Sarina Petronella Wiegman (; born 26 October 1969), also known as Sarina Wiegman-Glotzbach, is a Dutch football

manager Management (or managing) is the administration of an organization, whether it is a business, a nonprofit organization, or a government body. It is the art and science of managing resources of the business. Management includes the activities ...

and former player who has been the manager of the England women's national team since September 2021. In her playing career, Wiegman started out as a

central midfielder A midfielder is an outfield position in association football. Midfielders may play an exclusively defensive role, breaking up attacks, and are in that case known as defensive midfielders. As central midfielders often go across boundarie ...

before moving to

defence Defense or defence may refer to: Tactical, martial, and political acts or groups * Defense (military), forces primarily intended for warfare * Civil defense, the organizing of civilians to deal with emergencies or enemy attacks * Defense indust ...

. In 1989, she attended the

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase ''universitas magistrorum et scholarium'', which r ...

, where she played for the

North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer The North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer team represent the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the Atlantic Coast Conference of NCAA Division I soccer.

team. Returning to the Netherlands, she joined the women's team of

Ter Leede Ter Leede is a football club based in Sassenheim, Netherlands. The club was established on 30 April 1930, as a merger of the clubs ''Poellaan'' and ''Roda''. The men's team is currently playing in the Dutch Hoofdklasse, after being relegated from ...

in addition to her job as a

physical education Physical education, often abbreviated to Phys Ed. or P.E., is a subject taught in schools around the world. It is usually taught during primary and secondary education, and encourages psychomotor learning by using a play and movement explora ...

teacher. With Ter Leede, she won the Dutch championship and the

KNVB Cup The KNVB Beker (; en, KNVB Cup), branded as the TOTO KNVB Beker for sponsorship reasons, is a competition in the Netherlands organized by the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB) since 1898. It was based on the format of the English FA Cup. O ...

once. Wiegman represented the

Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

from 1987 to 2001. Although she was capped 104 times for her country (which was initially recognised by the

KNVB The Royal Dutch Football Association (, ; KNVB ) is the governing body of football in the Netherlands. It organises the main Dutch football leagues (Eredivisie and Eerste Divisie), the amateur leagues, the KNVB Cup, and the Dutch men's and women ...

), caps won against non-FIFA-affiliated opponents resulted in her official cap total standing just short of a century at 99. After retiring in 2003, Wiegman began her coaching career with the women's teams of Ter Leede and

ADO Den Haag Alles Door Oefening Den Haag (), commonly known by the abbreviated name ADO Den Haag (), is a Dutch association football club from the city of The Hague. They play in the Eerste Divisie, the second tier of Dutch football, following relegation ...

. In 2014, she became the assistant manager of the national team. In 2016, Wiegman received her full coaching licence and became the first woman to work as coach for a Dutch professional football team. After being appointed as the head coach of the Dutch national team, Wiegman led them to victory at the

UEFA Women's Euro 2017 The 2017 UEFA European Women's Championship, commonly referred to as UEFA Women's Euro 2017, was the 12th edition of the UEFA Women's Championship, the quadrennial international football championship organised by UEFA for the women's national te ...

. Two years later, the team became runners-up of the

2019 FIFA Women's World Cup The 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup was the eighth edition of the FIFA Women's World Cup, the quadrennial international Women's association football championship contested by 24 women's national teams representing member associations of FIFA. It ...

. In August 2020, it was announced that Wiegman would manage the England women's national team from September 2021 following the end of Phil Neville's contract. She remained manager of the Netherlands for the Olympics, hoping to bring home a medal at the

2020 Olympics The , officially the and also known as , was an international multi-sport event held from 23 July to 8 August 2021 in Tokyo, Japan, with some preliminary events that began on 21 July. Tokyo was selected as the host city during the ...

, but the Netherlands were eliminated at the quarter-final stage. Then, she finally became the England manager and led the Lionesses to victory at the

UEFA Women's Euro 2022 The 2022 UEFA European Women's Football Championship, commonly referred to as UEFA Women's Euro 2022 or simply Euro 2022, was the 13th edition of the UEFA Women's Championship, the quadrennial international football championship organised by U ...

on home soil. It was the first trophy for an English senior team of either gender since the men's team won the

1966 FIFA World Cup The 1966 FIFA World Cup was the eighth FIFA World Cup, a quadrennial football tournament for men's senior national teams. It was played in England from 11 July to 30 July 1966. The England national football team defeated West Germany 4-2 in ...

Early and personal life

Wiegman was born in

The Hague The Hague ( ; nl, Den Haag or ) is a list of cities in the Netherlands by province, city and municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality of the Netherlands, situated on the west coast facing the North Sea. The Hague is the country's ad ...

and started playing football on the streets at an early age. At the age of six, she joined ESDO from

Wassenaar Wassenaar (; population: in ) is a municipality and town located in the province of South Holland, on the western coast of the Netherlands. An affluent suburb of The Hague, Wassenaar lies north of that city on the N44/A44 highway near the Nort ...

, where she played alongside boys. She also played for local side HSV Celeritas, where she could join the women's team. She is married to Marten Glotzbach and they have two daughters Lauren and Sacha.

Playing career

In 1987, Wiegman joined

KFC '71 KFC '71 was a women's football club from Delft, Netherlands. The team was founded in 1971 and got dissolved after the 2009-10 season, after failing to better their financial situation. The team won two national championships by winning the Hoofdkl ...

, where she won the

in the same year. In 1988, while in China for the

1988 FIFA Women's Invitation Tournament The 1988 FIFA Women's Invitation Tournament, or International Women's Football Tournament, was organised by FIFA in China from 1 to 12 June 1988. The competition was a test to study if a global women's World Cup was feasible following the experi ...

, she met

USWNT The United States women's national soccer team (USWNT) represents the United States in international women's soccer. The team is the most successful in international women's soccer, winning four Women's World Cup titles (1991, 1999, 2015, and ...

head coach

Anson Dorrance Albert Anson Dorrance IV (born April 9, 1951) is an American soccer coach. He is currently the head coach of the women's soccer program at the University of North Carolina. He has one of the most successful coaching records in the history of at ...

, who invited her to come study at the

and play for the

team, which she did in 1989. At North Carolina, Wiegman played alongside such players as

Mia Hamm Mariel Margaret Hamm-Garciaparra (; born March 17, 1972) is an American retired professional soccer player, two-time Olympic gold medalist and two-time FIFA Women's World Cup champion. Hailed as a soccer icon, she played as a forward for the ...

Kristine Lilly Kristine Marie Lilly Heavey (; born July 22, 1971) is an American retired soccer player. She was a member of the United States women's national team for 23 years and is the most-capped football player in the history of the sport (men's or wom ...

and

Carla Overbeck Carla Werden Overbeck (; born May 9, 1968) is a retired American soccer player and longtime member and captain of the United States women's national soccer team. She is currently an assistant coach of Duke University's women's soccer team, wher ...

. They became

NCAA The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletics among about 1,100 schools in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. It also organizes the athletic programs of colleges and ...

champions in

1989 File:1989 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The Cypress structure collapses as a result of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, killing motorists below; The proposal document for the World Wide Web is submitted; The Exxon Valdez oil tanker ru ...

. Wiegman later described the team quality and working conditions as being "of the highest level," which made for a stark contrast with the situation in the Netherlands when she returned there after one year. Here, all women's players had to work aside from football. Wiegman became a

teacher at the secondary school

Segbroek College Segbroek College is a secondary school in The Hague, Netherlands. It offers Hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs (HAVO, general secondary education), (MAVO), and Voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs (VWO, university preparatory education) cour ...

in The Hague, Netherlands, a job she would keep for the rest of her playing career. In 1994, Wiegman joined

, where she would win two Dutch championships (2001 and 2003) and one KNVB Cup (2001). In 2003, she retired after becoming pregnant with her second child.

International career

Wiegman gained 104 caps for

the Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Nether ...

, scoring three goals, between 1987 and 2001. She also captained the team. In 1986, at the age of 16, Wiegman was first selected for the Netherlands. On 23 May 1987, at the age of 17, she made her debut in an away match against

Norway Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, the mainland territory of which comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and t ...

, which was

Dick Advocaat Dirk Nicolaas Advocaat (; born 27 September 1947) is a Dutch former football player and coach who is currently the head coach of Eerste Divisie side ADO Den Haag. Advocaat was successful as a football player and as a coach, including three stin ...

's only match in charge of the Netherlands Women. She played at the

, where the Netherlands reached the quarter-finals. Wiegman also helped the Netherlands reach the quarter-finals of the

1991 File:1991 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: Boris Yeltsin, elected as Russia's first president, waves the new flag of Russia after the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, orchestrated by Soviet hardliners; Mount Pinatubo erupts in the ...

and

1993 File:1993 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The Oslo I Accord is signed in an attempt to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict; The Russian White House is shelled during the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis; Czechoslovakia is peace ...

European Championships, although they never reached the final tournament of an official World Cup or European Championship. On 9 April 2001, Wiegman gained her 100th cap in a home friendly against

Denmark ) , song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") , song_type = National and royal anthem , image_map = EU-Denmark.svg , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of Denmark , establishe ...

, becoming the first Dutch footballer to do so. Two days later, she was honoured with a shield awarded by the men's head coach

Louis van Gaal Aloysius Paulus Maria "Louis" van Gaal (; born 8 August 1951) is a Dutch former football player and manager. At club level, he served as manager of Ajax, Barcelona, AZ Alkmaar, Bayern Munich and Manchester United, as well as having three spel ...

. During his speech, he said: "I have a lot of respect for Sarina. For the men, everything is arranged. Here, this is much more difficult." Wiegman played her final international game on 14 June 2001, a 2–0 away defeat against the

Czech Republic The Czech Republic, or simply Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia, it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. Th ...

. It was later revealed that five of her caps were against non-FIFA affiliated opponents, so her official cap total now stands at 99.

Managerial career

Ter Leede

On 24 January 2006, it was announced that Wiegman would become manager of

. With the team, she won the Dutch championship and the

in 2007.

ADO Den Haag Women

In the summer of 2007, Wiegman became manager of the women's team of

, who would be competing in the newly established

Women's Eredivisie The Vrouwen Eredivisie () (Dutch for ''Honor Division'', ''Eredivisie Vrouwen'' before 2020), also known as the Azerion Eredivisie Vrouwen due to a 3 year sponsor contract starting from the 2022–2023 season, is the highest women's football lea ...

. In 2012, she led ADO to the Eredivisie title and KNVB Cup. In 2013, ADO were once again victorious in the KNVB Cup.

Netherlands Women

Assistant coach

On 1 August 2014, Wiegman left ADO to become assistant coach of the

Netherlands women's national football team The Netherlands women's national football team ( nl, Nederlands vrouwenvoetbalelftal) is directed by the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB), which is a member of UEFA and FIFA. In 1971, the team played the first women's international f ...

, as well as coordinator of the women's national under-19 team. On 27 March 2015, it was announced that Wiegman would be attending the

course to obtain a coaching licence, becoming only the third woman to do so, after

Vera Pauw Vera Pauw (; born 18 January 1963) is a Dutch football coach and former player. She currently manages the Republic of Ireland women's national football team. She has managed several national women's football teams, including Scotland, Netherlands ...

and Hesterine de Reus. On 2 July 2015, it was announced that she would have an internship at

Sparta Rotterdam Sparta Rotterdam () is a Dutch professional football club based in Rotterdam. Established on 1 April 1888, Sparta Rotterdam is the oldest professional football team in the Netherlands. Sparta currently compete in the Eredivisie, the top fligh ...

. On 1 August 2015, following

Roger Reijners Roger Reijners (born 10 February 1964) is a Dutch football coach and former player. He is currently assistant manager of MVV Maastricht. Playing career Reijners turned professional with Fortuna Sittard and played in the 1–0 KNVB Cup Final def ...

' dismissal as head coach of the Netherlands Women, Wiegman was appointed as interim head coach. This lasted until 1 October, when

Arjan van der Laan Arjan van der Laan (born 10 November 1969) is a Dutch former professional footballer, who played as a midfielder. He is the current head coach of the seventh-tier Tweede Klasse club RKSV Altior from Langeraar. Early life Van der Laan was b ...

assumed his duties as the new head coach. Wiegman subsequently became assistant coach again. On 31 July 2016, Wiegman received her UEFA Pro coaching licence, having completed the Dutch Football Association's coaching course and a one-year internship at Sparta Rotterdam. In an interview with the KNVB, she said that having seen first-hand the high level of professionalism of men's football in the Netherlands, she hoped to help bring women's football in the Netherlands to the same level. On 3 October 2016, it was announced that Wiegman would become temporary assistant of Ole Tobiasen at Jong Sparta Rotterdam (who appear in the

2016–17 Tweede Divisie The 2016–17 Tweede Divisie season was the first edition of the Dutch third tier since its initial dissolution from the 1970-71 season and the fifteenth overall using " Tweede Divisie" name. Fourteen teams were completed from the Topklasse Sat ...

), in addition to her work as Netherlands Women assistant. In doing so, she became the first female coach at a Dutch professional football organisation.

Head coach

Sarina_Wiegman_trains_the_Dutch_national_team

On 23 December 2016, Van der Laan was sacked by the KNVB and Wiegman was once again appointed interim head coach of the Netherlands Women. On 13 January 2017, the KNVB announced that Wiegman was installed as head coach on a permanent basis. At the same time,

Foppe de Haan Foppe Geert de Haan (, born 26 June 1943) is a Dutch football coach. He is known for his long association with Frisian club SC Heerenveen. De Haan was the manager of the Tuvalu national football team during 2011 and then rejoined Heerenveen' ...

was appointed as her assistant. Wiegman was appointed head coach six months before the start of the

, for which the Netherlands had automatically qualified as hosts. However, the team had been losing four out of five friendly matches, and morale was low. Wiegman subsequently worked on improving players' confidence and on a change in playing style to more attacking football. At the European Championship, the Netherlands won every match, culminating in a 4–2 victory over

in the

Final Final, Finals or The Final may refer to: * Final (competition), the last or championship round of a sporting competition, match, game, or other contest which decides a winner for an event ** Another term for playoffs, describing a sequence of con ...

. The team also received praise for their attractive playing style. The win signified the Netherlands Women's first European Championship title and first ever major honour in women's football. Wiegman became the second Dutch coach to lead the national team to a major honour, after

Rinus Michels Marinus Jacobus Hendricus Michels (; 9 February 1928 – 3 March 2005) was a Dutch football player and coach. He played his entire career for AFC Ajax, which he later managed, and played for and later managed the Netherlands national team ...

at the men's

UEFA Euro 1988 The 1988 UEFA European Football Championship final tournament was held in West Germany from 10 to 25 June 1988. It was the eighth UEFA European Championship, which is held every four years and supported by UEFA. The tournament crowned the Nethe ...

. On 23 October 2017, Wiegman was awarded

The Best FIFA Women's Coach The Best FIFA Football Coach is an association football award given annually to the men's and women's football coaches who are considered to have performed the best in the previous 12 months. History The selection criteria for the coaches of th ...

title at that year's The Best FIFA Football Awards ceremony, ahead of Denmark coach Nils Nielsen and

Lyon Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of ...

coach Gérard Prêcheur. Two days later, she was awarded as a

Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau The Order of Orange-Nassau ( nl, Orde van Oranje-Nassau, links=no) is a civil and military Dutch order of chivalry founded on 4 April 1892 by the queen regent, Emma of the Netherlands. The order is a chivalric order open to "everyone who has ...

at a ceremony which saw the entire European Championship-winning team receive the same honour. After securing qualification for the

, Wiegman led the Netherlands to the final of the tournament, in which they were defeated 0–2 by the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., federal district, five ma ...

. The team again received praise for their style of play on the way to the final. On 9 July 2019, it was announced that a likeness of Wiegman would be added to the statue garden of the Dutch Football Association,

, for her contributions to Dutch football. She was the first woman to receive this honour.

England Women

In August 2020,

The Football Association The Football Association (also known as The FA) is the governing body of association football in England and the Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man. Formed in 1863, it is the oldest football association in the world ...

announced that Wiegman had signed a four-year contract and would take the job of manager of the

England women's national football team The England women's national football team, also known as the Lionesses, have been governed by the Football Association (FA) since 1993, having been previously administered by the Women's Football Association (WFA). England played its first ...

, starting in September 2021, taking over from

Phil Neville Philip John Neville (born 21 January 1977) is an English football manager and former player, who is the head coach of MLS team Inter Miami CF. He is also the co-owner of Salford City, along with several of his former Manchester United teammat ...

. Her appointment made her the first non-British permanent Lionesses manager. After Neville resigned before his tenure was over, Norwegian

Hege Riise Hege Riise (born 18 July 1969) is a Norwegian football coach and former midfield player who is coaching the Norway women's national football team. One of the best footballers of her generation, she won the FIFA Women's World Cup, the Olympic Gam ...

assumed the role on an interim basis in January 2021 until Wiegman could take over. Wiegman's first game in charge was an 8–0 win against

North Macedonia North Macedonia, ; sq, Maqedonia e Veriut, (Macedonia before February 2019), officially the Republic of North Macedonia,, is a country in Southeast Europe. It gained independence in 1991 as one of the successor states of Socialist Feder ...

to begin 2023 World Cup qualification. On 30 November 2021, Wiegman's England side set a new national record with a 20–0 win over

Latvia Latvia ( or ; lv, Latvija ; ltg, Latveja; liv, Leţmō), officially the Republic of Latvia ( lv, Latvijas Republika, links=no, ltg, Latvejas Republika, links=no, liv, Leţmō Vabāmō, links=no), is a country in the Baltic region of ...

during World Cup qualifying. The previous record was 13–0 against Hungary, set in 2005. The match was Wiegman's sixth in charge and maintained her 100% record with the Lionesses, outscoring their opponents 53–0 during that time. Wiegman managed England to victory in the UEFA Women's Euro 2022 Final with a 2–1 victory against Germany at

Wembley Stadium Wembley Stadium (branded as Wembley Stadium connected by EE for sponsorship reasons) is a football stadium in Wembley, London. It opened in 2007 on the site of the Wembley Stadium (1923), original Wembley Stadium, which was demolished from 200 ...

. She became the fourth manager – all women's – to retain the Euros title and the first to win the tournament with two different countries, having coached her native Netherlands to the title in

2017 File:2017 Events Collage V2.png, From top left, clockwise: The War Against ISIS at the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017); aftermath of the Manchester Arena bombing; The Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 ("Great American Eclipse"); North Korea tests a ser ...

. On 25 August 2022, following her triumph with the Lionesses, she won the

UEFA Women's Coach of the Year Award The UEFA Women's Coach of the Year Award is an association football award given to the manager coaching a women's football club in Europe that is considered the best in the previous season of both club and national team competition. The award, cr ...

for the 2021–22 season. In December 2022, Wiegman was appointed as an Honorary Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) "for services to association football", in recognition of her role in the Lionesses' success.

Managerial statistics

Honours

Player

; KFC '71 *

: 1986–87 ; North Carolina Tar Heels *

NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Championship The NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Championship, sometimes known as the Women's College Cup, is an American college soccer tournament conducted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and determines the Division I women's national ...

; Ter Leede * Dutch championship: 2000–01, 2002–03 * KNVB Cup: 2000–01

Manager

; Ter Leede * Dutch championship: 2006–07 *

: 2006–07 ; ADO Den Haag Women *

Eredivisie The Eredivisie (; ''"Honour Division"'' or ''"Premier Division"'') is the highest level of professional football in the Netherlands. The league was founded in 1956, two years after the start of professional football in the Netherlands. It is ...

: 2011–12 * KNVB Cup: 2011–12, 2012–13 ; Netherlands Women *

FIFA Women's World Cup The FIFA Women's World Cup is an international association football competition contested by the senior women's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's international governing bo ...

runner-up:

2019 File:2019 collage v1.png, From top left, clockwise: Hong Kong protests turn to widespread riots and civil disobedience; House of Representatives votes to adopt articles of impeachment against Donald Trump; CRISPR gene editing first used to experim ...

UEFA Women's Championship The UEFA European Women's Championship, also called the UEFA Women's Euro, held every four years, is the main competition in women's association football between national teams of the UEFA confederation. The competition is the women's equivalen ...

; England Women *

2022 File:2022 collage V1.png, Clockwise, from top left: Road junction at Yamato-Saidaiji Station several hours after the assassination of Shinzo Abe; Anti-government protest in Sri Lanka in front of the Presidential Secretariat; The global monkeyp ...

Arnold Clark Cup The Arnold Clark Cup is an invitational women's association football tournament hosted by The Football Association, starting in 2022. It is named after car retailer Arnold Clark, who signed a multi-year sponsorship deal. ITV acts as the competit ...

Individual

''Bondsridder'' ("Association Knight"): 2012 *

2020 2020 was heavily defined by the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to global social and economic disruption, mass cancellations and postponements of events, worldwide lockdowns and the largest economic recession since the Great Depression in ...

: 2017 * UEFA Women's Coach of the Year: 2021–22 * IFFHS World's Best Woman National Coach: 2020, 2022 *

Freedom of the City of London The Freedom of the City of London started around 1237 as the status of a 'free man' or 'citizen', protected by the charter of the City of London and not under the jurisdiction of a feudal lord. In the Middle Ages, this developed into a freedom or ...

(announced 1 August 2022) *

BBC Sports Personality of the Year Coach Award The BBC Sports Personality of the Year Coach Award is an award given annually as part of the BBC Sports Personality of the Year ceremony each December. The award is given to the coach who was considered to have made the most substantive contribut ...

*Honorary CBE:

2022 Special Honours As part of the British honours system, Special Honours are issued at the Monarch's pleasure at any given time. The Special Honours refer to the awards made within royal prerogative, operational honours, political honours and other honours awarded ...

References

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Wiegman, Sarina 1969 births Living people Footballers from The Hague Dutch women's footballers Women's association football midfielders Women's association football defenders Netherlands women's international footballers North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer players Dutch expatriate sportspeople in England Dutch expatriate sportspeople in the United States Expatriate women's soccer players in the United States Dutch expatriate football managers Dutch football managers Ter Leede managers ADO Den Haag (women) managers Netherlands women's national football team managers UEFA Women's Championship-winning managers Knights of the Order of Orange-Nassau 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup managers Female association football managers Ter Leede players UEFA Women's Euro 2022 managers England women's national football team managers UEFA Women's Euro 2017 players Honorary Commanders of the Order of the British Empire