, fictiona ...
, was discovered in 1655 by
Christiaan Huygens Christiaan Huygens, Halen, Lord of Zeelhem, ( , ; ; also spelled Huyghens; ; 14 April 1629 – 8 July 1695) was a Dutch mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor who is regarded as a key figure in the Scientific Revolution ...
using a
objective lens In optical engineering, an objective is an optical element that gathers light from an object being observed and focuses the light rays from it to produce a real image of the object. Objectives can be a single lens or mirror, or combinations of ...
on a
refracting telescope A refracting telescope (also called a refractor) is a type of optical telescope that uses a lens (optics), lens as its objective (optics), objective to form an image (also referred to a dioptrics, dioptric telescope). The refracting telescope d ...
of his own design. Tethys, Dione, Rhea and
Iapetus In Greek mythology, Iapetus (; ; ), also Japetus, is a Titan, the son of Uranus and Gaia and father of Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Menoetius. He was also called the father of Buphagus and Anchiale in other sources. Iapetus was linked ...
(the " Sidera Lodoicea") were discovered between 1671 and 1684 by
Giovanni Domenico Cassini Giovanni Domenico Cassini (8 June 1625 – 14 September 1712) was an Italian-French mathematician, astronomer, astrologer and engineer. Cassini was born in Perinaldo, near Imperia, at that time in the County of Nice, part of the Savoyard sta ...
. Mimas and
Enceladus Enceladus is the sixth-largest moon of Saturn and the 18th-largest in the Solar System. It is about in diameter, about a tenth of that of Saturn's largest moon, Titan. It is covered by clean, freshly deposited snow hundreds of meters thick, ...
were discovered in 1789 by
William Herschel Frederick William Herschel ( ; ; 15 November 1738 – 25 August 1822) was a German-British astronomer and composer. He frequently collaborated with his younger sister and fellow astronomer Caroline Herschel. Born in the Electorate of Hanover ...
. Hyperion was discovered in 1848 by W. C. Bond, G. P. Bond and
William Lassell William Lassell (18 June 1799 – 5 October 1880) was an English merchant and astronomer.long-exposure photographic plates made possible the discovery of additional moons. The first to be discovered in this manner, Phoebe, was found in 1899 by W. H. Pickering. In 1966 the tenth satellite of Saturn was discovered by Audouin Dollfus, when the rings were observed edge-on near an
equinox A solar equinox is a moment in time when the Sun appears directly above the equator, rather than to its north or south. On the day of the equinox, the Sun appears to rise directly east and set directly west. This occurs twice each year, arou ...
. It was later named
Janus In ancient Roman religion and myth, Janus ( ; ) is the god of beginnings, gates, transitions, time, duality, doorways, passages, frames, and endings. He is usually depicted as having two faces. The month of January is named for Janus (''Ianu ...
. A few years later it was realized that all observations of 1966 could only be explained if another satellite had been present and that it had an orbit similar to that of Janus. This object is now known as
Epimetheus In Greek mythology, Epimetheus (; ) is the brother of Prometheus, the pair serving "as representatives of mankind". Both sons of the Titan Iapetus, while Prometheus ("foresight") is ingeniously clever, Epimetheus ("hindsight") is inept and fool ...
, the eleventh moon of Saturn. It shares the same orbit with Janus—the only known example of co-orbitals in the Solar System. In 1980, three additional Saturnian moons were discovered from the ground and later confirmed by the '' Voyager'' probes. They are trojan moons of Dione ( Helene) and Tethys ( Telesto and Calypso).


Observations by spacecraft

The study of the outer planets has since been revolutionized by the use of uncrewed space probes. The arrival of the '' Voyager'' spacecraft at Saturn in 1980–1981 resulted in the discovery of three additional moons—
Atlas An atlas is a collection of maps; it is typically a bundle of world map, maps of Earth or of a continent or region of Earth. Advances in astronomy have also resulted in atlases of the celestial sphere or of other planets. Atlases have traditio ...
,
Prometheus In Greek mythology, Prometheus (; , , possibly meaning "forethought")Smith"Prometheus". is a Titans, Titan. He is best known for defying the Olympian gods by taking theft of fire, fire from them and giving it to humanity in the form of technol ...
and
Pandora In Greek mythology, Pandora was the first human woman created by Hephaestus on the instructions of Zeus. As Hesiod related it, each god cooperated by giving her unique gifts. Her other name—inscribed against her figure on a white-ground '' ky ...
—bringing the total to 17. In addition, Epimetheus was confirmed as distinct from Janus. In 1990, Pan was discovered in archival ''Voyager'' images. The '' Cassini'' mission, which arrived at Saturn in July 2004, initially discovered three small inner moons: Methone and Pallene between Mimas and Enceladus, and the second trojan moon of Dione, Polydeuces. It also observed three suspected but unconfirmed moons in the F Ring. In Cassini scientists announced that the structure of
Saturn's rings Saturn has the most extensive and complex ring system of any planet in the Solar System. The rings consist of particles in orbit around the planet made almost entirely of water ice, with a trace component of rocky material. Particles range fro ...
indicates the presence of several more moons orbiting within the rings, although only one, Daphnis, had been visually confirmed at the time. In 2007 Anthe was announced. In 2008 it was reported that ''Cassini'' observations of a depletion of energetic electrons in Saturn's
magnetosphere In astronomy and planetary science, a magnetosphere is a region of space surrounding an astronomical object in which charged particles are affected by that object's magnetic field. It is created by a celestial body with an active interior Dynamo ...
near Rhea might be the signature of a tenuous ring system around Saturn's second largest moon. In , Aegaeon, a moonlet within the G Ring, was announced. In July of the same year,
S/2009 S 1 S/2009 S 1 is a Rings of Saturn#Propeller_moonlets, moonlet embedded in the outer part of Saturn's Rings of Saturn#B Ring, B Ring, orbiting away from the planet. The moonlet was discovered by the Cassini–Huygens, ''Cassini'' Imaging Team durin ...
, the first moonlet within the B Ring, was observed. In April 2014, the possible beginning of a new
moon The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It Orbit of the Moon, orbits around Earth at Lunar distance, an average distance of (; about 30 times Earth diameter, Earth's diameter). The Moon rotation, rotates, with a rotation period (lunar ...
, within the A Ring, was reported. ( related image)


Outer moons

Study of Saturn's moons has also been aided by advances in telescope instrumentation, primarily the introduction of digital
charge-coupled device A charge-coupled device (CCD) is an integrated circuit containing an array of linked, or coupled, capacitors. Under the control of an external circuit, each capacitor can transfer its electric charge to a neighboring capacitor. CCD sensors are a ...
s which replaced photographic plates. For the 20th century, Phoebe stood alone among Saturn's known moons with its highly irregular orbit. Then in 2000, a team of astronomers led by Brett J. Gladman discovered twelve irregular moons of Saturn using various ground-based telescopes around the world. The discovery of these irregular moons revealed orbital groupings within Saturn's irregular moon population, which provided the first insights into the collisional history of Saturn's irregular moons. In 2003, a team of astronomers including Scott Sheppard, David Jewitt, and
Jan Kleyna Jan T. Kleyna is a postdoctoral astronomy researcher at the University of Hawaiʻi The University of Hawaiʻi System is a public college and university system in Hawaii. The system confers associate, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degre ...
began using the Subaru 8.2 m telescope at Mauna Kea Observatory to search for irregular moons around Saturn, and discovered Narvi. Because of the Subaru telescope's very large aperture size alongside its camera's large field of view, it is capable of detecting extremely faint moons, hence Sheppard's team continued using the Subaru telescope for further moon searches. In 2005, Sheppard's team announced the discovery of twelve more small outer moons from their Subaru observations. Sheppard's team announced nine more irregular moons in 2006 and three more moons in 2007, where Tarqeq (S/2007 S 1) was announced in and S/2007 S 2 and S/2007 S 3 were announced one month after. No new irregular moons of Saturn were reported until 2019, when Sheppard's team identified twenty more irregular satellites of Saturn in archives of their 2004–2007 Subaru observations. This brought Saturn's moon count to 82, which resulted in Saturn overtaking Jupiter as the planet with the most known moons for the first time since 2000. In 2019, researchers Edward Ashton, Brett Gladman, and Matthew Beaudoin conducted a survey of Saturn's Hill sphere using the 3.6-meter Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) and discovered about 80 new Saturnian irregular moons, which were reported to the
Minor Planet Center The Minor Planet Center (MPC) is the official body for observing and reporting on minor planets under the auspices of the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Founded in 1947, it operates at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Funct ...
(MPC) for announcement. Follow-up observations of these new moons took place over 2019–2021, eventually leading to S/2019 S 1 being announced in November 2021 and an additional 62 moons being announced from 3–16 May 2023. These discoveries brought Saturn's total number of confirmed moons up to 145, making it the first planet known to have over 100 moons. Yet another moon, S/2006 S 20, was announced on 23 May 2023, bringing Saturn's total count moons to 146. All of these new moons are small and faint, with diameters over and
apparent magnitude Apparent magnitude () is a measure of the Irradiance, brightness of a star, astronomical object or other celestial objects like artificial satellites. Its value depends on its intrinsic luminosity, its distance, and any extinction (astronomy), ...
s of 25–27. These extremely dim moons could only be seen via the shift-and-add technique, where multiple long-exposure images are overlaid, shifted to follow the motion of Saturn in the sky, and then additively combined to bring out the signal of faint moons that follow Saturn in the sky. The researchers found that the Saturnian irregular moon population is more abundant at smaller sizes, suggesting that they are likely fragments from a collision that occurred a few hundred million years ago. The researchers extrapolated that the true population of Saturnian irregular moons larger than in diameter amounts to , which is approximately three times as many Jovian irregular moons down to the same size. If this size distribution applies to even smaller diameters, Saturn would therefore intrinsically have more irregular moons than Jupiter. On 11 March 2025, 128 moons of Saturn were simultaneously announced by the MPC, bringing the total number of confirmed moons to 274 and making it the first planet known to have over 200 moons. These moons were found by Ashton, Gladman, Mike Alexandersen, and Jean-Marc Petit using the CFHT in 2023, as a continuation of their 2019–2021 survey for Saturnian irregular moons. Ashton's team also searched for moons in CFHT images taken by a separate team consisting of Wesley Fraser, Samantha Lawler, and John Kavelaars, who coincidentally imaged close to Saturn while searching for
trans-Neptunian object A trans-Neptunian object (TNO), also written transneptunian object, is any minor planet in the Solar System that orbits the Sun at a greater average distance than Neptune, which has an orbital semi-major axis of 30.1 astronomical units (AU). ...
s. Like the other faint Saturnian irregular moons previously discovered by Ashton's team, these 128 moons were discovered via the shift-and-add technique on the CFHT images. Many of these moons were traced back to earlier observations from 2004 to 2021, which corresponds to these moons' discovery dates.


Naming

The modern names for Saturnian moons were suggested by
John Herschel Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet (; 7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, astronomer, chemist, inventor and experimental photographer who invented the blueprint and did botanical work. ...
in 1847. He proposed to name them after mythological figures associated with the Roman god of agriculture and harvest,
Saturn Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant, with an average radius of about 9 times that of Earth. It has an eighth the average density of Earth, but is over 95 tim ...
(equated to the Greek
Cronus In ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, mythology, Cronus, Cronos, or Kronos ( or ; ) was the leader and youngest of the Titans, the children of Gaia (Earth) and Uranus (mythology), Uranus (Sky). He overthrew his father and ruled dur ...
). In particular, the then known seven satellites were named after
Titans In Greek mythology, the Titans ( ; ) were the pre-Twelve Olympians, Olympian gods. According to the ''Theogony'' of Hesiod, they were the twelve children of the primordial parents Uranus (mythology), Uranus (Sky) and Gaia (Earth). The six male ...
, Titanesses and
Giants A giant is a being of human appearance, sometimes of prodigious size and strength, common in folklore. Giant(s) or The Giant(s) may also refer to: Mythology and religion *Giants (Greek mythology) * Jötunn, a Germanic term often translated as 'g ...
– brothers and sisters of Cronus. The idea was similar to Simon Marius' scheme for naming
moons of Jupiter There are 97 Natural satellite, moons of Jupiter with confirmed orbits . This number does not include a number of meter-sized moonlets thought to be shed from the inner moons, nor hundreds of possible kilometer-sized outer irregular moons that ...
after children of Zeus.
As Saturn devoured his children, his family could not be assembled around him, so that the choice lay among his brothers and sisters, the Titans and Titanesses. The name ''Iapetus'' seemed indicated by the obscurity and remoteness of the exterior satellite, ''Titan'' by the superior size of the Huyghenian, while the three female appellations 'Rhea'', ''Dione'', and ''Tethys''class together the three intermediate Cassinian satellites. The minute interior ones seemed appropriately characterized by a return to male appellations 'Enceladus'' and ''Mimas''chosen from a younger and inferior (though still superhuman) brood. 'Results of the Astronomical Observations made ... at the Cape of Good Hope'', p. 415/blockquote> In 1848, Lassell proposed that the eighth satellite of Saturn be named Hyperion after another Titan. When in the 20th century the names of Titans were exhausted, the moons were named after different characters of the
Greco-Roman mythology Classical mythology, also known as Greco-Roman mythology or Greek and Roman mythology, is the collective body and study of myths from the ancient Greeks and ancient Romans. Mythology, along with philosophy and political thought, is one of the ...
or giants from other mythologies. All the irregular moons (except Phoebe, discovered about a century before the others) are named after
Inuit Inuit (singular: Inuk) are a group of culturally and historically similar Indigenous peoples traditionally inhabiting the Arctic and Subarctic regions of North America and Russia, including Greenland, Labrador, Quebec, Nunavut, the Northwe ...
, and Gallic gods, and after Norse ice giants. The
International Astronomical Union The International Astronomical Union (IAU; , UAI) is an international non-governmental organization (INGO) with the objective of advancing astronomy in all aspects, including promoting astronomical research, outreach, education, and developmen ...
's (IAU) Committee for Planetary System Nomenclature, which oversees the naming of Solar System moons, rules that Saturnian moons that are smaller than 3 km in diameter ( absolute magnitude HV > 16.5) should only be named if it is of scientific interest. Some
asteroid An asteroid is a minor planet—an object larger than a meteoroid that is neither a planet nor an identified comet—that orbits within the Solar System#Inner Solar System, inner Solar System or is co-orbital with Jupiter (Trojan asteroids). As ...
s share the same names as moons of Saturn:
55 Pandora 55 Pandora is a fairly large and very bright asteroid in the asteroid belt. Pandora was discovered by American astronomer and Catholic priest George Mary Searle on September 10, 1858, from the Dudley Observatory near Albany, NY. It was his f ...
, 106 Dione, 577 Rhea, 1809 Prometheus, 1810 Epimetheus, and
4450 Pan 4450 Pan ('' prov. designation:'' ) is a highly eccentric asteroid and contact binary, classified as a potentially hazardous asteroid and near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately 1.1 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 2 ...
. In addition, three more asteroids would share the names of Saturnian moons but for spelling differences made permanent by the IAU: Calypso and asteroid 53 Kalypso; Helene and asteroid 101 Helena; and Gunnlod and asteroid 657 Gunlöd.


Physical characteristics

Saturn's satellite system is very lopsided: one moon, Titan, comprises more than 96% of the mass in orbit around the planet. The six other
planemo A planetary-mass object (PMO), planemo, or planetary body (sometimes referred to as a world) is, by geophysical definition of celestial objects, any celestial object massive enough to achieve hydrostatic equilibrium, but not enough to sustain ...
(
ellipsoid An ellipsoid is a surface that can be obtained from a sphere by deforming it by means of directional Scaling (geometry), scalings, or more generally, of an affine transformation. An ellipsoid is a quadric surface;  that is, a Surface (mathemat ...
al) moons constitute roughly 4% of the mass, and the remaining small moons, together with the rings, comprise only 0.04%. Seven moons are large enough to have collapsed into a relaxed, ellipsoidal shape, though only one or two, Titan and possibly Rhea, are currently in
hydrostatic equilibrium In fluid mechanics, hydrostatic equilibrium, also called hydrostatic balance and hydrostasy, is the condition of a fluid or plastic solid at rest, which occurs when external forces, such as gravity, are balanced by a pressure-gradient force. I ...
.


Orbital groups

Although the boundaries may be somewhat vague, Saturn's moons can be divided into nine groups according to their orbital characteristics. Many of them, such as Pan and Daphnis, orbit within Saturn's ring system and have orbital periods only slightly longer than the planet's rotation period. The innermost moons and most regular satellites all have mean
orbital inclination Orbital inclination measures the tilt of an object's orbit around a celestial body. It is expressed as the angle between a reference plane and the orbital plane or axis of direction of the orbiting object. For a satellite orbiting the Earth ...
s ranging from less than a degree to about 1.5 degrees (except
Iapetus In Greek mythology, Iapetus (; ; ), also Japetus, is a Titan, the son of Uranus and Gaia and father of Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Menoetius. He was also called the father of Buphagus and Anchiale in other sources. Iapetus was linked ...
, which has an inclination of 7.57 degrees) and small orbital eccentricities. On the other hand, irregular satellites in the outermost regions of Saturn's moon system, in particular the
Norse group The Norse group is a large group of Retrograde and prograde motion, retrograde irregular satellites of Saturn. Their semi-major axis, semi-major axes range between 12 and 27 Gm, their inclinations between 136° and 178° and their Orbital eccentr ...
, have orbital radii of millions of kilometers and orbital periods lasting several years. The moons of the Norse group also orbit in the opposite direction to Saturn's rotation.


Inner moons


Ring moonlets

During late July 2009, a
moonlet A moonlet, minor moon, minor natural satellite, or minor satellite is a particularly small natural satellite orbiting a planet, dwarf planet, or other minor planet. Up until 1995, moonlets were only hypothetical components of Saturn's F-ring ...
,
S/2009 S 1 S/2009 S 1 is a Rings of Saturn#Propeller_moonlets, moonlet embedded in the outer part of Saturn's Rings of Saturn#B Ring, B Ring, orbiting away from the planet. The moonlet was discovered by the Cassini–Huygens, ''Cassini'' Imaging Team durin ...
, was discovered in the B Ring, 480 km from the outer edge of the ring, by the shadow it cast. It is estimated to be 300 m in diameter. Unlike the A Ring moonlets (see below), it does not induce a 'propeller' feature, probably due to the density of the B Ring. In 2006, four tiny moonlets were found in ''Cassini'' images of the A Ring. Before this discovery only two larger moons had been known within gaps in the A Ring: Pan and Daphnis. These are large enough to clear continuous gaps in the ring. In contrast, a moonlet is only massive enough to clear two small—about 10 km across—partial gaps in the immediate vicinity of the moonlet itself creating a structure shaped like an airplane
propeller A propeller (often called a screw if on a ship or an airscrew if on an aircraft) is a device with a rotating hub and radiating blades that are set at a pitch to form a helical spiral which, when rotated, exerts linear thrust upon a working flu ...
. The moonlets themselves are tiny, ranging from about 40 to 500 meters in diameter, and are too small to be seen directly. In 2007, the discovery of 150 more moonlets revealed that they (with the exception of two that have been seen outside the Encke gap) are confined to three narrow bands in the A Ring between 126,750 and 132,000 km from Saturn's center. Each band is about a thousand kilometers wide, which is less than 1% the width of Saturn's rings. This region is relatively free from the disturbances caused by resonances with larger satellites, although other areas of the A Ring without disturbances are apparently free of moonlets. The moonlets were probably formed from the breakup of a larger satellite. It is estimated that the A Ring contains 7,000–8,000 propellers larger than 0.8 km in size and millions larger than 0.25 km. In April 2014, NASA scientists reported the possible consolidation of a new moon within the A Ring, implying that Saturn's present moons may have formed in a similar process in the past when Saturn's ring system was much more massive. Similar moonlets may reside in the F Ring. There, "jets" of material may be due to collisions, initiated by perturbations from the nearby small moon Prometheus, of these moonlets with the core of the F Ring. One of the largest F Ring moonlets may be the as-yet unconfirmed object S/2004 S 6. The F Ring also contains transient "fans" which are thought to result from even smaller moonlets, about 1 km in diameter, orbiting near the F Ring core. One recently discovered moon, Aegaeon, resides within the bright arc of G Ring and is trapped in the 7:6 mean-motion
resonance Resonance is a phenomenon that occurs when an object or system is subjected to an external force or vibration whose frequency matches a resonant frequency (or resonance frequency) of the system, defined as a frequency that generates a maximu ...
with Mimas. This means that it makes exactly seven revolutions around Saturn while Mimas makes exactly six. The moon is the largest among the population of bodies that are sources of dust in this ring.


Ring shepherds

Shepherd satellites are small moons that orbit within, or just beyond, a planet's
ring system A ring system is a disc or torus orbiting an astronomical object that is composed of solid material such as dust, meteoroids, planetoids, moonlets, or stellar objects. Ring systems are best known as planetary rings, common components of sate ...
. They have the effect of sculpting the rings: giving them sharp edges, and creating gaps between them. Saturn's shepherd moons are Pan ( Encke gap), Daphnis ( Keeler gap),
Prometheus In Greek mythology, Prometheus (; , , possibly meaning "forethought")Smith"Prometheus". is a Titans, Titan. He is best known for defying the Olympian gods by taking theft of fire, fire from them and giving it to humanity in the form of technol ...
(F Ring),
Janus In ancient Roman religion and myth, Janus ( ; ) is the god of beginnings, gates, transitions, time, duality, doorways, passages, frames, and endings. He is usually depicted as having two faces. The month of January is named for Janus (''Ianu ...
(A Ring), and
Epimetheus In Greek mythology, Epimetheus (; ) is the brother of Prometheus, the pair serving "as representatives of mankind". Both sons of the Titan Iapetus, while Prometheus ("foresight") is ingeniously clever, Epimetheus ("hindsight") is inept and fool ...
(A Ring).
Atlas An atlas is a collection of maps; it is typically a bundle of world map, maps of Earth or of a continent or region of Earth. Advances in astronomy have also resulted in atlases of the celestial sphere or of other planets. Atlases have traditio ...
and
Pandora In Greek mythology, Pandora was the first human woman created by Hephaestus on the instructions of Zeus. As Hesiod related it, each god cooperated by giving her unique gifts. Her other name—inscribed against her figure on a white-ground '' ky ...
orbit on the outside edge of the A Ring and F Ring respectively, and were long thought to be shepherds as well, until more recent studies began to indicate otherwise. These moons probably formed as a result of accretion of the friable ring material on preexisting denser cores. The cores with sizes from one-third to one-half the present-day moons may be themselves collisional shards formed when a parental satellite of the rings disintegrated. Janus and Epimetheus are co-orbital moons. They are of similar size, with Janus being somewhat larger than Epimetheus. They have orbits with less than a 100-kilometer difference in
semi-major axis In geometry, the major axis of an ellipse is its longest diameter: a line segment that runs through the center and both foci, with ends at the two most widely separated points of the perimeter. The semi-major axis (major semiaxis) is the longe ...
, close enough that they would collide if they attempted to pass each other. Instead of colliding, their gravitational interaction causes them to swap orbits every four years.


Inner large

The innermost large moons of Saturn orbit within its tenuous E Ring, along with three smaller moons of the Alkyonides group. * Mimas is the smallest and least massive of the inner round moons, although its mass is sufficient to alter the orbit of Methone. It is noticeably ovoid-shaped, having been made shorter at the poles and longer at the equator (by about 20 km) by the effects of Saturn's gravity. Mimas has a large
impact crater An impact crater is a depression (geology), depression in the surface of a solid astronomical body formed by the hypervelocity impact event, impact of a smaller object. In contrast to volcanic craters, which result from explosion or internal c ...
one-third its diameter, Herschel, situated on its leading hemisphere Mimas has no known past or present geologic activity and its surface is dominated by impact craters, though it does have a water ocean 20–30 km beneath the surface. The only tectonic features known are a few arcuate and linear troughs, which probably formed when Mimas was shattered by the Herschel impact. *
Enceladus Enceladus is the sixth-largest moon of Saturn and the 18th-largest in the Solar System. It is about in diameter, about a tenth of that of Saturn's largest moon, Titan. It is covered by clean, freshly deposited snow hundreds of meters thick, ...
is one of the smallest of Saturn's moons that is spherical in shape—only Mimas is smaller—yet is the only small Saturnian moon that is currently endogenously active, and the smallest known body in the Solar System that is geologically active today. Its surface is morphologically diverse; it includes ancient heavily cratered terrain as well as younger smooth areas with few impact craters. Many plains on Enceladus are fractured and intersected by systems of lineaments. The area around its south pole was found by ''Cassini'' to be unusually warm and cut by a system of fractures about 130 km long called "tiger stripes", some of which emit jets of
water vapor Water vapor, water vapour, or aqueous vapor is the gaseous phase of Properties of water, water. It is one Phase (matter), state of water within the hydrosphere. Water vapor can be produced from the evaporation or boiling of liquid water or from th ...
and
dust Dust is made of particle size, fine particles of solid matter. On Earth, it generally consists of particles in the atmosphere that come from various sources such as soil lifted by wind (an aeolian processes, aeolian process), Types of volcan ...
. These jets form a large plume off its south pole, which replenishes Saturn's E ring and serves as the main source of
ion An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convent ...
s in the magnetosphere of Saturn. The gas and dust are released with a rate of more than 100 kg/s. Enceladus may have liquid water underneath the south-polar surface. The source of the energy for this
cryovolcanism A cryovolcano (sometimes informally referred to as an ice volcano) is a type of volcano that erupts gases and volatile material such as liquid water, ammonia, and hydrocarbons. The erupted material is collectively referred to as ''cryolava''; ...
is thought to be a 2:1
mean-motion resonance In celestial mechanics, orbital resonance occurs when orbiting bodies exert regular, periodic gravitational influence on each other, usually because their orbital periods are related by a ratio of small integers. Most commonly, this relation ...
with Dione. The pure ice on the surface makes Enceladus one of the brightest known objects in the Solar System—its geometrical albedo is more than 140%. * Tethys is the third largest of Saturn's inner moons. Its most prominent features are a large (400 km diameter) impact crater named
Odysseus In Greek mythology, Greek and Roman mythology, Odysseus ( ; , ), also known by the Latin variant Ulysses ( , ; ), is a legendary Greeks, Greek king of Homeric Ithaca, Ithaca and the hero of Homer's Epic poetry, epic poem, the ''Odyssey''. Od ...
on its leading hemisphere and a vast canyon system named Ithaca Chasma extending at least 270° around Tethys. The Ithaca Chasma is concentric with Odysseus, and these two features may be related. Tethys appears to have no current geological activity. A heavily cratered hilly terrain occupies the majority of its surface, while a smaller and smoother plains region lies on the hemisphere opposite to that of Odysseus. The plains contain fewer craters and are apparently younger. A sharp boundary separates them from the cratered terrain. There is also a system of extensional troughs radiating away from Odysseus. The density of Tethys (0.985 g/cm3) is less than that of water, indicating that it is made mainly of water ice with only a small fraction of
rock Rock most often refers to: * Rock (geology), a naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals or mineraloids * Rock music, a genre of popular music Rock or Rocks may also refer to: Places United Kingdom * Rock, Caerphilly, a location in Wale ...
. * Dione is the second-largest inner moon of Saturn. It has a higher density than the geologically dead Rhea, the largest inner moon, but lower than that of active Enceladus. While the majority of Dione's surface is heavily cratered old terrain, this moon is also covered with an extensive network of troughs and lineaments, indicating that in the past it had global
tectonic Tectonics ( via Latin ) are the processes that result in the structure and properties of the Earth's crust and its evolution through time. The field of ''planetary tectonics'' extends the concept to other planets and moons. These processes ...
activity. The troughs and lineaments are especially prominent on the trailing hemisphere, where several intersecting sets of fractures form what is called "wispy terrain". The cratered plains have a few large impact craters reaching 250 km in diameter. Smooth plains with low impact-crater counts are also present on a small fraction of its surface. They were probably tectonically resurfaced relatively later in the geological history of Dione. At two locations within smooth plains strange landforms (depressions) resembling oblong impact craters have been identified, both of which lie at the centers of radiating networks of cracks and troughs; these features may be cryovolcanic in origin. Dione may be geologically active even now, although on a scale much smaller than the cryovolcanism of Enceladus. This follows from Cassini magnetic measurements that show Dione is a net source of plasma in the magnetosphere of Saturn, much like Enceladus.


Alkyonides

Three small moons orbit between Mimas and Enceladus: Methone, Anthe, and Pallene. Named after the Alkyonides of Greek mythology, they are some of the smallest moons in the Saturn system. Anthe and Methone have very faint ring arcs along their orbits, whereas Pallene has a faint complete ring. Of these three moons, only Methone has been photographed at close range, showing it to be egg-shaped with very few or no craters.


Trojan moons

Trojan moons are a unique feature only known from the Saturnian system. A trojan body orbits at either the leading L4 or trailing L5
Lagrange point In celestial mechanics, the Lagrange points (; also Lagrangian points or libration points) are points of equilibrium for small-mass objects under the gravitational influence of two massive orbiting bodies. Mathematically, this involves t ...
of a much larger object, such as a large moon or planet. Tethys has two trojan moons, Telesto (leading) and Calypso (trailing), and Dione also has two, Helene (leading) and Polydeuces (trailing). Helene is by far the largest trojan moon, while Polydeuces is the smallest and has the most chaotic orbit. These moons are coated with dusty material that has smoothed out their surfaces.


Outer large

These moons all orbit beyond the E Ring. They are: * Rhea is the second-largest of Saturn's moons. It is even slightly larger than
Oberon Oberon () is a king of the fairy, fairies in Middle Ages, medieval and Renaissance literature. He is best known as a character in William Shakespeare's play ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'', in which he is King of the Fairies and spouse of Titania ...
, the second-largest moon of
Uranus Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun. It is a gaseous cyan-coloured ice giant. Most of the planet is made of water, ammonia, and methane in a Supercritical fluid, supercritical phase of matter, which astronomy calls "ice" or Volatile ( ...
. In 2005, ''Cassini'' detected a depletion of electrons in the plasma wake of Rhea, which forms when the co-rotating plasma of Saturn's magnetosphere is absorbed by the moon. The depletion was hypothesized to be caused by the presence of dust-sized particles concentrated in a few faint equatorial rings. Such a ring system would make Rhea the only moon in the Solar System known to have rings. Subsequent targeted observations of the putative ring plane from several angles by ''Cassinis narrow-angle camera turned up no evidence of the expected ring material, leaving the origin of the plasma observations unresolved. : Otherwise Rhea has rather a typical heavily cratered surface, with the exceptions of a few large Dione-type fractures (wispy terrain) on the trailing hemisphere and a very faint "line" of material at the equator that may have been deposited by material deorbiting from present or former rings. Rhea also has two very large impact basins on its anti-Saturnian hemisphere, which are about 400 and 500 km across. The first, Tirawa, is roughly comparable to the Odysseus basin on Tethys. There is also a 48 km-diameter impact crater called
Inktomi Inktomi Corporation was an American Internet service provider (ISP) software developer based in Foster City, California. Customers included Microsoft, HotBot, Amazon.com, eBay, and Walmart. The company developed Traffic Server, a proxy se ...
at 112°W that is prominent because of an extended system of bright rays, which may be one of the youngest craters on the inner moons of Saturn. No evidence of any endogenic activity has been discovered on the surface of Rhea. *
Titan Titan most often refers to: * Titan (moon), the largest moon of Saturn * Titans, a race of deities in Greek mythology Titan or Titans may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Fictional entities Fictional locations * Titan in fiction, fictiona ...
, at 5,149 km diameter, is the second largest moon in the Solar System and Saturn's largest. Out of all the large moons, Titan is the only one with a dense (surface pressure of 1.5  atm), cold atmosphere, primarily made of
nitrogen Nitrogen is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol N and atomic number 7. Nitrogen is a Nonmetal (chemistry), nonmetal and the lightest member of pnictogen, group 15 of the periodic table, often called the Pnictogen, pnictogens. ...
with a small fraction of
methane Methane ( , ) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms). It is a group-14 hydride, the simplest alkane, and the main constituent of natural gas. The abundance of methane on Earth makes ...
. The dense atmosphere frequently produces bright white convective clouds, especially over the south pole region. On 6 June 2013, scientists at the IAA-CSIC reported the detection of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons A Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) is any member of a class of organic compounds that is composed of multiple fused aromatic rings. Most are produced by the incomplete combustion of organic matter— by engine exhaust fumes, tobacco, incin ...
in the
upper atmosphere Upper atmosphere is a collective term that refers to various layers of the atmosphere of the Earth above the troposphere and corresponding regions of the atmospheres of other planets, and includes: * The mesosphere, which on Earth lies between th ...
of Titan. On 23 June 2014, NASA claimed to have strong evidence that
nitrogen Nitrogen is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol N and atomic number 7. Nitrogen is a Nonmetal (chemistry), nonmetal and the lightest member of pnictogen, group 15 of the periodic table, often called the Pnictogen, pnictogens. ...
in the atmosphere of Titan came from materials in the
Oort cloud The Oort cloud (pronounced or ), sometimes called the Öpik–Oort cloud, is scientific theory, theorized to be a cloud of billions of Volatile (astrogeology), icy planetesimals surrounding the Sun at distances ranging from 2,000 to 200,000 A ...
, associated with
comets A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that warms and begins to release gases when passing close to the Sun, a process called outgassing. This produces an extended, gravitationally unbound atmosphere or coma surrounding the nucleus, an ...
, and not from the materials that formed Saturn in earlier times. : The surface of Titan, which is difficult to observe due to persistent atmospheric
haze Haze is traditionally an atmospheric phenomenon in which dust, smoke, and other dry particulates suspended in air obscure visibility and the clarity of the sky. The World Meteorological Organization manual of codes includes a classificati ...
, shows only a few impact craters and is probably very young. It contains a pattern of light and dark regions, flow channels and possibly cryovolcanos. Some dark regions are covered by longitudinal dune fields shaped by tidal winds, where sand is made of frozen water or hydrocarbons. Titan is the only body in the Solar System beside Earth with bodies of liquid on its surface, in the form of methane–ethane lakes in Titan's north and south polar regions. The largest lake, Kraken Mare, is larger than the
Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, described as the List of lakes by area, world's largest lake and usually referred to as a full-fledged sea. An endorheic basin, it lies between Europe and Asia: east of the Caucasus, ...
. Like Europa and Ganymede, it is believed that Titan has a subsurface ocean made of water mixed with
ammonia Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the chemical formula, formula . A Binary compounds of hydrogen, stable binary hydride and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinctive pu ...
, which can erupt to the surface of the moon and lead to cryovolcanism. On 2 July 2014, NASA reported the ocean inside Titan may be "as salty as the Earth's
Dead Sea The Dead Sea (; or ; ), also known by #Names, other names, is a landlocked salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east, the Israeli-occupied West Bank to the west and Israel to the southwest. It lies in the endorheic basin of the Jordan Rift Valle ...
". * Hyperion is Titan's nearest neighbor in the Saturn system. The two moons are locked in a 4:3
mean-motion resonance In celestial mechanics, orbital resonance occurs when orbiting bodies exert regular, periodic gravitational influence on each other, usually because their orbital periods are related by a ratio of small integers. Most commonly, this relation ...
with each other, meaning that while Titan makes four revolutions around Saturn, Hyperion makes exactly three. With an average diameter of about 270 km, Hyperion is smaller and lighter than Mimas. It has an extremely irregular shape, and a very odd, tan-colored icy surface resembling a sponge, though its interior may be partially porous as well. The average density of about 0.55 g/cm3 indicates that the porosity exceeds 40% even assuming it has a purely icy composition. The surface of Hyperion is covered with numerous impact craters—those with diameters 2–10 km are especially abundant. It is the only moon besides the small moons of Pluto known to have a chaotic rotation, which means Hyperion has no well-defined poles or equator. While on short timescales the satellite approximately rotates around its long axis at a rate of 72–75° per day, on longer timescales its axis of rotation (spin vector) wanders chaotically across the sky. This makes the rotational behavior of Hyperion essentially unpredictable. *
Iapetus In Greek mythology, Iapetus (; ; ), also Japetus, is a Titan, the son of Uranus and Gaia and father of Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Menoetius. He was also called the father of Buphagus and Anchiale in other sources. Iapetus was linked ...
is the third-largest of Saturn's moons. Orbiting the planet at km, it is by far the most distant of Saturn's large moons, and also has the largest
orbital inclination Orbital inclination measures the tilt of an object's orbit around a celestial body. It is expressed as the angle between a reference plane and the orbital plane or axis of direction of the orbiting object. For a satellite orbiting the Earth ...
, at 15.47°. Iapetus has long been known for its unusual two-toned surface; its leading hemisphere is pitch-black and its trailing hemisphere is almost as bright as fresh snow. ''Cassini'' images showed that the dark material is confined to a large near-equatorial area on the leading hemisphere called Cassini Regio, which extends approximately from 40°N to 40°S. The pole regions of Iapetus are as bright as its trailing hemisphere. ''Cassini'' also discovered a 20 km tall equatorial ridge, which spans nearly the moon's entire equator. Otherwise both dark and bright surfaces of Iapetus are old and heavily cratered. The images revealed at least four large impact basins with diameters from 380 to 550 km and numerous smaller impact craters. No evidence of any endogenic activity has been discovered. : A clue to the origin of the dark material covering part of Iapetus's starkly dichromatic surface may have been found in 2009, when NASA's
Spitzer Space Telescope The Spitzer Space Telescope, formerly the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), was an infrared space telescope launched in 2003, that was deactivated when operations ended on 30 January 2020. Spitzer was the third space telescope dedicate ...
discovered a vast, nearly invisible disk around Saturn, just inside the orbit of the moon Phoebe – the Phoebe ring. Scientists believe that the disk originates from dust and ice particles kicked up by impacts on Phoebe. Because the disk particles, like Phoebe itself, orbit in the opposite direction to Iapetus, Iapetus collides with them as they drift in the direction of Saturn, darkening its leading hemisphere slightly. Once a difference in albedo, and hence in average temperature, was established between different regions of Iapetus, a
thermal runaway Thermal runaway describes a process that is accelerated by increased temperature, in turn releasing Thermal energy, energy that further increases temperature. Thermal runaway occurs in situations where an increase in temperature changes the cond ...
process of water ice sublimation from warmer regions and deposition of water vapor onto colder regions ensued. Iapetus's present two-toned appearance results from the contrast between the bright, primarily ice-coated areas and regions of dark lag, the residue left behind after the loss of surface ice.


Irregular

Irregular moons are small satellites with distant, inclined, and frequently retrograde orbits, believed to have been acquired by the parent planet through a capture process. They often occur as collisional families or groups. The precise size and albedo of many of the irregular moons are not known because they are too small to be resolved by telescopes on Earth and in space, so their sizes are estimated from their brightness by assuming a dark surface or low albedo of around 6% (albedo of Phoebe) or less. The irregular moons generally have featureless visible and
near infrared Infrared (IR; sometimes called infrared light) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with wavelengths longer than that of visible light but shorter than microwaves. The infrared spectral band begins with the waves that are just longer than those o ...
spectra dominated by water absorption bands. They are typically gray (spectrally neutral) or moderately red in color—similar to C-type, P-type, or
D-type asteroid D-type asteroids have a very low albedo and a featureless reddish spectrum. It has been suggested that they have a composition of organic-rich silicates, carbon and anhydrous silicates, possibly with water ice in their interiors. D-type asteroids ...
s, though they are much less red than
Kuiper belt The Kuiper belt ( ) is a circumstellar disc in the outer Solar System, extending from the orbit of Neptune at 30 astronomical units (AU) to approximately 50 AU from the Sun. It is similar to the asteroid belt, but is far larger—20 times ...
objects.


Inuit

The Inuit group includes 36 prograde outer moons that are similar enough in their distances from the planet (190–300 radii of Saturn), their orbital inclinations (43–51°) and their colors that they can be considered a group. The Inuit group is further split into three distinct subgroups at different semi-major axes, and are named after their respective largest members. Ordered by increasing semi-major axis, these subgroups are the Kiviuq subgroup (188 Saturn radii), Paaliaq (249 Saturn radii), and the Siarnaq subgroup (297 Saturn radii). It is unknown whether all of these subgroups of the Inuit group share a common origin. The Kiviuq group includes 20 members, with the only named members being
Ijiraq In the Inuit religion, an ijiraq ( or ) is a shapeshifting creature said to kidnap children, hide them away and abandon them. The inuksuk (or inukshuk) of stone allow these children to find their way back if they can convince the ijiraq to let ...
and the group's largest member and namesake Kiviuq. Kiviuq has a diameter of about 17 km and has a highly elongated shape, which may indicate it is a contact binary. The Siarnaq group includes 15 members, with the only named members being Tarqeq and the group's namesake Siarnaq. Siarnaq is the largest member of its subgroup and the entire Inuit group, with an estimated diameter of about 39 km. The moons of the Kiviuq and Siarnaq subgroups are tightly clustered in semi-major axis and inclination with respect to their namesake moon, which makes them distinct collisional families. In contrast to Kiviuq and Siarnaq, Paaliaq (diameter ~25 km) does not have an associated subgroup.


Gallic

The Gallic group includes 17 prograde outer moons that are similar in their orbital inclination (34–41°), their orbital eccentricity, and their color that they can be considered a group. The named members of the Gallic group are Albiorix, Bebhionn, Erriapus, and Tarvos. The largest of these moons is Albiorix with an estimated diameter of about 29 km. The Gallic group may be divided into the Albiorix subgroup, which consists of 16 moons with semi-major axes between 200–330 radii of Saturn, and the outlier moon S/2004 S 24 which has a lower eccentricity and a much more distant semi-major axis of ~400 Saturn radii. S/2004 S 24 may not be directly related to the Gallic group, although it is possible that it could have formed as a fragment of an Albiorix subgroup member that was collisionally disrupted when it was at its farthest distance from Saturn in its elliptical orbit.


Norse

All 197 retrograde outer moons of Saturn are broadly classified into the Norse group. Only 31 moons of the Norse group have been named: Aegir, Angrboda, Alvaldi, Beli, Bergelmir,
Bestla Bestla (Old Norse: ) is a jötunn in Norse mythology, and the mother of the gods Odin, Vili and Vé (by way of Borr). She is also the sister of an unnamed man who assisted Odin, and the daughter (or granddaughter depending on the source) of the j ...
, Eggther, Farbauti,
Fenrir Fenrir (Old Norse 'fen-dweller')Orchard (1997:42). or Fenrisúlfr (Old Norse "Fenrir's wolf", often translated "Fenris-wolf"),Simek (2007:81). also referred to as Hróðvitnir (Old Norse "fame-wolf")Simek (2007:160). and Vánagandr (Old Nors ...
, Fornjot, Geirrod,
Gerd Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a chronic upper gastrointestinal disease in which stomach content persistently and regularly flows up into the esophagus, resulting in symptoms and/or ...
, Greip, Gridr, Gunnlod, Hati, Hyrrokkin, Jarnsaxa, Kari, Loge,
Mundilfari In Norse mythology Mundilfari (Old Norse: ; rendered variously ''Mundilfari'', ''Mundilföri'' and ''Mundilfœri'') (Old Norse, possibly "the one moving according to particular times"Simek (2007:222).) is the father of Sól, goddess associated ...
, Narvi, Phoebe, Skathi, Skoll, Skrymir, Surtur, Suttungr, Thiazzi, Thrymr, and
Ymir In Norse mythology, Ymir (), also called Aurgelmir, Brimir, or Bláinn, is the ancestor of all jötnar. Ymir is attested in the ''Poetic Edda'', compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional material, in the ''Prose Edda'', writte ...
. Although the Norse group does not show obvious clustering in orbital elements, researchers led by Edward Ashton have proposed splitting the Norse group into four different subgroups by inclination. These subgroups still have a broad range of orbital semi-major axes, inclinations, and eccentricities, and may not necessarily have an impact origin. * The Phoebe subgroup consists of moons between inclinations 172.5° and 180° and is named after Phoebe, by far the largest irregular moon of Saturn with a diameter of . It has a retrograde orbit and rotates on its axis every 9.3 hours. Phoebe was the first moon of Saturn to be studied in detail by ''Cassini'', in ; during this encounter ''Cassini'' was able to map nearly 90% of the moon's surface. Phoebe has a nearly spherical shape and a relatively high density of about 1.6 g/cm3. ''Cassini'' images revealed a dark surface scarred by numerous impacts—there are about 130 craters with diameters exceeding 10 km. Such impacts may have ejected fragments of Phoebe into orbit around Saturn—two of these may be S/2006 S 20 and
S/2006 S 9 S/2006 S 9 is a natural satellite of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, Edward Ashton, Brett J. Gladman, Jean-Marc Petit and Mike Alexandersen on May 3, 2023 from observations taken betwee ...
, whose orbits are similar to Phoebe. Spectroscopic measurement showed that the surface is made of water ice,
carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalent bond, covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in a gas state at room temperature and at norma ...
,
phyllosilicate Silicate minerals are rock-forming minerals made up of silicate groups. They are the largest and most important class of minerals and make up approximately 90 percent of Earth's crust. In mineralogy, the crystalline forms of silica (silicon dio ...
s, organics and possibly iron-bearing minerals. Phoebe is believed to be a captured
centaur A centaur ( ; ; ), occasionally hippocentaur, also called Ixionidae (), is a creature from Greek mythology with the upper body of a human and the lower body and legs of a horse that was said to live in the mountains of Thessaly. In one version o ...
that originated in the
Kuiper belt The Kuiper belt ( ) is a circumstellar disc in the outer Solar System, extending from the orbit of Neptune at 30 astronomical units (AU) to approximately 50 AU from the Sun. It is similar to the asteroid belt, but is far larger—20 times ...
. It also serves as a source of material for the largest known ring of Saturn, which darkens the leading hemisphere of Iapetus (see above). * The Mundilfari subgroup consists of moons between inclinations 157° and 172.5° and is the most populated of the four Norse subgroups proposed by Ashton and collaborators. Named after its largest member
Mundilfari In Norse mythology Mundilfari (Old Norse: ; rendered variously ''Mundilfari'', ''Mundilföri'' and ''Mundilfœri'') (Old Norse, possibly "the one moving according to particular times"Simek (2007:222).) is the father of Sól, goddess associated ...
(diameter ~7 km), this subgroup is dominated by tiny moons smaller than 4 km in diameter, which suggests they were formed by a relatively recent collisional event that destroyed a progenitor moon at least 100 million years ago. Ashton and collaborators proposed that this progenitor moon of the Mundifari subgroup would have orbited Saturn at a semi-major axis of ~19.5 million km (~320 Saturn radii), inclination ~165°, and eccentricity ~0.28. The collision that destroyed this progenitor moon would have to eject its fragments at a speed of at least 200 m/s, and subsequent collisions of its fragments may further disperse their orbits to produce the broad orbital distribution of the Mundilfari group observed today. * The Kari subgroup consists of moons between inclinations 151° and 157° and appears mostly concentrated around the orbit of its namesake and largest member Kari (diameter ~6 km) with a semi-major axis range between from Saturn. This tight clustering may be a collisional family. There are several other moons in the Kari subgroup's inclination range that have semi-major axes less than the aforementioned range, and thus may not be related to the proposed collisional family. * The remaining Norse group moons with inclinations below 151° are sparse in number and are assigned to the low-inclination subgroup by Ashton and collaborators. Of the moons of the low-inclination subgroup, Narvi and S/2019 S 11 have the most similar orbits to each other, which suggests these two moons share an origin.


List


Confirmed

The Saturnian moons are listed here by
orbital period The orbital period (also revolution period) is the amount of time a given astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object. In astronomy, it usually applies to planets or asteroids orbiting the Sun, moons orbiting planets ...
(or semi-major axis), from shortest to longest. Moons massive enough for their surfaces to have collapsed into a
spheroid A spheroid, also known as an ellipsoid of revolution or rotational ellipsoid, is a quadric surface (mathematics), surface obtained by Surface of revolution, rotating an ellipse about one of its principal axes; in other words, an ellipsoid with t ...
are highlighted in bold and marked with a blue background, while the irregular moons are listed in red, orange, green, and gray background. The orbits and mean distances of the irregular moons are strongly variable over short timescales due to frequent planetary and solar perturbations, so the orbital elements of irregular moons listed here are averaged over a 5,000-year
numerical integration In analysis, numerical integration comprises a broad family of algorithms for calculating the numerical value of a definite integral. The term numerical quadrature (often abbreviated to quadrature) is more or less a synonym for "numerical integr ...
by the
Jet Propulsion Laboratory The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a Federally funded research and development centers, federally funded research and development center (FFRDC) in La Cañada Flintridge, California, Crescenta Valley, United States. Founded in 1936 by Cali ...
. These may sometimes strongly differ from the osculating orbital elements provided by other sources. Otherwise, recently discovered irregular moons without published proper elements are temporarily listed here with inaccurate osculating orbital elements that are ''italicized'' to distinguish them from other irregular moons with proper orbital elements. The mean orbital elements are based on a reference
epoch In chronology and periodization, an epoch or reference epoch is an instant in time chosen as the origin of a particular calendar era. The "epoch" serves as a reference point from which time is measured. The moment of epoch is usually decided b ...
of 1 January 2000, whereas the osculating orbital elements of the 128 newly-discovered moons are based on a reference epoch of 5 May 2025.
, , , , , , , , , , outer B Ring , , 2009 , , 2009 , , '' Cassini'' , -style="background:#fff;" , , , (
moonlet A moonlet, minor moon, minor natural satellite, or minor satellite is a particularly small natural satellite orbiting a planet, dwarf planet, or other minor planet. Up until 1995, moonlets were only hypothetical components of Saturn's F-ring ...
s) , , — , , style="background:white;", , , , , , , } , , , , , , , , , , Three 1,000 km bands within A Ring , , 2006 , , — , , '' Cassini'' , -style="background:#fff;" , , , Pan , , , , style="background:black;", , , 9.2 , , , , , , , , , , 0.0 , , 0.000 , , in Encke Division , , 1990 , , 1990 , , Showalter , -style="background:#fff;" , , , Daphnis , , , , style="background:black;", , , — , , , , , , , , , , 0.0 , , 0.000 , , in Keeler Gap , , 2005 , , 2005 , , '' Cassini'' , -style="background:#fff;" , , ,
Atlas An atlas is a collection of maps; it is typically a bundle of world map, maps of Earth or of a continent or region of Earth. Advances in astronomy have also resulted in atlases of the celestial sphere or of other planets. Atlases have traditio ...
, , , , style="background:black;", , , 8.5 , , , , , , , , , , 0.0 , , 0.001 , , , , 1980 , , 1980 , , ''
Voyager 1 ''Voyager 1'' is a space probe launched by NASA on September 5, 1977, as part of the Voyager program to study the outer Solar System and the interstellar medium, interstellar space beyond the Sun's heliosphere. It was launched 16 days afte ...
'' , -style="background:#fff;" , , ,
Prometheus In Greek mythology, Prometheus (; , , possibly meaning "forethought")Smith"Prometheus". is a Titans, Titan. He is best known for defying the Olympian gods by taking theft of fire, fire from them and giving it to humanity in the form of technol ...
, , , , style="background:black;", , , 6.7 , , , , , , , , , , 0.0 , , 0.002 , , F Ring shepherd , , 1980 , , 1980 , , ''
Voyager 1 ''Voyager 1'' is a space probe launched by NASA on September 5, 1977, as part of the Voyager program to study the outer Solar System and the interstellar medium, interstellar space beyond the Sun's heliosphere. It was launched 16 days afte ...
'' , -style="background:#fff;" , , ,
Pandora In Greek mythology, Pandora was the first human woman created by Hephaestus on the instructions of Zeus. As Hesiod related it, each god cooperated by giving her unique gifts. Her other name—inscribed against her figure on a white-ground '' ky ...
, , , , style="background:black;", , , 6.5 , , , , , , , , , , 0.0 , , 0.004 , , , , 1980 , , 1980 , , ''
Voyager 1 ''Voyager 1'' is a space probe launched by NASA on September 5, 1977, as part of the Voyager program to study the outer Solar System and the interstellar medium, interstellar space beyond the Sun's heliosphere. It was launched 16 days afte ...
'' , -style="background:#fff;" , , ,
Epimetheus In Greek mythology, Epimetheus (; ) is the brother of Prometheus, the pair serving "as representatives of mankind". Both sons of the Titan Iapetus, while Prometheus ("foresight") is ingeniously clever, Epimetheus ("hindsight") is inept and fool ...
, , , , style="background:black;", , , 5.5 , , , , , , , , , , 0.3 , , 0.020 , , co-orbital with Janus , , 1966 , , 1967 , , Fountain & Larson , -style="background:#fff;" , , ,
Janus In ancient Roman religion and myth, Janus ( ; ) is the god of beginnings, gates, transitions, time, duality, doorways, passages, frames, and endings. He is usually depicted as having two faces. The month of January is named for Janus (''Ianu ...
, , , , style="background:black;", , , 4.5 , , , , , , , , , , 0.2 , , 0.007 , , co-orbital with Epimetheus , , 1966 , , 1967 , , Audouin Dollfus, Dollfus , -style="background:#fff;" , , , Aegaeon , , , , style="background:black;", , , — , , , , , , , , , , , 0.0 , , 0.000 , , G Ring moonlet , , 2008 , , 2009 , , '' Cassini'' , - style="background:#ccf;" , , , ♠ Mimas , , , , style="background:black;", , , 3.2 , , , , , , , , , , 1.6 , , 0.020 , ,   , , 1789 , , 1789 , , William Herschel, Herschel , -style="background:#fff;" , , , Methone , , , , style="background:black;", , , — , , , , , , , , , , , 0.0 , , 0.002 , , Alkyonides , , 2004 , , 2004 , , '' Cassini'' , -style="background:#fff;" , , , Anthe , , , , style="background:black;", , , — , , 1.8 , , , , , , , , , 0.0 , , 0.002 , , Alkyonides , , 2007 , , 2007 , , '' Cassini'' , -style="background:#fff;" , , , Pallene , , , , style="background:#bab271;", , , — , , , , , , , , , , , 0.2 , , 0.004 , , Alkyonides , , 2004 , , 2004 , , '' Cassini'' , - style="background:#ccf;" , , , ♠
Enceladus Enceladus is the sixth-largest moon of Saturn and the 18th-largest in the Solar System. It is about in diameter, about a tenth of that of Saturn's largest moon, Titan. It is covered by clean, freshly deposited snow hundreds of meters thick, ...
, , , , style="background:black;", , , 2.1 , , , , , , , , , , 0.0 , , 0.005 , , Generates the E ring , , 1789 , , 1789 , , William Herschel, Herschel , - style="background:#ccf;" , , , ♠ Tethys , , , , style="background:black;", , , 0.7 , , , , , , , , , , 1.1 , , 0.001 , ,   , , 1684 , , 1684 , , Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Cassini , -style="background:#fff;" , , , Telesto , , , , style="background:black;", , , 8.7 , , , , , , , , , , 1.2 , , 0.001 , , leading Tethys trojan () , , 1980 , , 1980 , , Bradford A. Smith, Smith et al. , -style="background:#fff;" , , , Calypso , , , , style="background:black;" , , , 9.2 , , , , , , , , , , 1.5 , , 0.001 , , trailing Tethys trojan () , , 1980 , , 1980 , , Pascu et al. , -style="background:#fff;" , , , Helene , , , , style="background:black;" , , , 8.2 , , , , , , , , , , 0.2 , , 0.007 , , leading Dione trojan () , , 1980 , , 1980 , , Laques & Lecacheux , -style="background:#fff;" , , , Polydeuces , , , , style="background:black;" , , , — , , , , , , , , , , 0.2 , , 0.019 , , trailing Dione trojan () , , 2004 , , 2004 , , '' Cassini'' , - style="background:#ccf;" , , , ♠ Dione , , , , style="background:black;" , , , 0.8 , , , , , , , , , , 0.0 , , 0.002 , ,   , , 1684 , , 1684 , , Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Cassini , - style="background:#ccf;" , , , ♠ Rhea , , , , style="background:black;", , , 0.1 , , , , , , , , , , 0.3 , , 0.001 , ,   , , 1672 , , 1673 , , Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Cassini , - style="background:#ccf;" , , , ♠
Titan Titan most often refers to: * Titan (moon), the largest moon of Saturn * Titans, a race of deities in Greek mythology Titan or Titans may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Fictional entities Fictional locations * Titan in fiction, fictiona ...
, , , , style="background:black;", , , –1.3 , , , , , , , , , , 0.3 , , 0.029 , ,   , , 1655 , , 1656 , , Christiaan Huygens, Huygens , -style="background:#fff;" , , , Hyperion , , , , style="background:black;", , , 4.8 , , , , , , , , , , 0.6 , , 0.105 , , in 4:3 resonance with Titan , , 1848 , , 1848 , , William Cranch Bond, Bond & William Lassell, Lassell , - style="background:#ccf;" , , , ♠
Iapetus In Greek mythology, Iapetus (; ; ), also Japetus, is a Titan, the son of Uranus and Gaia and father of Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Menoetius. He was also called the father of Buphagus and Anchiale in other sources. Iapetus was linked ...
, , , , style="background:black;", , , 1.2 , , , , , , , , , , 7.6 , , 0.028 , ,   , , 1671 , , 1673 , , Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Cassini , - id="S/2023 S 1" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2023 S 1 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.6 , , , , , , , , , , 48.8 , , 0.386 , , Inuit group (Kiviuq) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 1" style="background:#F4C2C2;" , , , ♦ S/2019 S 1 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 15.3 , , , , , , , , , , 49.5 , , 0.384 , , Inuit group (Kiviuq) , , 2019 , , 2021 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2004 S 54" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2004 S 54 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.1 , , , , , , , , , , 48.1 , , 0.373 , , Inuit group (Kiviuq) , , 2004 , , 2025 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2004 S 55" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2004 S 55 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.4 , , , , , , , , , , 48.9 , , 0.260 , , Inuit group (Kiviuq) , , 2004 , , 2025 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2020 S 11" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2020 S 11 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.9 , , , , , , , , , , 48.2 , , 0.372 , , Inuit group (Kiviuq) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 22" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2019 S 22 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 47.3 , , 0.369 , , Inuit group (Kiviuq) , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Kiviuq" style="background:#F4C2C2;" , , , ♦ Kiviuq , , , , style="background:black;" , , , 12.7 , , , , , , , , , , 48.0 , , 0.275 , , Inuit group (Kiviuq) , , 2000 , , 2000 , , Gladman et al. , - id="S/2023 S 2" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2023 S 2 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 45.7 , , 0.339 , , Inuit group (Kiviuq) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 23" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2019 S 23 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 48.7 , , 0.255 , , Inuit group (Kiviuq) , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 12" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2020 S 12 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.8 , , , , , , , , , , 50.8 , , 0.260 , , Inuit group (Kiviuq) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2005 S 4" style="background:#F4C2C2;" , , , ♦S/2005 S 4 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 15.7 , , , , , , , , , , 48.0 , , 0.315 , , Inuit group (Kiviuq) , , 2005 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2019 S 25" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2019 S 25 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.3 , , , , , , , , , , 48.1 , , 0.271 , , Inuit group (Kiviuq) , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 1" style="background:#F4C2C2;" , , , ♦S/2020 S 1 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 15.9 , , , , , , , , , , 48.2 , , 0.337 , , Inuit group (Kiviuq) , , 2020 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Ijiraq" style="background:#F4C2C2;" , , , ♦
Ijiraq In the Inuit religion, an ijiraq ( or ) is a shapeshifting creature said to kidnap children, hide them away and abandon them. The inuksuk (or inukshuk) of stone allow these children to find their way back if they can convince the ijiraq to let ...
, , , , style="background:black;" , , , 13.3 , , , , , , , , , , 49.2 , , 0.293 , , Inuit group (Kiviuq) , , 2000 , , 2000 , , Gladman et al. , - id="S/2019 S 24" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2019 S 24 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.1 , , , , , , , , , , 46.7 , , 0.345 , , Inuit group (Kiviuq) , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2007 S 10" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2007 S 10 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.1 , , , , , , , , , , 45.8 , , 0.367 , , Inuit group (Kiviuq) , , 2007 , , 2025 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2019 S 26" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2019 S 26 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.5 , , , , , , , , , , 48.1 , , 0.365 , , Inuit group (Kiviuq) , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 13" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2020 S 13 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.5 , , , , , , , , , , 48.0 , , 0.373 , , Inuit group (Kiviuq) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 50" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 50 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.9 , , , , , , , , , , 166.1 , , 0.263 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 6" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2023 S 6 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.4 , , , , , , , , , , 47.4 , , 0.336 , , Inuit group (Kiviuq) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 7" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2023 S 7 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 15.9 , , , , , , , , , , 44.7 , , 0.284 , , Inuit group (Kiviuq) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 38" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 38 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 17.0 , , , , , , , , , , 149.2 , , 0.909 , , Norse group (low-inclination) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Phoebe" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Phoebe , , , , style="background:black;", , , 6.7 , , , , , , , , , , 175.2 , , 0.164 , ,
Norse group The Norse group is a large group of Retrograde and prograde motion, retrograde irregular satellites of Saturn. Their semi-major axis, semi-major axes range between 12 and 27 Gm, their inclinations between 136° and 178° and their Orbital eccentr ...
(Phoebe) , , 1898 , , 1899 , , William Henry Pickering, Pickering , - id="S/2023 S 9" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 9 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 172.2 , , 0.141 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2006 S 20" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ S/2006 S 20 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 15.7 , , , , , , , , , , 173.1 , , 0.206 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2006 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2004 S 56" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 56 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 15.8 , , , , , , , , , , 161.6 , , 0.339 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2025 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2023 S 8" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 8 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 166.9 , , 0.122 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 11" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 11 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.9 , , , , , , , , , , 170.9 , , 0.300 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2006 S 9" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡
S/2006 S 9 S/2006 S 9 is a natural satellite of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, Edward Ashton, Brett J. Gladman, Jean-Marc Petit and Mike Alexandersen on May 3, 2023 from observations taken betwee ...
 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.5 , , , , , , , , , , 173.0 , , 0.248 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2006 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2006 S 21" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2006 S 21 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 169.8 , , 0.204 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2006 , , 2025 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="Paaliaq" style="background:#F4C2C2;" , , , ♦ Paaliaq , , , , style="background:black;", , , 11.7 , , , , , , , , , , 48.5 , , 0.378 , , Inuit group , , 2000 , , 2000 , , Gladman et al. , - id="S/2006 S 22" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2006 S 22 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.6 , , , , , , , , , , 172.0 , , 0.246 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2006 , , 2025 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2023 S 13" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 13 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.6 , , , , , , , , , , 168.5 , , 0.179 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 10" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 10 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 163.0 , , 0.302 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Skathi" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Skathi , , , , style="background:black;", , , 14.4 , , , , , , , , , , 151.6 , , 0.281 , , Norse group (low-inclination) , , 2000 , , 2000 , , Gladman et al. , - id="S/2023 S 12" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 12 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.9 , , , , , , , , , , 168.8 , , 0.601 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2007 S 5" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2007 S 5 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.2 , , , , , , , , , , 158.4 , , 0.104 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2007 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2007 S 7" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2007 S 7 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.2 , , , , , , , , , , 169.2 , , 0.217 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2007 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2007 S 2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ S/2007 S 2 , , —, , style="background:black;", , , 15.6 , , , , , , , , , , 174.0 , , 0.232 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2007 , , 2007 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2004 S 37" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 37 , , —, , style="background:black;", , , 15.9 , , , , , , , , , , 158.2 , , 0.448 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2019 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2004 S 47" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 47 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.3 , , , , , , , , , , 160.9 , , 0.291 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2004 S 40" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 40 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.3 , , , , , , , , , , 169.2 , , 0.297 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2020 S 14" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 14 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 161.7 , , 0.313 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 27" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 27 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.6 , , , , , , , , , , 162.1 , , 0.420 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Albiorix" style="background:#FDD5B1;" , , , ♣ Albiorix , , , , style="background:black;", , , 11.2 , , 28.6 , , , , , , , , 36.8 , , 0.482 , , Gallic group , , 2000 , , 2000 , , Matthew J. Holman, Holman , - id="S/2019 S 2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 2 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.5 , , , , , , , , , , 173.3 , , 0.279 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2019 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 15" style="background:#fdd5b1;" , , , ♣S/2020 S 15 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 37.1 , , 0.462 , , Gallic group , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 14" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 14 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.8 , , , , , , , , , , 171.6 , , 0.497 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 16" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 16 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.5 , , , , , , , , , , 167.3 , , 0.405 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 16" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 16 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.8 , , , , , , , , , , 162.6 , , 0.270 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Bebhionn" style="background:#FDD5B1;" , , , ♣ Bebhionn , , , , style="background:black;", , , 15.0 , , , , , , , , , , 38.5 , , 0.459 , , Gallic group , , 2004 , , 2005 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2007 S 8" style="background:#FDD5B1;" , , , ♣S/2007 S 8 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.0 , , , , , , , , , , 36.2 , , 0.490 , , Gallic group , , 2007 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="Saturn LX" style="background:#FDD5B1;" , , , ♣S/2004 S 29 , , —, , style="background:black;", , , 15.8 , , , , , , , , , , 38.6 , , 0.485 , , Gallic group , , 2004 , , 2019 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2019 S 3" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 3 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.2 , , , , , , , , , , 166.9 , , 0.249 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2019 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 17" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 17 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.3 , , , , , , , , , , 148.9 , , 0.378 , , Norse group (low-inclination) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 20" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 20 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 136.5 , , 0.442 , , Norse group (low-inclination) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 29" style="background:#fdd5b1;" , , , ♣S/2019 S 29 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.5 , , , , , , , , , , 37.7 , , 0.441 , , Gallic group , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 18" style="background:#fdd5b1;" , , , ♣S/2023 S 18 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.8 , , , , , , , , , , 36.7 , , 0.448 , , Gallic group , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 17" style="background:#fdd5b1;" , , , ♣S/2023 S 17 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 17.1 , , , , , , , , , , 35.9 , , 0.498 , , Gallic group , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 7" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 7 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.8 , , , , , , , , , , 161.4 , , 0.500 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2007 S 11" style="background:#fdd5b1;" , , , ♣S/2007 S 11 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.3 , , , , , , , , , , 35.5 , , 0.499 , , Gallic group , , 2007 , , 2025 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2019 S 28" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 28 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.3 , , , , , , , , , , 158.4 , , 0.199 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2004 S 31" style="background:#F4C2C2;" , , , ♦S/2004 S 31 , , —, , style="background:black;", , , 15.6 , , , , , , , , , , 48.1 , , 0.159 , , Inuit group (Siarnaq) , , 2004 , , 2019 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="Erriapus" style="background:#FDD5B1;" , , , ♣ Erriapus , , , , style="background:black;", , , 13.7 , , , , , , , , , , 37.1 , , 0.476 , , Gallic group , , 2000 , , 2000 , , Gladman et al. , - id="S/2023 S 19" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2023 S 19 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 17.0 , , , , , , , , , , 48.2 , , 0.092 , , Inuit group (Siarnaq) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Skoll" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Skoll , , , , style="background:black;", , , 15.4 , , , , , , , , , , 159.4 , , 0.463 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2006 , , 2006 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2023 S 3" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2023 S 3 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.5 , , , , , , , , , , 46.9 , , 0.178 , , Inuit group (Siarnaq) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 30" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 30 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.8 , , , , , , , , , , 168.3 , , 0.107 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 19" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2020 S 19 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.8 , , , , , , , , , , 48.1 , , 0.159 , , Inuit group (Siarnaq) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 31" style="background:#fdd5b1;" , , , ♣S/2019 S 31 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.5 , , , , , , , , , , 39.8 , , 0.488 , , Gallic group , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Tarqeq" style="background:#F4C2C2;" , , , ♦ Tarqeq , , , , style="background:black;", , , 14.8 , , , , , , , , , , 48.7 , , 0.143 , , Inuit group (Siarnaq) , , 2007 , , 2007 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2023 S 21" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 21 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.9 , , , , , , , , , , 157.3 , , 0.077 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 4" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 4 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.4 , , , , , , , , , , 170.0 , , 0.276 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 18" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 18 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.6 , , , , , , , , , , 168.9 , , 0.180 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 14" style="background:#F4C2C2;" , , , ♦S/2019 S 14 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.3 , , , , , , , , , , 46.2 , , 0.172 , , Inuit group (Siarnaq) , , 2019 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 2 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.9 , , , , , , , , , , 170.7 , , 0.152 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Siarnaq" style="background:#F4C2C2;" , , , ♦ Siarnaq , , , , style="background:black;", , , 10.6 , , 39.3 , , , , , , , , 47.8 , , 0.309 , , Inuit group (Siarnaq) , , 2000 , , 2000 , , Gladman et al. , - id="S/2019 S 4" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 4 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.5 , , , , , , , , , , 170.1 , , 0.408 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2019 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 32" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2019 S 32 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 15.7 , , , , , , , , , , 46.2 , , 0.276 , , Inuit group (Siarnaq) , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 20" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 20 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.6 , , , , , , , , , , 169.8 , , 0.133 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 3" style="background:#F4C2C2;" , , , ♦S/2020 S 3 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.4 , , , , , , , , , , 46.0 , , 0.142 , , Inuit group (Siarnaq) , , 2020 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2004 S 41" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 41 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.3 , , , , , , , , , , 165.7 , , 0.301 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2005 S 6" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2005 S 6 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.3 , , , , , , , , , , 47.7 , , 0.084 , , Inuit group (Siarnaq) , , 2005 , , 2025 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2004 S 57" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 57 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.2 , , , , , , , , , , 167.9 , , 0.263 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2025 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2019 S 6" style="background:#F4C2C2;" , , , ♦S/2019 S 6 , , — , , style="background:black;" , , , 16.1 , , , , , , , , , , 46.4 , , 0.120 , , Inuit group (Siarnaq), , 2019 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2006 S 24" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2006 S 24 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.8 , , , , , , , , , , 165.9 , , 0.352 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2006 , , 2025 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="Tarvos" style="background:#FDD5B1;" , , , ♣ Tarvos , , , , style="background:black;", , , 13.1 , , , , , , , , , , 37.8 , , 0.522 , , Gallic group , , 2000 , , 2000 , , Gladman et al. , - id="S/2020 S 4" style="background:#FDD5B1;" , , , ♣S/2020 S 4 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 17.0 , , , , , , , , , , 40.1 , , 0.495 , , Gallic group , , 2020 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 30" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 30 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 142.4 , , 0.493 , , Norse group (low-inclination) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2004 S 42" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 42 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.1 , , , , , , , , , , 165.7 , , 0.157 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2023 S 15" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 15 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.8 , , , , , , , , , , 161.9 , , 0.549 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2004 S 58" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2004 S 58 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 15.8 , , , , , , , , , , 45.7 , , 0.249 , , Inuit group (Siarnaq) , , 2004 , , 2025 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2006 S 23" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2006 S 23 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.4 , , , , , , , , , , 43.8 , , 0.190 , , Inuit group (Siarnaq) , , 2006 , , 2025 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="Hyrrokkin" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Hyrrokkin , , , , style="background:black;", , , 14.3 , , , , , , , , , , 149.9 , , 0.336 , , Norse group (low-inclination) , , 2004 , , 2005 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2023 S 24" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 24 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 169.7 , , 0.374 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Greip" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Greip , , , , style="background:black;", , , 15.3 , , , , , , , , , , 174.2 , , 0.317 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2006 , , 2006 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2020 S 5" style="background:#F4C2C2;" , , , ♦S/2020 S 5 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.6 , , , , , , , , , , 48.2 , , 0.220 , , Inuit group (Siarnaq) , , 2020 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 34" style="background:#fdd5b1;" , , , ♣S/2019 S 34 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 37.6 , , 0.536 , , Gallic group , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2004 S 13" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 13 , , —, , style="background:black;", , , 16.3 , , , , , , , , , , 169.0 , , 0.265 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2005 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2005 S 7" style="background:#fdd5b1;" , , , ♣S/2005 S 7 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.4 , , , , , , , , , , 34.6 , , 0.565 , , Gallic group , , 2005 , , 2025 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2007 S 6" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2007 S 6 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.4 , , , , , , , , , , 166.5 , , 0.169 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2007 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2019 S 35" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 35 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 157.3 , , 0.577 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2006 S 25" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2006 S 25 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.4 , , , , , , , , , , 158.8 , , 0.303 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2006 , , 2025 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2023 S 22" style="background:#f4c2c2;" , , , ♦S/2023 S 22 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.2 , , , , , , , , , , 47.5 , , 0.182 , , Inuit group (Siarnaq) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Mundilfari" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡
Mundilfari In Norse mythology Mundilfari (Old Norse: ; rendered variously ''Mundilfari'', ''Mundilföri'' and ''Mundilfœri'') (Old Norse, possibly "the one moving according to particular times"Simek (2007:222).) is the father of Sól, goddess associated ...
, , , , style="background:black;", , , 14.6 , , , , , , , , , , 167.1 , , 0.212 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2000 , , 2000 , , Gladman et al. , - id="S/2006 S 26" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2006 S 26 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.5 , , , , , , , , , , 171.9 , , 0.248 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2006 , , 2025 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2019 S 33" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 33 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.3 , , , , , , , , , , 170.4 , , 0.289 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2006 S 1" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2006 S 1 , , —, , style="background:black;", , , 15.6 , , , , , , , , , , 156.0 , , 0.105 , , Norse group (Kari) , , 2006 , , 2006 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2023 S 23" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 23 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.4 , , , , , , , , , , 164.8 , , 0.350 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 21" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 21 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 169.9 , , 0.307 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2004 S 43" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 43 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.3 , , , , , , , , , , 171.1 , , 0.432 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2006 S 10" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2006 S 10 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.4 , , , , , , , , , , 161.6 , , 0.151 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2006 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2019 S 5" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 5 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.6 , , , , , , , , , , 158.8 , , 0.216 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2019 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 25" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 25 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 17.0 , , , , , , , , , , 166.4 , , 0.281 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2004 S 59" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 59 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.4 , , , , , , , , , , 167.3 , , 0.262 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2025 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2006 S 27" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2006 S 27 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.3 , , , , , , , , , , 170.5 , , 0.140 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2006 , , 2025 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="Gridr" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Gridr , , , , style="background:black;", , , 15.8 , , , , , , , , , , 163.9 , , 0.187 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2019 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="Bergelmir" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Bergelmir , , , , style="background:black;", , , 15.2 , , , , , , , , , , 158.8 , , 0.145 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2005 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="Jarnsaxa" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Jarnsaxa , , , , style="background:black;", , , 15.6 , , , , , , , , , , 163.0 , , 0.218 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2006 , , 2006 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="Narvi" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Narvi , , , , style="background:black;", , , 14.5 , , , , , , , , , , 142.2 , , 0.441 , , Norse group (low-inclination) , , 2003 , , 2003 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2023 S 44" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 44 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.6 , , , , , , , , , , 167.4 , , 0.434 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Suttungr" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Suttungr , , , , style="background:black;", , , 14.6 , , , , , , , , , , 175.7 , , 0.116 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2000 , , 2000 , , Gladman et al. , - id="S/2020 S 22" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 22 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.6 , , , , , , , , , , 161.3 , , 0.059 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2004 S 44" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 44 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 15.8 , , , , , , , , , , 167.7 , , 0.129 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2004 S 60" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 60 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.5 , , , , , , , , , , 173.8 , , 0.280 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2004 , , 2025 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2006 S 12" style="background:#FDD5B1;" , , , ♣S/2006 S 12 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.2 , , , , , , , , , , 38.6 , , 0.542 , , Gallic group , , 2006 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2007 S 3" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ S/2007 S 3 , , —, , style="background:black;", , , 15.7 , , , , , , , , , , 173.8 , , 0.150 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2007 , , 2007 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2004 S 45" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 45 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.0 , , , , , , , , , , 154.0 , , 0.551 , , Norse group (Kari) , , 2004 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="Hati" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Hati , , , , style="background:black;", , , 15.4 , , , , , , , , , , 165.4 , , 0.372 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2005 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2004 S 17" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 17 , , —, , style="background:black;", , , 16.0 , , , , , , , , , , 167.9 , , 0.162 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2005 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2006 S 11" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2006 S 11 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.5 , , , , , , , , , , 174.1 , , 0.143 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2004 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2004 S 12" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 12 , , —, , style="background:black;", , , 15.9 , , , , , , , , , , 164.7 , , 0.337 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2005 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2020 S 23" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 23 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.6 , , , , , , , , , , 165.0 , , 0.089 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 27" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 27 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.5 , , , , , , , , , , 151.1 , , 0.652 , , Norse group (Kari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Eggther" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Eggther , , , , style="background:black;", , , 15.4 , , , , , , , , , , 165.0 , , 0.157 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2019 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2023 S 28" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 28 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.9 , , , , , , , , , , 168.7 , , 0.575 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 37" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 37 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.9 , , , , , , , , , , 172.3 , , 0.215 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 26" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 26 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.9 , , , , , , , , , , 163.9 , , 0.306 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 36" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 36 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.8 , , , , , , , , , , 166.9 , , 0.161 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2006 S 13" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2006 S 13 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.1 , , , , , , , , , , 162.0 , , 0.313 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2006 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2019 S 37" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 37 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 149.9 , , 0.404 , , Norse group (low-inclination) , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 48" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 48 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.6 , , , , , , , , , , 169.7 , , 0.022 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 29" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 29 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 172.2 , , 0.141 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2007 S 9" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2007 S 9 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.1 , , , , , , , , , , 159.3 , , 0.360 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2007 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2019 S 7" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 7 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.3 , , , , , , , , , , 174.2 , , 0.232 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2019 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 8" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 8 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.3 , , , , , , , , , , 172.8 , , 0.311 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2019 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Farbauti" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Farbauti , , , , style="background:black;", , , 15.8 , , , , , , , , , , 156.2 , , 0.249 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2005 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="Thrymr" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Thrymr , , , , style="background:black;", , , 14.3 , , , , , , , , , , 175.0 , , 0.467 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2000 , , 2000 , , Gladman et al. , - id="Bestla" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡
Bestla Bestla (Old Norse: ) is a jötunn in Norse mythology, and the mother of the gods Odin, Vili and Vé (by way of Borr). She is also the sister of an unnamed man who assisted Odin, and the daughter (or granddaughter depending on the source) of the j ...
, , , , style="background:black;", , , 14.6 , , , , , , , , , , 138.3 , , 0.486 , , Norse group (low-inclination) , , 2004 , , 2005 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2019 S 9" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 9 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.3 , , , , , , , , , , 159.5 , , 0.433 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2019 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 32" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 32 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 17.2 , , , , , , , , , , 169.8 , , 0.037 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2004 S 46" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 46 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.4 , , , , , , , , , , 177.2 , , 0.249 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2004 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="Angrboda" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Angrboda , , , , style="background:black;", , , 16.2 , , , , , , , , , , 177.7 , , 0.216 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2004 , , 2019 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2020 S 24" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 24 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.8 , , , , , , , , , , 159.6 , , 0.230 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 11" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ S/2019 S 11 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.2 , , , , , , , , , , 144.6 , , 0.513 , , Norse group (low-inclination) , , 2019 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Aegir" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Aegir , , , , style="background:black;", , , 15.5 , , , , , , , , , , 166.1 , , 0.255 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2005 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2019 S 10" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 10 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 163.9 , , 0.248 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2019 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Beli" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Beli , , , , style="background:black;", , , 16.1 , , , , , , , , , , 158.9 , , 0.087 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2019 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2023 S 31" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 31 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 17.0 , , , , , , , , , , 163.0 , , 0.182 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 25" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 25 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 17.0 , , , , , , , , , , 171.8 , , 0.316 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 34" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 34 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.6 , , , , , , , , , , 168.4 , , 0.570 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 39" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 39 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.8 , , , , , , , , , , 164.8 , , 0.124 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 12" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 12 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.3 , , , , , , , , , , 167.1 , , 0.475 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2019 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Gerd" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡
Gerd Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a chronic upper gastrointestinal disease in which stomach content persistently and regularly flows up into the esophagus, resulting in symptoms and/or ...
, , , , style="background:black;", , , 15.9 , , , , , , , , , , 174.4 , , 0.518 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2004 , , 2019 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2019 S 13" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 13 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 177.3 , , 0.318 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2019 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2004 S 61" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 61 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.3 , , , , , , , , , , 168.4 , , 0.466 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2025 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2006 S 14" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2006 S 14 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.5 , , , , , , , , , , 166.7 , , 0.060 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2006 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2023 S 40" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 40 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.9 , , , , , , , , , , 169.6 , , 0.342 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Gunnlod" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Gunnlod , , , , style="background:black;", , , 15.6 , , , , , , , , , , 160.3 , , 0.251 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2019 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2019 S 15" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 15 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.6 , , , , , , , , , , 157.8 , , 0.257 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2019 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 6" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 6 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.6 , , , , , , , , , , 166.9 , , 0.480 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 26" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 26 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.6 , , , , , , , , , , 163.2 , , 0.273 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 41" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 41 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 172.1 , , 0.279 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2004 S 7" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 7 , , —, , style="background:black;", , , 15.6 , , , , , , , , , , 164.9 , , 0.511 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2005 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2006 S 3" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2006 S 3 , , —, , style="background:black;", , , 15.6 , , , , , , , , , , 156.1 , , 0.432 , , Norse group (Kari) , , 2006 , , 2006 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2005 S 5" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2005 S 5 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.4 , , , , , , , , , , 169.5 , , 0.588 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2005 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="Skrymir" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Skrymir , , , , style="background:black;", , , 15.6 , , , , , , , , , , 175.6 , , 0.437 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2004 , , 2019 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2023 S 33" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 33 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.8 , , , , , , , , , , 155.8 , , 0.665 , , Norse group (Kari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2006 S 16" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2006 S 16 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.5 , , , , , , , , , , 164.1 , , 0.204 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2006 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2023 S 49" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 49 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 171.7 , , 0.026 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 30" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 30 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 154.2 , , 0.601 , , Norse group (Kari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2006 S 15" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2006 S 15 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.2 , , , , , , , , , , 161.1 , , 0.117 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2006 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2020 S 27" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 27 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.4 , , , , , , , , , , 145.3 , , 0.255 , , Norse group (low-inclination) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 42" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 42 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 166.7 , , 0.059 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2004 S 28" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 28 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 15.8 , , , , , , , , , , 167.9 , , 0.159 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2019 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2020 S 32" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 32 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 169.1 , , 0.502 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2006 S 28" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2006 S 28 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.3 , , , , , , , , , , 172.9 , , 0.210 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2006 , , 2025 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2020 S 8" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 8 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.4 , , , , , , , , , , 161.8 , , 0.252 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 28" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 28 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 160.1 , , 0.474 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Alvaldi" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Alvaldi , , , , style="background:black;", , , 15.6 , , , , , , , , , , 177.4 , , 0.238 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2004 , , 2019 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2019 S 38" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 38 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 163.0 , , 0.399 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Kari" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Kari , , , , style="background:black;", , , 14.5 , , , , , , , , , , 153.0 , , 0.469 , , Norse group (Kari) , , 2006 , , 2006 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2004 S 48" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 48 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.0 , , , , , , , , , , 161.9 , , 0.374 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2023 S 36" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 36 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.8 , , , , , , , , , , 166.3 , , 0.359 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Geirrod" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Geirrod , , , , style="background:black;", , , 15.9 , , , , , , , , , , 154.3 , , 0.539 , , Norse group (Kari) , , 2004 , , 2019 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2023 S 35" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 35 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.8 , , , , , , , , , , 168.5 , , 0.151 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 29" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 29 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.8 , , , , , , , , , , 169.1 , , 0.047 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Fenrir" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡
Fenrir Fenrir (Old Norse 'fen-dweller')Orchard (1997:42). or Fenrisúlfr (Old Norse "Fenrir's wolf", often translated "Fenris-wolf"),Simek (2007:81). also referred to as Hróðvitnir (Old Norse "fame-wolf")Simek (2007:160). and Vánagandr (Old Nors ...
, , , , style="background:black;", , , 15.9 , , , , , , , , , , 164.5 , , 0.137 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2005 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2004 S 50" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 50 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.4 , , , , , , , , , , 164.0 , , 0.450 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2006 S 17" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2006 S 17 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.0 , , , , , , , , , , 168.7 , , 0.425 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2006 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2004 S 49" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 49 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.0 , , , , , , , , , , 159.7 , , 0.453 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2020 S 34" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 34 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.5 , , , , , , , , , , 160.6 , , 0.154 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 31" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 31 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.5 , , , , , , , , , , 163.8 , , 0.238 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 43" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 43 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.4 , , , , , , , , , , 170.3 , , 0.264 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 17" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 17 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 15.9 , , , , , , , , , , 155.5 , , 0.546 , , Norse group (Kari) , , 2019 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Surtur" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Surtur , , , , style="background:black;", , , 15.8 , , , , , , , , , , 168.4 , , 0.448 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2006 , , 2006 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2006 S 18" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2006 S 18 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.1 , , , , , , , , , , 169.5 , , 0.131 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2006 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2020 S 36" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 36 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.6 , , , , , , , , , , 168.8 , , 0.336 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Loge" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Loge , , , , style="background:black;", , , 15.4 , , , , , , , , , , 168.1 , , 0.191 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2006 , , 2006 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2020 S 33" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 33 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.9 , , , , , , , , , , 162.8 , , 0.555 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Ymir" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡
Ymir In Norse mythology, Ymir (), also called Aurgelmir, Brimir, or Bláinn, is the ancestor of all jötnar. Ymir is attested in the ''Poetic Edda'', compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional material, in the ''Prose Edda'', writte ...
, , , , style="background:black;", , , 12.4 , , , , , , , , , , 172.3 , , 0.338 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2000 , , 2000 , , Gladman et al. , - id="S/2020 S 35" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 35 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 174.9 , , 0.225 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 19" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 19 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.5 , , , , , , , , , , 151.8 , , 0.458 , , Norse group (Kari) , , 2019 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 18" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 18 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.6 , , , , , , , , , , 154.6 , , 0.509 , , Norse group (Kari) , , 2019 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2004 S 21" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 21 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.2 , , , , , , , , , , 153.2 , , 0.394 , , Norse group (Kari) , , 2004 , , 2019 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2004 S 39" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 39 , , — , , style="background:black;" , , , 16.1 , , , , , , , , , , 165.9 , , 0.101 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2019 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2019 S 16" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 16 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 162.0 , , 0.250 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2019 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2004 S 53" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 53 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.2 , , , , , , , , , , 162.6 , , 0.240 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2004 S 24" style="background:#FDD5B1;" , , , ♣ S/2004 S 24 , , — , , style="background:black;" , , , 16.0 , , , , , , , , , , 37.4 , , 0.071 , , Gallic group , , 2004 , , 2019 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2004 S 36" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 36 , , — , , style="background:black;" , , , 16.1 , , , , , , , , , , 153.3 , , 0.625 , , Norse group (Kari) , , 2004 , , 2019 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2023 S 45" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 45 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.9 , , , , , , , , , , 157.4 , , 0.633 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Thiazzi" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Thiazzi , , , , style="background:black;" , , , 15.9 , , , , , , , , , , 158.8 , , 0.512 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2019 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2020 S 38" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 38 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.1 , , , , , , , , , , 159.7 , , 0.513 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 20" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 20 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 156.1 , , 0.354 , , Norse group (Kari) , , 2019 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 37" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 37 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.6 , , , , , , , , , , 174.8 , , 0.344 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 39" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 39 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 174.5 , , 0.098 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 40" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 40 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.5 , , , , , , , , , , 167.3 , , 0.412 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2006 S 19" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2006 S 19 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.1 , , , , , , , , , , 175.5 , , 0.467 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2006 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2019 S 40" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 40 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.6 , , , , , , , , , , 161.8 , , 0.088 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 42" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 42 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 15.9 , , , , , , , , , , 163.2 , , 0.121 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Saturn LXIV" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 34 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.2 , , , , , , , , , , 168.3 , , 0.280 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2019 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2020 S 39" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 39 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 160.1 , , 0.305 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 41" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 41 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.9 , , , , , , , , , , 157.1 , , 0.257 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 46" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 46 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.8 , , , , , , , , , , 143.2 , , 0.336 , , Norse group (low-inclination) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Fornjot" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡ Fornjot , , , , style="background:black;", , , 15.1 , , , , , , , , , , 170.0 , , 0.213 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2005 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2023 S 47" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 47 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 17.0 , , , , , , , , , , 162.5 , , 0.101 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2004 S 51" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 51 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.1 , , , , , , , , , , 171.2 , , 0.201 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2006 S 29" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2006 S 29 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.4 , , , , , , , , , , 156.2 , , 0.239 , , Norse group (Kari) , , 2006 , , 2025 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2020 S 10" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 10 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.9 , , , , , , , , , , 165.6 , , 0.296 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 42" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 42 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 157.5 , , 0.506 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 9" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 9 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.0 , , , , , , , , , , 161.4 , , 0.531 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2023 S 5" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2023 S 5 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.7 , , , , , , , , , , 168.8 , , 0.599 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2023 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 41" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 41 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.6 , , , , , , , , , , 160.2 , , 0.402 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="Saturn LVIII" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 26 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 15.7 , , , , , , , , , , 173.0 , , 0.147 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2004 , , 2019 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2019 S 21" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 21 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.2 , , , , , , , , , , 171.9 , , 0.155 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2019 , , 2023 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2004 S 52" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2004 S 52 , , — , , style="background:black;", , , 16.5 , , , , , , , , , , 165.3 , , 0.292 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2004 , , 2023 , , Sheppard et al. , - id="S/2020 S 43" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 43 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.9 , , , , , , , , , , 164.6 , , 0.203 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 43" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 43 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.5 , , , , , , , , , , 165.3 , , 0.277 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2019 S 44" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2019 S 44 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.4 , , , , , , , , , , 172.6 , , 0.512 , , Norse group (Phoebe) , , 2019 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al. , - id="S/2020 S 44" style="background:#d3d3d3;" , , , ‡S/2020 S 44 , , ― , , style="background:black;", , , 16.8 , , , , , , , , , , 168.5 , , 0.199 , , Norse group (Mundilfari) , , 2020 , , 2025 , , Ashton et al.


Unconfirmed

These F Ring moonlets listed in the following table (observed by '' Cassini'') have not been confirmed as solid bodies. It is not yet clear if these are real satellites or merely persistent clumps within the F Ring.


Spurious

Two moons were claimed to be discovered by different astronomers but never seen again. Both moons were said to orbit between
Titan Titan most often refers to: * Titan (moon), the largest moon of Saturn * Titans, a race of deities in Greek mythology Titan or Titans may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Fictional entities Fictional locations * Titan in fiction, fictiona ...
and Hyperion. *Chiron (hypothetical moon), Chiron which was supposedly sighted by Hermann Goldschmidt in 1861, but never observed by anyone else. *Themis (hypothetical moon), Themis was allegedly discovered in 1905 by astronomer William Henry Pickering, William Pickering, but never seen again. Nevertheless, it was included in numerous almanacs and astronomy books until the 1960s.


Hypothetical

In 2022, scientists of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology proposed the hypothetical former moon Chrysalis (moon), Chrysalis, using data from the Cassini–Huygens mission. Chrysalis would have orbited between Titan and Iapetus, but its orbit would have gradually become more eccentric until it was Roche limit, torn apart by Saturn. 99% of its mass would have been absorbed by Saturn, while the remaining 1% would have formed Saturn's rings.


Temporary

Much like Jupiter, asteroids and comets will infrequently make close approaches to Saturn, even more infrequently becoming captured into orbit of the planet. The comet P/2020 F1 (Leonard) is calculated to have made a close approach of km ( mi) to Saturn on 8 May 1936, closer than the orbit of Titan to the planet, with an orbital eccentricity of only . The comet may have been orbiting Saturn prior to this as a temporary satellite, but difficulty modelling the non-gravitational forces makes whether or not it was indeed a temporary satellite uncertain. Other comets and asteroids may have temporarily orbited Saturn at some point, but none are presently known to have.


Formation

It is thought that the Saturnian system of Titan, mid-sized moons, and rings developed from a set-up closer to the Galilean moons of Jupiter, though the details are unclear. It has been proposed either that a second Titan-sized moon broke up, producing the rings and inner mid-sized moons, or that two large moons fused to form Titan, with the collision scattering icy debris that formed the mid-sized moons. On 23 June 2014, NASA claimed to have strong evidence that
nitrogen Nitrogen is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol N and atomic number 7. Nitrogen is a Nonmetal (chemistry), nonmetal and the lightest member of pnictogen, group 15 of the periodic table, often called the Pnictogen, pnictogens. ...
in the atmosphere of Titan came from materials in the
Oort cloud The Oort cloud (pronounced or ), sometimes called the Öpik–Oort cloud, is scientific theory, theorized to be a cloud of billions of Volatile (astrogeology), icy planetesimals surrounding the Sun at distances ranging from 2,000 to 200,000 A ...
, associated with
comets A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that warms and begins to release gases when passing close to the Sun, a process called outgassing. This produces an extended, gravitationally unbound atmosphere or coma surrounding the nucleus, an ...
, and not from the materials that formed Saturn in earlier times. Studies based on Enceladus's tidal-based geologic activity and the lack of evidence of extensive past resonances in Tethys, Dione, and Rhea's orbits suggest that the moons up to and including Rhea may be only 100 million years old.


See also

*List of natural satellites


Notes


References


External links

* Scott S. Sheppard
Saturn Moons
* * * *

at ''The New York Times'' * Planetary Society]
blog post
(2017-05-17) by Emily Lakdawalla with images giving comparative sizes of the moons * Tilmann Denk
Outer Moons of Saturn
{{DEFAULTSORT:Moons Of Saturn Moons of Saturn, Lists of moons Solar System