Samyukta Maharashtra Movement, () commonly known as the Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti, was an organisation in

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

that advocated for a separate

Marathi Marathi may refer to: *Marathi people, an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group of Maharashtra, India **Marathi people (Uttar Pradesh), the Marathi people in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh *Marathi language, the Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Mar ...

-speaking

state State most commonly refers to: * State (polity), a centralized political organization that regulates law and society within a territory **Sovereign state, a sovereign polity in international law, commonly referred to as a country **Nation state, a ...

Western India Western India is a loosely defined region of India consisting of western states of India, Republic of India. The Ministry of Home Affairs (India), Ministry of Home Affairs in its Western Zonal Council Administrative divisions of India, Adminis ...

and

Central India Central India refers to a geographical region of India that generally includes the states of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh. The Central Zonal Council, established by the Government of India, includes these states as well as Uttar Prades ...

from 1956 to 1960. The Samiti demanded the creation of a new state from Marathi-speaking areas of the State of Bombay, a Marathi state, with the city of

Bombay Mumbai ( ; ), also known as Bombay ( ; its official name until 1995), is the capital city of the Indian States and union territories of India, state of Maharashtra. Mumbai is the financial centre, financial capital and the list of cities i ...

as its capital. The Samiti achieved its goal when the state of

Maharashtra Maharashtra () is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. It is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south, Telangana to th ...

was created as a Marathi linguistic state on 1 May 1960. Members continued to advocate for the inclusion of Marathi-speaking areas in northern

Karnataka Karnataka ( ) is a States and union territories of India, state in the southwestern region of India. It was Unification of Karnataka, formed as Mysore State on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, States Re ...

such as

Belgaum Belgaum (Kannada ISO 15919, ISO: ''Bēḷagāma'', ), officially known as Belagavi (also Belgaon), is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka located near its northern western border in the Western Ghats. It is the administrative headquarters ...

Karwar Karwar is a coastal City and the administrative headquarters of Uttara Kannada district, formerly part of the Bombay Presidency, located at the mouth of the Kali River (Karnataka), Kali river along the Konkan Coast in the present-day state of Ka ...

, and

Bidar Bidar ( ) is a city and headquarters of the Bidar district in Karnataka state of India. Bidar is a prominent place on the archaeological map of India, it is well known for architectural, historical religious and rich heritage sites. Pictures ...

into Maharashtra, and the newly annexed state of

Goa and Damaon Goa, Daman and Diu (, ) was a union territory of the Republic of India established in 1961 following the liberation of Portuguese India, with Maj Gen K P Candeth as its first governor. The Goa portion of the territory was granted full stateho ...

until the 1967

Goa Opinion Poll The 1967 Goa status referendum popularly known as the Goa Opinion Poll was a referendum held in newly annexed union territory of Goa and Damaon in India, on 16 January 1967, to deal with the Konkani language agitation and to decide the future of ...

rejected merger with Maharashtra.

History

The Samyukta Maharashtra Movement organisation was founded on 6 February 1956, at Tilak Smarak Mandir in

Pune Pune ( ; , ISO 15919, ISO: ), previously spelled in English as Poona (List of renamed Indian cities and states#Maharashtra, the official name until 1978), is a city in the state of Maharashtra in the Deccan Plateau, Deccan plateau in Western ...

. The Samiti declared its Executive Council. Shripad Amrit Dange as the President. T. R.Naravane as Vice President and S. M. Joshi as General Secretary were selected. Many of the Prominent activists of Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti were leftists such as S. M. Joshi, Shripad Amrit Dange,

Narayan Ganesh Gore Narayan Ganesh Goray (1907–1 May 1993) was a socialist leader and Marathi writer from Maharashtra, India. He served as the 9th High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom from 1977 to 1979 Early life He was born in the town of Hinda ...

Nana Patil Nana Patil (Nana Ramchandra Pisal Patil) (3 August 1900 - 6 December 1976) popularly known as ''Krantisinh'' ( lit. 'revolutionary lion'), was an Indian independence activist, freedom fighter and Member of Parliament for the Communist Party o ...

and Uddhavrao Patil. Other leaders included

Annabhau Sathe Tukaram Bhaurao Sathe (1 August 1920 – 18 July 1969), popularly known as Anna Bhau Sathe (Marathi pronunciation: Help:IPA/Marathi, �ɳːaːbʱaːu saːʈʰe, was an Indian folk poet, writer, and social worker from the state of Mahara ...

, Maina Gawankar, Walchand Kothari,

Pralhad Keshav Atre Pralhad Keshav Atre () (13 August 1898 – 13 June 1969), popularly known as Āchārya Atre, was a prominent Marathi writer, poet, educationist, founder–editor of ''Maratha'' (a Marathi language newspaper), and above all a noted orator. Biog ...

Keshav Sitaram Thackeray Keshav Sitaram Thackeray (17 September 1885 – 20 November 1973; Keshav Sitaram Panvelkar, also known as Keshav Sitaram Thakre and Keshav Sitaram Dhodapkar, but commonly known by his pen name Prabodhankar Thackeray), was an Indian social refor ...

Pandurang Mahadev Bapat Pandurang Mahadev Bapat (12 November 1880 – 28 November 1967), popularly known as Senapati Bapat, was a figure in the Indian independence movement. He acquired the title of ''Senapati'', meaning ''commander'', as a consequence of his le ...

, Bhausaheb Raut, and Amar Shaikh, G. T. Madkholkar,

Madhu Dandavate Madhu Dandavate (21 January 1924 – 12 November 2005) was an Indian physicist and socialist politician, who served as Minister of Railways in the Morarji Desai ministry, and as Minister of Finance in the V P Singh ministry. Born in Ahmedn ...

, Y. K. Souni. As a part of the campaign, Pralhad Keshav Atre used his Maratha newspaper to criticise Prime minister

Jawaharlal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru (14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) was an Indian anti-colonial nationalist, secular humanist, social democrat, and statesman who was a central figure in India during the middle of the 20th century. Nehru was a pr ...

Morarji Desai Morarji Ranchhodji Desai (29 February 1896 – 10 April 1995) was an Indian politician and Indian independence activist, independence activist who served as the Prime Minister of India, prime minister of India between 1977 and 1979 leading th ...

(then chief minister of

Bombay state Bombay State was a large Indian state created in 1950 from the erstwhile Bombay Province, with other regions being added to it in the succeeding years. Bombay Province (in British India roughly equating to the present-day Indian state of Mah ...

) and

S.K. Patil Sadashiv Kanoji Patil (abbreviated as S. K. Patil) (1898–1981) was a former Congress leader from Maharashtra. A veteran freedom-fighter, he was a qualified journalist, scholar and orator. He was thrice elected mayor of Bombay and was known as ...

, the Mumbai Congress party politician who favored separation of Mumbai city from a linguistically reconstituted Maharashtra or Gujarat. The Indian National Congress had pledged to introduce linguistic states prior to Independence. However, after Independence,

and

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel (; ''Vallabhbhāī Jhāverbhāī Paṭel''; 31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950), commonly known as Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, was an Indian independence activist and statesman who served as the first Deputy Prime ...

were adamantly opposed to linguistic states. They perceived linguistic states as a threat to the integrity of India. For the first time and perhaps the only time,

Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS,, ) is an Indian right-wing politics, right-wing, Hindutva, Hindu nationalist volunteer paramilitary organisation. It is the progenitor and leader of a large body of organisations called the Sangh Parivar ( ...

and its chief

Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar Madhav Sadashivrao Golwalkar (19 February 1906 – 5 June 1973), popularly known as Guruji, was an Indian politician and political figure who served as the second '' Sarsanghchalak'' ("Chief") of the right-wing Hindutva paramilitary organisation ...

supported Nehru and Patel against redrawing of the map along linguistic lines. The catalyst to the creation of a States Re-organization Commission was the fasting death of Telugu nationalist

Potti Sriramulu Potti Sreeramulu (IAST: Poṭṭi Śrīrāmulu, ; 16 March 1901 – 16 December 1952) was an Indian freedom fighter known for his pivotal role in the creation of Andhra State. Revered as "Amarajeevi" ("Immortal Being"), he is remembered for hi ...

. In 1956, the SRC (States Re-organisation Committee) recommended creation of linguistic states of

Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh (ISO 15919, ISO: , , AP) is a States and union territories of India, state on the East Coast of India, east coast of southern India. It is the List of states and union territories of India by area, seventh-largest state and th ...

Kerala Kerala ( , ) is a States and union territories of India, state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile ...

and

but recommended a bi-lingual state for Maharashtra-Gujarat, with Bombay as its capital but Vidarbha outside Maharashtra. Further, they recommended the creation of

Vidharba Vidarbha (Pronunciation: �id̪əɾbʱə is a geographical region in the west Indian state of Maharashtra. Forming the eastern part of the state, it comprises Amravati and Nagpur divisions. As per the 2011 Census, the region had a population ...

state to unite the Marathi-speaking people of former

Hyderabad state Hyderabad State () was a princely state in the Deccan region of south-central India with its capital at the city of Hyderabad. It is now divided into the present-day state of Telangana, the Kalyana-Karnataka region of Karnataka, and the ...

with Marathi-speaking areas of

Central Provinces and Berar The Central Provinces and Berar was a province of British India and later the Dominion of India which existed from 1903 to 1950. It was formed by the merger of the Central Provinces with the province of Berar, which was territory leased by the ...

state. On 21 November 1955, demonstrators were fired upon by the police at

Flora Fountain Flora Fountain is a Fountain located at the Hutatma Chowk is an ornamentally sculpted architectural heritage monument located at the southern end of the historic Dadabhai Naoroji Road, at the Fort business district in the heart of South Mum ...

in the capital city of

. Flora Fountain was subsequently renamed

Hutatma Chowk Hutatma Chowk ("Martyrs' Square, officially, Hutatma Smarak Chowk, "Martyrs Memorial Square") is a square in South Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The square hosts Flora Fountain and was known by that name until 1961 when it was officially rename ...

or "Martyr's Crossroad" in their memory. It is estimated that in a total of 106 people were shot by security forces during the period of agitation and at different places. Morarji Desai, who was the then chief minister of Bombay State was later removed and replaced by

Yashwantrao Chavan Yashwantrao Balwantrao Chavan (Marathi pronunciation: əʃʋənt̪ɾaːʋ t͡səʋʱaːɳ 12 March 1913 – 25 November 1984) was an Indian freedom fighter and politician who served as 8th Minister of Finance from 1970 to 1971 and 1971 to 19 ...

as a result of criticism related to the 21 November incident. Nehru's speech dissenting with the SRC led

C. D. Deshmukh Sir Chintaman Dwarakanath Deshmukh (14 January 1896 – 2 October 1982) was an Indian civil servant and the first Indian to be appointed the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India in 1943 by the British Raj authorities. He subsequently served ...

, the then Finance Minister of the Nehru Cabinet to resign his post in January 1956. This led to the creation of the predecessor movement Sanyukta Maharashtra Parishad, inaugurated on 1 November 1956, causing a great political stir and, under the leadership of

Keshavrao Jedhe Keshavrao Marutirao Jedhe (''né'' ''Deshmukh'' 21 April 1896 – 12 November 1959) was an Indian independence activist and politician from Pune. He served as a leading figure in the Indian National Congress, and in the Samyukta Maharashtra mo ...

, a whole party meeting was held in Pune and Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti was founded on 6 February 1956. In the second general election of 1957, the Samiti defeated the stalwarts of Congress by securing 101 seats out of 133, including 12 from Bombay. The Congress party could form a government only with the support of

Gujarat Gujarat () is a States of India, state along the Western India, western coast of India. Its coastline of about is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is the List of states and union territories ...

Marathwada Marathwada () is a geographical region of the States and territories of India, Indian state of Maharashtra. It was formed during the Nizam of Hyderabad, Nizam's rule and was part of the then Hyderabad State. The region coincides with the Aurang ...

and

. The Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti achieved its goal on 1 May 1960, when the State of Bombay was partitioned into the Marathi-speaking State of

and the Gujarati-speaking State of Gujarat. However

Goa Goa (; ; ) is a state on the southwestern coast of India within the Konkan region, geographically separated from the Deccan highlands by the Western Ghats. It is bound by the Indian states of Maharashtra to the north, and Karnataka to the ...

(then a Portuguese colony),

and adjoining areas, which were also part of the Maharashtra envisaged by the Samiti, were not included in Maharashtra state. Prominent leaders of the Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti decided to quit the organization after 1 May 1960, but the then chairman of the Samiti,

Udhavrao Patil Uddhavrao Sahebrao Patil (1920-1984) was an Indian politician. He was the leader of the Peasants and Workers Party of India (PWPI). He was elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India as a member of the Peasants and Wor ...

, continued his fight for the 862 Marathi-speaking villages of Karnataka that were excluded in 1960.

Participants

Notable individuals who participated in the movement include - * Shripad Amrit Dange *

Shreedhar Mahadev Joshi Shreedhar Mahadev Joshi, also known as S.M. Joshi (12 November 1904 – 1 April 1989), was an Indian independence activist, a Socialist, a Member of Parliament, and leader of Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti. Biography Born 12 November 1904, in ...

Prahlad Keshav Atre Pralhad Keshav Atre () (13 August 1898 – 13 June 1969), popularly known as Āchārya Atre, was a prominent Marathi writer, poet, educationist, founder–editor of ''Maratha'' (a Marathi language newspaper), and above all a noted orator. Biogr ...

Shankarrao Deo Shankarrao Deo (4 January 1894 - 30 December 1974) also known as Nanasaheb Deo was an Indian freedom fighter and social activist. He was the founder of Satkaryottejak Sabha. He participated in Quit India Movement and was arrested. He served as ...

Ahilya Rangnekar Ahilya Rangnekar (8 July 1922 – 19 April 2009) was an Indian politician, a leader of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), and, from 1977 to 1980, the Mumbai North Central representative in the Lok Sabha parliament. Early life Rangnekar w ...

Gajanan Tryambak Madkholkar Gajanan Tryambak Madkholkar (December 28, 1900 – November 27, 1976) was a Marathi novelist and a literary critic from Maharashtra, India. Early life Madkholkar was born on December 28, 1900, in Mumbai. His father, a Marathi Brahmin priest ...

* Chintaman Dwarkanath Deshmukh *

Gopalrao Bajirao Khedkar Gopalrao Bajirao Deshmukh alias Abasaheb Khedkar (14 January 1901 – 25 May 1969), also known as Abasaheb Khedkar was a social activist and a farmers' leader in India. He was the Minister of Rural Development in the first cabinet ministr ...

Result

* As a result of the SMS movement's advocacy, the states of Maharashtra (with

Mumbai Mumbai ( ; ), also known as Bombay ( ; its official name until 1995), is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. Mumbai is the financial capital and the most populous city proper of India with an estimated population of 12 ...

and

Nagpur Nagpur (; ISO 15919, ISO: ''Nāgapura'') is the second capital and third-largest city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is called the heart of India because of its central geographical location. It is the largest and most populated city i ...

as its capitals) and Gujarat (with

Ahmedabad Ahmedabad ( ), also spelled Amdavad (), is the most populous city in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is the administrative headquarters of the Ahmedabad district and the seat of the Gujarat High Court. Ahmedabad's population of 5,570,585 ...

as its capital) were formed according to the Bombay Reorganisation Act 1960, enacted by the

Parliament of India The Parliament of India (ISO 15919, ISO: ) is the supreme legislative body of the Government of India, Government of the Republic of India. It is a bicameralism, bicameral legislature composed of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok ...

on 25 April 1960. * The inaugural government was formed under

, who became the first

Chief Minister of Maharashtra The chief minister of Maharashtra (IAST: Mahārāṣṭrāce Mukhyamaṃtrī) is the head of the executive branch of the government of the Indian state of Maharashtra. Following elections to the Legislative Assembly, the governor invites ...

Memorials

* Hutatma Chowk Smarak was created besides the Flora Fountain in the

Fort, Mumbai Fort is a business and art district in the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The area gets its name from the defensive fort, Fort George, Bombay, Fort George, built by the British East India Company around Bombay Castle. The area extends fro ...

. It was created in the memory of 106 Martyrs who were killed in an open firing of the police during a peaceful protest. Sanyukta Maharashtra Smruti Dalan

* ''Samyukta Maharashtra Smruti Dalan'' was constructed in 2010 at

Dadar Dadar (Help:IPA/Marathi, ̪aːd̪əɾ is a densely populated residential and shopping neighbourhood in Mumbai. It is also a prominent railway and bus service hub with local and national connectivity. It is Mumbai's first planned area and i ...

. It displays the history of the formation of Maharashtra and origins of the movement. Spread over an area of 2,800 sq ft, the 3 storey gallery is a confluence of museum and art.

Popular culture

''Hutatma'' a Marathi webseries on

Zee5 ZEE5 or Z5 is an Indian subscription video on demand and over-the-top streaming service, owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises. It was launched in India on 14 February 2018 with content in 12 languages. The ZEE5 mobile app is available on We ...

starring

Anjali Patil Anjali Patil is an Indian actress who works in Hindi, Marathi, Telugu and Tamil film productions. She has received several awards including a National Film Award and a Filmfare Marathi Award. She received the IFFI Best Actor Award (Female) ...

Vaibhav Tatwawadi Vaibhav Tatwawadi (; born 25 September 1988) is an Indian actor who appears mainly in Marathi films and has also worked in Hindi films. Early life Vaibhav was born in Amravati, Maharashtra, India to Sheela and Dr. Vivek Tatwawadi. His mother i ...

Mohan Agashe Mohan Agashe (born 23 July 1947) is an Indian psychiatrist and actor. He was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1996 in theatre. Early life Agashe was born in Bhor, Maharashtra. He studied in B. J. Medical College, Pune for his MBBS ...

, and

Sachin Khedekar Sachin Khedekar (born 14 May 1965) is an Indian actor and director known for his work in Hindi, Marathi and Telugu films. His well-known films include '' Kaksparsh'', '' Astitva'' and Shyam Benegal's '' Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgot ...

is based on the challenges faced by the people who participated in the movement.

Midnight's Children ''Midnight's Children'' is the second novel by Indian-British writer Salman Rushdie, published by Jonathan Cape with cover design by Bill Botten, about India's transition from British colonial rule to independence and partition. It is a pos ...

, a classic by

Salman Rushdie Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie ( ; born 19 June 1947) is an Indian-born British and American novelist. His work often combines magic realism with historical fiction and primarily deals with connections, disruptions, and migrations between Eastern wor ...

, which won the

Booker Prize The Booker Prize, formerly the Booker Prize for Fiction (1969–2001) and the Man Booker Prize (2002–2019), is a prestigious literary award conferred each year for the best single work of sustained fiction written in the English language, wh ...

has a backdrop of both the Samyukta Maharashtra movement as well as the Mahagujarat movement.

Books

* महाराष्ट्र : एका संकल्पनेचा मागोवा (लेखक - माधव दातार) * मुंबईसह संयुक्त महाराष्ट्राचा लढा (ऐतिहासिक, लेखिका - शिरीष पै) * संयुक्त महाराष्ट्र काल आणि आज (संपादक - प्रा. भगवान काळे) * संयुक्त महाराष्ट्राच्या चळवळीत शाहिरांचे योगदान, (लेखिका - सुहासिनी देशपांडे)

References

External links

Samyukta Maharashtra movement

Founding of the Samiti
* 'Zalach Pahije!' by P.K. Atre {{Marathi language topics History of Maharashtra (1947–present) Reorganisation of Indian states 1956 in India Protests in India